Artificial Heart

ARTIFICIAL HEART

Liliana Agostinho, 65109 Joana Paulo, 72455

Master Degree in Biomedical Engineering Professor Maria Teresa Pinheiro

A PROMISING APPROACH IN ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

May 31st, 2012

Artifi

cial H

eart

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Pathology

History

Mechanical Heart Valve

Heart Cloning

Total Artificial Heart

Conclusion

References

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

Introduction DEFINITION

“An artificial organ is a man-made device that is implanted into the human body to replace one or many functions of a natural organ, which usually are related to life support.”

Life support to prevent imminent death while awaiting a transplant

Dramatic improvement of the patient’s ability

for self-care

Improvement of patient’s ability to interact socially

Esthetic restoration after cancer surgery or

accident

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS

Prevention or delay of chronic complications of diabetes

Less patient inconvenience and discomfort

State of the Art

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS

Islets of Langerhans, collected from animals or designed from stem cells, producing insulin, amylin and glucanon.

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

ARTIFICIAL LIVER EXTRACORPOREAL LIVER ASSIST DEVICE (ELAD)

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

ARTIFICIAL LIVER

First bioartificial liver developed from stem cells with the size of a coin

HepaLife’s device consists on PICM-19 cells inside a bioreactor that can function as an external liver

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

OTHER APPLICATIONS

ü  Dialysis machine;

ü  Artificial trachea;

ü  Cochlear implant;

ü  Brain pacemakers;

ü  Artificial eye (miniature digital camera with a remote unidirectional electronic interface implanted on the retina, optic nerve, or other related locations inside the brain;

ü  Artificial limbs.

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

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References


ü  Localization and layers;

ü Cardiac cycle.

ü Heart chambers and valves;

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References Heart Failure

-Cardiovascular disease

-Heart attack

-High blood pressure

-Heart diseases that attack

the heart muscle or the

cardiac valves

Pathology

Cage Ball Valve

1952

Tilting-disc valves

1960

Bileaflet valve

1979

Biological tissue valves

Valve’s Evolution

Made with high strength biocompatible material are durable and have long-term

functional capability.

Subject to thrombus deposition and complications resulting from emboli Patients with implanted mechanical valves need to be on long-term anticoagulant therapy.

Mechanical Heart Valves

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

Mechanical Properties

Stretching

Bending

Twisting


Material requirements ü  Cause minimal trauma to blood elements and the endothelial tissue surrounding the

valve; ü  Good resistance to wear; ü  Minimize chances for thrombus deposition; ü  Be non-degradable in the physiological environment; ü  Neither absorb blood constituents or release foreign substances into the blood; ü  Good surface finish.

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

Degradation of valve components

Clinical complications

(Valve) Structural

failure

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

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Problems

Heart Cloning – Case study ①  Stem cells are injected by intra-coronary method. ②  A guiding catheter is put into the coronary artery to achieve the target. ③  A balloon is sent and then inflated to stop the blood supply for a couple of minutes. ④  A lumen is inserted, through which a million stem cells, cultivated from the bone

marrow of the patient, are injected in the artery. ⑤  Stem cells reach the target area. ⑥  The balloon is inflated till the stem cells are injected so that blood does not flow

during the process.

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

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References

Total Artificial Heart (TAH) - device that replaces the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) and is attached to your heart's upper chambers.

Total Artificial Heart

Tubes exit the body and connect to a machine that powers and controls how the CardioWest TAH works.

CARDIOWEST TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

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ABIOCOR TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART

AbioCor TAH is completely contained inside the chest. A battery powers this TAH. The battery is charged through the skin with a special magnetic charger

v  TAH usually extends life for months beyond what is expected with end-stage heart failure. If you're waiting for a heart transplant, a TAH can keep you alive while you wait for a donor heart. However, it’s a very complex device.

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

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Heart

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Last Research

Conclusion Introduction


Pathology


Heart Cloning

Total Artificial

Heart

Conclusion

References

Some devices will provide assistance while new therapies incorporating stem cells, gene therapy, or engineered tissues are employed to repair or replace the damaged organ.

There has been considerable improvement in the durability and functional efficiency of mechanical heart valves

All current models of mechanical heart valves need anti coagulation therapy to minimize the risk of thrombosis and embolism.

With the current technology, it is plausible that the use of TAHs will increase, as will the development of devices with lower mechanical faults, more systemic control, increased patient freedom and fewer overall complications.

References [1] - http://www.bmecentral.com/artificial-organs.html (last login in 16/07/2012); [2] - MILLER, G., Artificial Organs, Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering, 2006, doi: 10.2200/S00023ED1V01Y200604BME004; [3] - http://www.mirm.pitt.edu/programs/medical_devices/ (last login in 16/07/2012); [4] - http://echo.gmu.edu/bionics/exhibits.htm (last login in 16/07/2012); [5] - JAREMKO, J. and RORSTAD, O., Advances Toward the Implantable Artificial Pancreas for Treatment of Diabetes, Diabetes Care, Volume 21, Number 3, March 1998, 444-450; [6] - SHETKY, L. et al, A Closed Loop Implantable Artificial Pancreas Using Thin Film Nitinol MEMS Pumps, Proceedings, International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (SMST-2003), Pacific Grove, California (2003); [7] – MURAKAMI, A. and SABBATINI, A., Sensores de glucose e bombas de insulina – em busca do pâncreas artificial; [8]http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/38003/ (last login in 16/07/2012); http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/04/health/artificial-pancreas/index.html [9] Mitamura Y, Hosooka K, Matsomoto T, Otaki K and Sakai K. Development of a fine ceramic Heart valves. Journal of Biomaterials Application. Publisher Sage Publication, London. [10] JOUNG, G. and CHO, B., An Energy Transmission System for an Artificial Heart Using Leakage Inductance Compensation of Transcutaneous Transformer, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 6, November 1998, 1013-1022; [11] WESTABY, S., The need for artificial hearts, Heart 1996; 76:200-206; [12] GONZÁLEZ, B. et al., Biomechanics of mechanical heart valve, Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED at University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, December 2003; [13] http://www.publico.pt/Ciências/coracao-artificial-primeiro-orgao-biologico-feito-em-laboratorio-1316632 [14] SLEPIAN, M. et al., The Syncardia CardiowestTM Total Artificial Heart.

Introduction


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Artificial Heart

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