Common Artifact & Errors In Intraoral Periapical

Radiograph

Dr jyoti sharmaSubharti dental college

•Introduction•Ideal radiograph•Artifact•Errors•Types of errors•Projection errors•Exposure errors• processing errors•Types of artifacts•Take home message•Conclusion

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

When satisfactory x-ray machine, film and darkroom equipment are available and properly used, radiographic quality depends on the ability of the clinician to expose the film properly. The understanding of film exposure technique is based on knowledge of an ideal radiograph.

Ideal radiograph is one which has desired density and

overall blackness and which shows the part

completely

without distortion with maximum details and has the

right amount of contrast to make the details fully

apparent

(H.M Worth)

Ideal radiograph

IDEAL RADIOGRAPH

• Complete area of interest , complete film

• Density , contrast

• Sharpness

• Distortion

•Magnification

Artifact!!!!

What are ARTIFACT????

• An unwanted density on the radiograph that interferes

with diagnosis

Or

• Any optical density that is not an anatomy

• Can be controlled when the cause is identified.

• Due to equipment pitfalls.

• Film emulsions and packaging

• Exposure artifacts

• Processing

What are errors ?

Mistake Is Not A Mistake Till U Don't Do It

Instead Doing It Not Is A Bigger Mistake

Life Is All About Learning From

Mistakes

Making Errors/Mistake Are Part Of Life

NEED TO CHECK

•Film placement technique

•Exposure

•Darkroom processing

solution sequence

ERROR

Blank image

The majority of the errors produced can be

categorized into groups:

I. Operator and Technique

II.Exposure errors

III. processing errors

IV.Radiographic artifacts

TECHNIQUES

XRAY

FILM

Paralleling technique

XR

AY

FI

LM

Bisecting angle technique

Bitewing technique

Avoid Technique ErrorCorrectly exposing intraoral receptor

Include 4 basic steps:

• Receptor placement

• Vertical (angulations alignment)

• Horizontal (Angulations alignment)

• Central ray centering

Technique errors vertical alignment error

foreshortening elongation

Decrease vertical angulation

Elongation

FORESHORTENING

Over angulation

Incorrect horizontal angulation

magnification

Source-object distance large

one should look at his own self;Before pointing out a finger on others

Operator errors : Patient preparation error

Radiographic artifacts

Blurred images

Bending of film

Radiopaque artifact

Blurred image

Blurred image

Bending of film

•Reversed film(Herring bone effect tyre track appearance)

•Double image

•Apices cut off •Dot artifact

•Dropped film corner •Crown not shown (Specific region not showing)

Flim placement errors

Double image

Reversed film Tyre track appearence

Dot artifact

Apices cut off

Crown not shown

Correction: increase amount of film showing ,not 1/8th of the film should be below or above the crown

Dropped Film Corner

IF Edge Of Film Is Not Parallel To The Occlusal Surface Of Teeth

Partial image (cone cut)

Asuan – Egy.

II. Exposure errors.

Blank image.Low density image.High density image.Image with high and low contrast.

Blank imageA film that doesn’t receive radiation will have no image and will appear clear.

Low density (faint) image

High density

Density-degree OR GRADATION OF “BLACKNESS” ON A RADIOGRAPHIC FILM.

High contrast and low contrast

Difference in degree of blackness on radiograph

III. Processing errorsProcessing include several variables:

•Development time

•Fixing time

•Processing temperature

•Chemical activity

III. Processing errorsChemical errors:•Light image

•Dark image

•Reticulation

•film fog

Film Handling errors:

•Partial images

•Overlapped film

processing errors

• Stain on film

• Yellowish brown

discoloration.

• Roller mark

• Dark flow marks

• Emulsion peel

• Grainy

appearance

• Dark box

Dark radiograph Light radiograph

Reticulation.(orange peel appearance)

Partial images

Film fog

Overlapped film processing

Stain on film

DEVELOPER STAINS

Yellowish brown discoloration

Dark flow mark

Emulsion peel

Grainy appearance

Roller mark

Dark box

Radiographic artifacts

Exposure and processing artifact

• Black line

• Black spot

• Black crescent

• Static smudge

• Static tree

• Black patch

• White spot

• Air bubbles

• Streaking

• Lightening bolt type

• Phalangioma

Black spot

Black line

Black patch on film

Black crescent

Static electricity

Black smudge Black tree

Rapid opening of film from film packet in the period of low humidity

Lightening bolt like artifacts

White spot or patch

Air bubbles

Streaks on film

phalangiomaPhalangioma

Storage and handling artifact

• Brittleness on radiograph• Finger prints• finger nail• Clip mark• Black area• Metallic silver artifact• Vigorous staining

BRITTLENESS ON RADIOGRAPH

Black finger print

White finger print mark

Finger nail artifact

Clip mark

Black area

Metallic silver defect artifact

Vigorous staining

Judgement

Clinical aspectPatient

exposure

TAKE HOME MESSAGE

SHAPE DISTORTION

ALIGNMENT

IDEAL RADIOGRAPH

Learn from the mistakes of other we won’t live long enough to make all by ourself“” Chanakya

• PRINCIPLES OF DENTAL IMAGING – by Langland and Langlais

• DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIOLOGY- by Eric whites

• ORAL RADIOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND INTERPRETATIONS –by White and Pharaoh

• TEXTBOOK OF DENTAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL RADIOLOGY –by Freny R. Karjodkar

REFERENCES

Dr. SANGEETA MALIKSenior lecture Dept. of Oral medicine and Radiology (SDC)

Dr. SUMIT GOELSenior lecturer Dept. of Oral medicine and Radiology (SDC)

Dr . SWATI GOELSenior Lecturer Dept of oral medicine and radiology (SDC)

ALL POST GRADUATESDept of oral medicine and radiology (SDC)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS