Presented by:-

Deepak Chhabra(1033)

Gautam Sharma(1044)

Artificial Intelligence(AI)

Contents

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence History of Artificial intelligenceWhy AI ??How does AI work ??Branches of AIGoals of AIUses of AI

What is Intelligence???

The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.

Intelligence is the ability to face problems in an unprogrammed (creative) manner.

What Is Artificial Intelligence???

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the science of making computers do things that require intelligence when done by humans.

A.I is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent

AI is the study of science to make computers do things which at moment people do better.

History of AI

The field of AI research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956.

The attendees, including John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, became the leaders of AI research for many decades.

The phrase “Artificial Intelligence” was coined by John McCarthy in 1956. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense and laboratories had been established around the world. AI's founders were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field: Herbert Simon predicted that "machines will be capable, within 20 years, of doing any work a man can do" & Marvin Minsky agreed, writing that "within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved”.

IBM AI Lab

Why AI ???

Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, using fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill-suited to. For more complex problems, things get more difficult... Unlike humans, computers have trouble understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling such complex tasks.

How Does AI Works??

Artificial intelligence works with the help of :

Scientific theorems(If-Then Statements, Logics)

And

Artificial Neurons (Artificial Neural Network)

What are Neural Networks??

Artificial neural networks are composed of interconnecting artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons).

It is an interconnected group of natural or artificial neurons that uses a mathematical neurons computational model for information processing based on a connectionistic approach to computation.

Branches of AI

OntologyHeuristicsGenetic ProgrammingEpistemology

Ontology

Ontology is a branch of artificial intelligence that is concerned with the study of various kinds of objects. As a branch of AI, it is a set of concepts that are formally represented within a domain. Light is then thrown on the relationship between the concepts in their specific domains. Ontology can also be used to reason about entities within a particular domain and describe the particular domain in detail.

Heuristics

It is a branch of artificial intelligence that concerns itself with the experience-based techniques for the solving of problems, learning and discovery. Heuristic methods and techniques are all about quickly and efficiently discovering an optimal solution for a specific problem. It generally speaking, is all about finding multiple or specific solutions to a specific problem. It’s about using a certain ‘rule of thumb’, making an informed decision, making an educated guess or simply using sense that can only be best described as common.

Epistemology Epistemology, in simple words, concerns itself

with the study of the knowledge that can prove useful in the study of the solving of the problems that plague the world. Epistemology, although conventionally considered a branch of philosophy, has managed to carve for itself a niche in artificial engineering. As a branch of artificial intelligence however, epistemology focuses on answering four core questions: What is knowledge? How is knowledge acquired? What do people know? How do we know what we know?

Genetic Programming

Genetic programming revolves around that functions that get programs to perform specific tasks and solve specific problems. This is done by ‘stitching together’ random lisp programs and choosing amongst millions of generations. By definition, genetic programming is a revolutionary algorithm-based methodology that can trace its roots to the biological evolution that involved the search for computer programs that performed user-defined tasks.

Goals of AI

General Goals

Solve knowledge intensive tasks. Replicate human intelligence. Make an intelligent connection between perception

and action. Enhance human-human , human-computer and

computer-computer interaction.

Engineering based AI Goals

Develop concepts and theory of building intelligent machines.

Emphasis is on system building.

Science based AI Goals

Develop concepts and mechanisms to understand biological intelligent behavior.

Emphasis is on understanding intelligent behavior.

Uses of AI

FinanceHospitals and medicineGamingTelecommunicationTransportationMusic

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