excerpt from the book: Biomechatronics, Popovic, Academic Press, Elsevier, 2019. (No of pages 668) ISBN 978-0-12-812939-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-04132-3 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 7, Pages 175-199

Artificial Organs, Tissues, and Support Systems Hiroyuki Tashiro*, Marko B. Popovic†, Ivo Dobrev‡, Yasuo Terasawa§

*KYUSHU UNIVERSITY, FUKUOKA, JAPAN †WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE,

WORCESTER, MA, UNITED STATES ‡UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH, UNIVERSITY ZURICH,

ZURICH, SWITZERLAND §NIDEK CO., LTD., AICHI, JAPAN

Abstract

When diseases or injuries result in serious dysfunction of organs, people may face a life-threatening crisis.

In such cases, treatment with an artificial organ can be performed. The artificial organs are anticipated to

perform functionally as substitutes for impaired or missing organs. Attempts to replace dysfunctional

body parts with engineered devices have a history that is at least 3000–4000 years old. Currently, not only

material science, electrical and electronic engineering, mechanical engineering but also nanotechnology

and tissue engineering are applied to the design of artificial organs. In this chapter, numerous artificial

organs, tissues, and support systems already in wide use as well as those that still being actively

researched and developed are addressed.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 175

7.2 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Devices ................................................................................. 177

7.2.1 Artificial Heart Lung—Circulation-Assisting Device—Artificial Heart ....................................177

7.2.2 Artificial Heart Valve .............................................................................................................178

7.2.3 Artificial Blood Vessel ............................................................................................................182

7.2.4 Pacemaker .............................................................................................................................182

7.2.5 Artificial Respirator ................................................................................................................182

7.3 Metabolic and Digestive Devices ............................................................................................. 183

7.3.1 Artificial Dialyzer ....................................................................................................................183

7.3.2 Artificial Pancreatic Islet .........................................................................................................185

7.4 Sensory Devices ....................................................................................................................... 185

7.4.1 Ear ..........................................................................................................................................185

7.4.2 Eye ..........................................................................................................................................191

7.5 Orthopedic, Dentistry, Plastic, and Reconstructive Devices ...................................................... 194

7.5.1 Breast Prosthesis ....................................................................................................................194

7.5.2 Dental Implant ........................................................................................................................195

7.5.3 Artificial Skin ...........................................................................................................................195

7.5.4 Artificial Dura Mater ...............................................................................................................196

7.5.5 Artificial Bone and Artificial Joint ...........................................................................................196

7.6 Neuromodulation .................................................................................................................... 196

References .................................................................................................................................... 196

Biomechatronics. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812939-5.00007-0

© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[chapter content intentionally omitted]

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