ARTICLE - A Famous Gorilla Plays the Recorder

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Categories: Science

10:17 am

February 2, 2012

by BARBARA J KING

Koko the gorilla is world-famous for her ability to communicate with humans usingphrases in American Sign Language, and for her gentle play with pet cats. Now, a

new study on Koko's play with wind instruments shows that she skillfully controls

how she breathes.

That's a knockout conclusion because scientists have thought that humans alone, out

of all the primates, can gain skillful, voluntary control over the act of breathing.

Think of blowing out candles on a birthday cake, or powerfully pushing air through a

trumpet to play music. It's usually argued that skilled breathing like this originatedonly in the primate lineage at the point when specialized anatomy made speech

possible.

Koko, of course, being a gorilla, cannot speak; she has no specialized anatomy for

speech. Yet she does control her breathing in unusually precise ways. I'm always

fascinated when an animal does something that she is supposed to be unable to do.

And I think Koko's abilities have something to tell us about how we too may "grow"

skills that may not come naturally to us.

The Koko study was conducted by Marcus Perlman, Francine G. Patterson and

Ronald H. Cohn. Lead researcher Perlman is a cognitive psychologist with a recent

Ph.D. from the University of California-Santa Cruz and a research associate at The

Ronald H. Cohn/The Gorilla Foundation

Koko with a recorder

amous Gorilla Plays The Recorder, And We All May Learn Somet... http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2012/02/02/146195395/a-famous-gorilla...

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Gorilla Foundation. (Along with Joanne E. Tanner, I'm a co-author on a forthcoming

paper of Perlman's on gestural patterns in a mother-infant pair of zoo gorillas.)

Using a series of specific definitions and measurements, Perlman et al. coded

videotapes of Koko playing with wind instruments like recorders, harmonicas and

party favor whistles. They found 38 sequences from 17 different playing bouts to

work with. The key result: When Koko plays these instruments, she adopts a patternof breathing statistically different than her normal one. In both frequency and

forcefulness, she alters her breathing in a volitional way.

Though Koko is the first gorilla to demonstrate voluntary breath control, Perlman et

al. don't claim she's the only nonhuman ape to do so. The zoo-living orangutan

Bonnie, for instance, learned to whistle after observing her human caretakers.

These captive actions challenge conclusions reached by studying fossils of extinct

human ancestors. One influential paper suggests, for instance, that only late inevolutionary history did muscles and nerves allow for fine control of breathing, and

thus, speech.

Koko, though, is immersed in a human environment; when she plays with

instruments, she is rewarded with praise and occasionally with food. Could her skills

have any meaning in an evolutionary context?

Perlman et al. note that free-ranging orangutans produce different sounds in

different groups, suggesting a role for learning and cultural transmission. Wildchimpanzees vocalize differently according to which apes are around to listen; when

they stealthily patrol their territory's boundaries, they choose to go silent. Some

degree of fine breath control is certainly involved in these cases.

I particularly appreciate Perlman's urging, however, that we look at this whole

matter in another way: It's not as if human children show evidence ofinnate breath

control. Rather, just like Koko does, theylearn breath control through shared

cultural routines with their caretakers and play partners.

These cultural routines may differ across cultures. People like me, who grew up in

the United States, learned as kidshow to blow out those birthday candles and blow

into that trumpet and also how to hold our breath underwater. Gradually, through

traditions and games shared with others, our skilled breathing comes to feel natural.

This is an embodied, ecological perspective on skill emergence. Through it, we come

to see that it's not only skills like language and tool-making that flourish via shared

social practice, but also actions like skilled breathing that might at first be attributed

wholly to biology.

What a great point to keep in mind as we surround our children and, yes, our adult


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selves too, with ever-varied physical and mental challenges that may "grow" our

skills. We may surprise ourselves by what we can learn to do against all

expectations.

You can keep up with more of what Barbara is thinking on Twitter.

Tags: breathing, Marcus Perlman,The Gorilla Foundation, learning, gorillas, Koko, evolution


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ARTICLE - A Famous Gorilla Plays the Recorder

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