Articulations Anatomy 125

7/27/2019 Articulations Anatomy 125

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Wherever two bones cometogether there is an articulation,or joint. The function andmobility of each joint dependson its anatomical design. Jointsthat permit no movement orslight movement are common in

thewhere

basic structural support andprotection is expected. Joints

that are freely moveable arecommon in the

where mobility is

required.


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1. Axial Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton


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Joints can be classifiedaccording to the range of

movement permitted. Thisputs joints into

.

Within each functionalcategory joints can be furthersubclassified according tostructural differences. Thisputs joints into

.


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1. Functional Categories

2. Structural Categories


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The range of movement in thistype of joint ranges from none

to very slight depending on itsdesign. Structural categoriesare:

( )


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Synarthrosis (Immovable Joint)


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The range of movement inthis type of joint ranges from

none to very slightdepending on its design.Structural categories are:

1.

2.

3.

4.


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1. Suture

2. Gomphosis

3. Synchondrosis

4. Synostosis


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In these joints the bones interlock andare held together by fibrousconnective tissue. Sutures arecommon between bones of the skull.


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Suture


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This joint holds the roots of theteeth firmly in their sockets. Thefibrous connection between theroot and the socket is the

.


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1. Gomphosis

2. periodontal ligament


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This joint holds bones together

with hyaline cartilage. Anexample is thethat hold

ogether the epiphysis and

diaphysis of long bones.


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1. Synchondrosis

2. epiphyseal cartilage


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This joint does not appear to be

a joint because it represents thefused boundary between twobones. This fusion happens at

some and atthe whenthey close.


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1. Synostosis

2. Sutural Joints

3. Epiphyseal Plates


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The range of movement inthese joints is limited.

(


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Amphiarthrosis (Slightly Movable Joint


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Slightly Moveable Joints

1.

2.


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1. Syndesmosis

2. Symphysis


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The articulating bones in this joinare held together by a ligament.The distal articulation between

he and is anexample.


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1. Syndesmosis

2. Tibia

3. Fibula


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The bones in this articulation arheld together by a pad of

. Examples include

and.


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1. Symphysis

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Intervertebral Discs

4. Pubic Symphysis


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These joints permit free

movement between the apposinarticulating surfaces of bones.Movement is limited only by the

shape of the articulating bonesand the accessory structures thhold the bones together.


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Diarthrosis (Freely Movable Join


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There is only one type ofdiarthrosis, the

.


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synovial joint


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The touching surfaces of bonesn synovial joints are lined by

that reduceriction and act as shockabsorbers. Friction is furthereduced by .

is a viscousluid that is produced by the

synovial membrane that lines the

nterior of the


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1. Articular Cartilage

2. Synovial Fluid

3. Synovial Fluid

4. Joint Capsule


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The surroundsand supports the synovial jointand is composed of dense

connective tissue.


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Joint Capsule


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Synovial fluid functions include:

1. Provides lubrication

Synovial fluid contains a

called thatenhances the lubricating qualitieof the fluid.


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1. Glycoprotein

2. Lubricin


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NourishArticular cartilage is

and depends upon synovial fluid

for nourishment and wasteremoval.


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1. Chondrocytes

2. Avascular


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Absorb shock

helps tocushion and evenly distributecompression shocks.


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Synovial Fluid


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Accessory structures strengthesynovial joints and make them

work more efficiently.


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n complex joints such as theknee:

( ) arefibrocartilage pads that help to

channel the flow of synovial fluidand stabilize the joint as itmoves.

acts as packingmaterial that provides protectionfor the articular cartilages.


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1. Menisci (articular discs)

2. Fat Pads


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strengthen and reinforce

synovial joints.

are

within the joint capsule.

areeither localized thickenings

of the joint capsule orseparate ligaments outsideof the capsule.


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1. Accessory Ligaments

2. Intrinsic Ligaments

3. Extrinsic Ligaments


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The tendons of muscle

that cross the joint providesupport for the joint.

An example is the tendonsthat form the " "of the .


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1. Rotator Cuff

2. Shoulder Joint


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are packets of

connective tissue filled withinsynovial fluid and lined bysynovial membranes.

They reduce friction betweenbone, tendons, ligaments andsoft tissue.

surround tendons that moveacross bony surfaces.


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1. Bursae

2. Synovial Tendon Sheaths


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Synovial joints can be further

subclassified according to thetype and range of movementthey permit:


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( ) haveapposing flat to slightly curvedarticular surfaces that slide over one

another. The movement is slight.

Examples of plane joints include

andjoints and the joints between thearticular facets of .


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1.Plane (Gliding) Joints

2. intertarsal

3. intercarpal

4. vertebrae


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These joints permit angularangular

movement in a single plane.Examples include theand joints.


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1.Hinge Joints

2. Elbow

3. Knee


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only permit

rotation. The joint between theand the is anexample.


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1. Pivot Joint

2. Atlas

3. Axis


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In ( )

an oval convex articular surfacmoves in an ovaldepression.This permits angular movement

in twoplanes.

Condylar joints exist between thbones and th

andbones in the hands and feet.


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1. Condylar (Ellipsoidal) Joint

2. Proximal Phalanges

3. Metacarpals

4. Metatarsals


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In , two- articular

surfaces, orient at right angles toone another, appose one anothen an interlocking fashion.

This kind of joint permits a widerrange of angular movement thanhe condylar joint. The joint athe base of the is an

example.


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1. Saddle Joint

2. Saddle-shaped

3. Thumb


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n this joint the

articular surface of one bone fitsnto the cup-shaped depressionof the other. Angular and

rotational movements arepermitted. Theand are

examples.


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1. Ball-and-Socket Joint

2. hemispherical

3. Shoulder

4. Hip Joint


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The will serveas an example of a synovial

joint.


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Knee Joint


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The knee joint is a complex jointn which the wheel-shaped

"roll" on the flat

surfaces.


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1. Femoral Condyles

2. Tibial Articular


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The knee joint can be dividedinto three separate joints with

there own separate jointcapsules:

the femoralarticulate with the;

the lateral condylesarticulate with thelateral condyles; and

the articulates with theof the femur.


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1. Medial Condyle

2. Tibial Medial Condyle

3. Femoral

4. Tibial

5. Patella

6. Patellar Surface


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The medialmedial and lateral condylararticulations between the femur

and tibia have between them padsoffibrocartilage called theand .These menisci

1. absorb the compressive forcesgenerate at this weight-bearing join

2. more evenly distribute the forcetransferred from the femoralarticulations to the tibial; and

3. provide lateral stability.


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1. Medial and Lateral Menisci


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The (knee cap) ispresent in the tendon of the

muscle that extends the knee.


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Patella


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The extendsfrom the patella to its attachmen

to the tibia and supports theanterior side of the knee joint.


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Patella Ligament


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The remaining ligaments areclassified as either extracapsulaor intracapsular depending on

heir position relative to theibrous joint capsule. Theextracapsular ligaments are:


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Extracapsular Ligaments

Thereinforces the medial side of theknee joint.

Thereinforces the lateral side of the

knee joint.

Tworeinforce the posterior side ofthe knee joint.


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1. Tibial Collateral Ligament

2. Fibular Collateral Ligament

3. Popliteal Ligaments


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1

2


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1. Tibial (medial)Collateral Ligament

2. Fibular (lateral)Collateral Ligament


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The intracapsular ligaments are

The

(ACL) and the(PCL

limit the anterior and posterior

movement of the .

The names of these ligamentsderive from the way they cross

one another and their relativeattachments on the tibia. (criss-cross eachother)


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1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament

2. Posterior Cruciate Ligamen

3. Femur

Posterior

Anterior


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- opposing flat

surfaces slide over oneanother


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Gliding


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Angular Movement

- movement away fromlongitudinal axis

- movement toward

longitudinal axis

- reduces angle of articulatingelements in anterior-posterior plane

- increases angle of elementsin anterior-posterior plane

- movement past the

anatomical position

- moving arm, leg or hand in aloop (complex movement)


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1. Abduction

2. Adduction

3. Flexion

4. Extension

5. Hyperextension

6. Circumduction


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(movement aroundongitudinal axis)

- inward movement inreference to anterior

- outward movementn reference to anterior

- movement of hand to palm-facing-backward

- movement of hand to palm-facing-forward


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1. Rotation

2. Medial Rotation

3. Lateral Rotation

4. Pronation

5. Supination


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Special Movements

- twisting of foot to sole

outward

- twisting of foot to sole

- flexion of ankle toelevate sole

- flexion ofankle to elevate heel


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1. eversion

2. inversion

3. dorsiflexion

4. plantar flexion


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- movement of verteb

column to side

- anterior movement inhorizontal plane

- reverse of protraction

- grasping movements

between thumb and fingers

- movement of structure insuperior direction

- movement of structure innferior direction


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1. Lateral Flexion

2. Protraction

3. Retraction

4. Opposition

5. Elevation

6. Depression


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Articulations Anatomy 125

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