Artificial Intelligence - Montana Technological University · Intelligent Agents ARTIFICIAL...
Transcript of Artificial Intelligence - Montana Technological University · Intelligent Agents ARTIFICIAL...
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ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
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Not everything you need to know is on slides
Slides are meant to point out the main points, but often details are
left off and the instructor talks about these details
Slides are not very good at documenting the process of doing
something
Taking notes on lectures allows you to capture the details
(and remember them later, say for an exam?)
Taking notes is also a way to keep you engaged in the topic
being presented
As I go through my presentation, take notes
Try to capture the important concepts
There will be a quiz at the end – and you can use your notes
SUCCEEDING IN COLLEGE:
TAKING NOTES
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Turing Test:
If a person typing input at one computer cannot tell whether the
response s/he is getting is from another person or a computer, then
the computer passes the Turing Test for “intelligence”.
We haven’t achieved this goal.
Well, not exactly…
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: DEFINITION
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Intelligence:
The ability to understand and learn things
The ability to think and understand instead of doing
things by instinct or automatically
Artificial Intelligence:
The goal of artificial intelligence
is to make machines do things
that would require intelligence
if done by humans
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: DEFINITION
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Intractability
A problem is called intractable if the time it takes to solve the
problem is exponential to the number of “things” contained in the
problem.
AI deals with searching for solutions to an intractable problem by
using “heuristics”, or rules of thumb.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: DEFINITION
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Knowledge Based Systems
Uncertainty Management
Fuzzy Logic
Machine Learning
Statistical Methods
Inductive
Artificial Neural Networks
Genetic Algorithms
Case Based Reasoning
Others
Robotics
Natural Language
Computer Vision / Image Understanding
Intelligent Agents
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
TECHNOLOGIES
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Rule Based Systems
Different from “if…then” constructs in programming
Non-deterministic
Attempt to capture human expertise
Formal Logic
Uncertainty Management
Fuzzy Logic
KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS
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Reasoning from examples rather than rules
Solution to problem is found based on the similarity of the current
problem to one encountered in the past
Similar to the reasoning performed by doctors or lawyers
If new cases are retained,
system continues to add to its
knowledge, or learn
CASE BASED REASONING
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When the performance of a program improves over time, it is
learning
When a previously unknown solution is discovered by
automated discovery of patterns in data, the solution has
been learned
MACHINE LEARNING
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Using logic to derive new facts
Guaranteed to be correct
Deduction
All birds fly
Tweety is a bird
Therefore Tweety flies
MACHINE LEARNING: DEDUCTION
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Deduction
All birds fly
Tweety is a bird
Therefore Tweety flies
Discovering rules from data
Not guaranteed to be correct
Induction
All the birds I’ve seen in my yard fly
All the birds I’ve seen around town fly
Therefore all birds fly
MACHINE LEARNING: INDUCTION
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Deduction All birds fly
Tweety is a bird
Therefore Tweety flies
Induction All the birds I’ve seen in my yard fly
All the birds I’ve seen around town fly
Therefore all birds fly
Using a conclusion to provide support for a precondition in a rule
Not guaranteed to be correct Abduction
Eating shrimp causes flamingoes to be pink Tweety is a pink flamingo Therefore Tweety eats shrimp
MACHINE LEARNING: ABDUCTION
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Patterned after brain biology
Neurodes and connections between the neurodes
Learns by adjusting
the weights on the
connections
MACHINE LEARNING: NEURAL
NETWORKS
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Modeled after natural selection theory
Solution is a string of genes
Fitness function measures quality of solution
“Good” solutions are
allowed to remain in the gene pool
Reproduction
Crossover
Mutation
MACHINE LEARNING: GENETIC
ALGORITHMS
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Robotics
Lego Mindstorms
NAO
Natural Language
Speech Recognition
Language Translation
Computer Vision / Image Understanding
Intelligent Agents
OTHER AI TECHNOLOGIES
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Preterm Delivery Prediction
Satellite Imagery of Sea Ice
Identification of Larvae
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Space Shuttle: Orbital Redundancy Management
Satellite Communications Scheduling
Negotiated Collaboration between Intelligent Agents
Civilian Aircraft Search and Rescue
Nathan’s Open Song Composer
PROJECTS
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IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAE
Neural networks
Robotics
Image
understanding
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SPACE SHUTTLE: ORBITAL
REDUNDANCY MANAGEMENT
Rule based
Case based
Utility theory
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NEGOTIATED COLLABORATION
BETWEEN INTELLIGENT AGENTS
Intelligent Agents
Negotiation
Rule based
Case based
Inductive learning
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CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT SEARCH AND
RESCUE
Rule based
Data fusion
Uncertain
reasoning
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OPEN SONG COMPOSER
Creates musical
composition using a genetic
algorithm and music theory
Learns user preferences
from original composition
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QUESTIONS?