Articles of Confederation and Constitutional Convention Mac 2008-09.
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Transcript of Articles of Confederation and Constitutional Convention Mac 2008-09.
Articles of Confederation and Constitutional Convention
Mac 2008-09
1.Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, 1786
2.Land Ordinance of 17853.Northwest Ordinance, 17874.Daniel Shays, 17875.Annapolis Convention6.The Constitution of the United States7.Article I8.Article II9.Article III10.Bill of Rights11.Ratification
a.Great Compromiseb.Three-fifths Compromisec.Federalismd.Separation of powers e.Checks and balancesf.Popular Sovereigntyg.Civilian Control of Militaryh.Preamblei.Impeachmentj.Elastic clausek.Writ of habeas corpusl.Ex post facto law m.Electoral collegen.Judicial review
1.Alexander Hamilton2.Federalist Papers3.Federalists4.First Congress- What did they do?5.Republicans6.Funding7.Assumption8.Bank of the United States 9.Whiskey Tax, 179110."Report on Manufacturers"11.James Madison12.Neutrality Proclamation, 179313.Citizen Genet14.Jay Treaty, 179415.Pinckney Treaty, 179516.John Adams17.Farewell Address, 179618.XYZ Affair, 179719.Barbary Pirates20.Alien and Sedition Acts, 179821.Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798
Quiz
• List things students should know about the Following:
• Northwest Ordinance
• Great Compromise
• Issue of Slavery in the Constitution-
• One part of the Constitution that directly addresses the Anti-federalist position
History of the Articles
• 2nd Continental Congress
• After Declaration of Independence
• Colonies began to operate independently– Now called States– Wrote Constitutions– Embraced Republican
forms of Government
• Created National government for all the states
• Weak• Decentralized system• Limited Powers
What is the single most significant factor of a Confederation?
• Weak Central Government
• A loose alignment of independent states
• Voluntary!!!
• See George Washington reading168-69
• Cite three examples of Washington’s criticisms.
Articles of Confederation 1781-1789
• Confederation Congress (only institution of National authority)
• Powers under Confederation– Conduct War– Foreign relations=
treaties– Appropriate, borrow,
issue money
– Did not have power:– Regulate trade– Draft troops– Levy taxes directly on
people• Had to ask states for taxes
and troops– No separate executives
– Measures passed by Congress had to be approved by 9 of the 13 states.
• Very Difficult to change or amend the Articles= 13 states had to agree
Northwest Ordinances• 1790 – 120,000 in
Ohio• Eastern states had to
relinquish claims to western lands
• 1785 Ordinance – created system for surveying and selling western lands
• Grid Pattern rectangular townships
• 36 –sections, includes public school requirement
•1787 Ordinance•Northwest Territory •3-5 states•60K entering the union•Freedom of Religion•Rights to Trial by Jury•Prohibited SlaveryOutlaws slavery North of the Ohio River
Northwest Territory
• The ordinance organized the territory into a grid pattern for townships.
Confederation Problems• Congress was severely limited in its powers. • It could not raise money by collecting taxes; • it had no control over foreign commerce; • it could pass laws but could not force the states to
comply with them. • Thus, the government was dependent on the
willingness of the various states to carry out its measures, and often the states refused to cooperate.
• The articles were virtually impossible to amend, so problems could not be corrected.
Many Segments of Society disliked conditions under the Confederation
• Manufacturers- each state had tariffs and wanted National tariff
• Merchants- wanted National business regulation vs states
• Needed strong national banking system instead of each state currency
• Land speculators- wanted Indians out• Large property owners wanted protection
for property
Shay’s Rebellion
• Massachusetts 1786-87• Tax protest turns violent• Poor farmers couldn’t pay taxes• Asked for redress• Took up arms and were suppressed• showed problems with the Mob• Leaders were afraid of Anarchy and more support
for revising of Articles of Confederation
Annapolis Convention
• Precursor to the Philadelphia Convention
• Madison calls this
• 5 States
• Few delegates attend
Philadelphia Convention
• Many delegates/leaders gather to revise the Articles of Confederation
• Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, Madison…
• Decide to make the discussions secret• Immediately decide to start over the process
of organizing a national or central government
Virginia and New Jersey Plans
Virginia PlanMadison
•Strong National Government
•Separation of Powers
•Bicameral legislature
•Checks on power
•Representation according to population= Large State Plan
New Jersey Plan•Strong National Government
•Separation of Powers
•Unicameral Legislature
•Small State Plan= Representation equal for all states
•Power to tax, duties on imports
•Regulate of commerce
•Supremacy of National Law
•Use force against states
Questions to be Answered
• What about Slaves and taxes/representation
• and the institution of Slavery?
Great Compromise
•House of Representatives:•Representation determined by population-more people more reps•Large states get more reps/power
•Senate-Each state gets 2 SenatorsBenefits small states
Great Compromise and Slavery
• Very Divisive issue• Southern States threaten ratification if
Slavery is touched.• 20 year moratorium on addressing
Slavery Trade See article I Section 9• 3/5ths Compromise- Slave populations
will count for representation-5 slaves=3 people (I 2.3)
Constitution• does NOT • Address citizenship• Address political
parties
• Does• Regulate Commerce• Control Currency• Pass all laws Necessary
and Proper (Elastic Clause)
• Have power to coerce states
• Separation of Powers– Executive– Judicial– Legislative
• Checks and Balances
See Constitution PPT.• “Thus I consent Sir, to this Constitution, because I
expect no better, and because I am not sure it is not the best.” B Franklin
Not everyone agreed to the Constitution
Ratification
State conventions were then called and the DEBATE began.
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Federalists
•Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, Madison, Jay•Argued for strong Federal Government•Printers/traders merchants supported•Madison didn’t believe listing rights was necessary •Said listing those rights will in effect limit rights
•Madison, Jay and Hamilton pseudonym = Publius
•Wrote the Federalist Papers•Feds were afraid of disorder •Gov needs to check the power of the masses
Anti-Federalist
• Patrick Henry, George Mason, Lee, Sam Adams
• Were against the Constitution
• Did not want strong Federal Government
• Feared possibility of dictatorship
• Wanted to protect individual rights
• Wanted to protect State’s Rights
• Problems with Constitution:
• Want Bill of Rights• “No Government can be
trusted to protect liberties of its citizens.”
• “The only way to protect liberties is to enumerate the natural rights of the people”
• Insisted on a Bill of Rights
Mercy Otis Warren
• Woman
• Anti-Federalist
• Playwright
Ratification Battle
• Every state held special ratifying conventions
• Virginia and NY were close
• NY, VA, and MA ratified based on the approval of a Bill of Rights
The Constitution is Ratified
• December 7, 1787 Delaware is the first state to ratify the Constitution
• Pennsylvania December 12 • New Jersey Dec. 18• Georgia January 2, 1788• Connecticut Jan. 9• Massachusetts Feb. 7• Maryland April 28• South Carolina May 23• New Hampshire, June 21 (9th state to ratify Constitution
goes into effect)