Shataratna Samgraha With Shata Ratnollekhani 1944 Tantrik Textx Vol 22 - Agama Anusandhan Samiti
Artha samgraha (wealth creation) of Rāṣṭram, Nation of Bhāratam … · 2019. 7. 30. · 1...
Transcript of Artha samgraha (wealth creation) of Rāṣṭram, Nation of Bhāratam … · 2019. 7. 30. · 1...
1
Artha samgraha (wealth creation) of Rāṣṭram Nation of
Bhāratam recorded on Sindhu-Sarasvati Script
inscriptions
The objective of this illustrated essay is to provide an Itihāsa narrative of Bhāratam Janam
(lsquometalcaster folkrsquo RV 35312) of the Bronze Age
The essay provides
1 an overview of how Bhāratam became the richest nation on the globe by 1 CE as recorded by
Economic historian Angus Maddison in his report to OECD before the formation of the
European Union and
2 an intimation of the roles of Bhāratam Janam as artificers and seafaring merchants managing
metalwork production and trade along an Ancient Maritime Tin Route between Hanoi (Vietnam)
and Haifa (Israel) which route predated Silk Road by two millennia
A defining moment is recorded in an exquisite painting in the Steel Authority of India Institute in
Ranchi The painting shows Purushottama gifting in 323 BCE a steel sword to Alexander on the
banks of Jhelum before Alexander returns to Mesopotamia In the background of this painting a
smithyforge is shown with artisans at work in smithyforge producing metal tools implements
and weapons
This is a signature portrait of the Hindu civilization indicating contributions made by ancient
artisans to the Artha samgraha (wealth creation) of the Nation of Bhāratam
2
Similar contributions made by artisans during earlier millennia are documented on over 8000
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions are metalwork catalogues which are data archives of
contributions made by ancient metalworkers to creation of wealth (Artha samgraha) of the
nation The contributions are so impressive that an economic historian Angus Maddison reports
to OECD before the announcement of European Union the contributions made by Ancient India
(Ancient Bhāratam) to Global wealth in 1 Common Era
This bar chart showing contributions to Global wealth between 1 CE and 2008 CE records that
India (Ancient Bhāratam) accounted for over 32 of the Global wealth (GDP Gross Domestic
Product)
How is this Artha samgraha status of Ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) in 1 CE explained
For several millennia in earlier years Ancient Indian (Bhāratiya) artisans had domesticated rice
millet and also cotton They had also worked with mineral resources to create many metal alloys
to manufacture tools implements weapons Such work or life activities of artisans are recorded
in historical studies and on Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions
3
4
Invention of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script as a writing system occurred ca 3300 BCE as evidenced by
a potsherd discovered in Harappa with three hypertexts or hieroglyphs
The picture-writing is logo-semantic that is words which signify pictures are substitutes for
similar-sounding words which signify metalwork In this picture kolom lsquothreersquo kolmo lsquorice
plantrsquo signify a similar-sounding word kolami lsquosmithyforgersquo Such a substitution system is
5
referred to as mlecchita vikalpa by Vātsyāyana in Vidyāsamuddeśa mlecchita vikalpa is an
expression which means lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo ie writing system by mleccha copper workers and
Meluhha language speakers Meluhha is derived from mliṣṭa lsquomispronunciationrsquo of word in
common parlance or speech-forms of the times
The evidence for Meluhha as a distinct speech-form is provided by a cylinder seal which
contains a cuneiform text inscription in Akkadian
The cuneiform text reads in Akkadian Shu-Ilishu EMEBALMELUHHAKI (ie interpreter
of Meluhha language) Shu-Ilishu is seated on the lap of the seated person The person carrying a
goat is a Meluhha speaker The signifier the animal carried by Meluhha speaker is
mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper
(worker) The lady accompanying Meluhhaa speaker carries a liquid measure ranku lsquoliquid
measurersquo signifies a similar-sounding word ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus together the Meluhha are
seafaring merchants who are workers in copper and tin minerals and who have come from
Meluhha (Ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam)) to Mesopotamia to trade in copper and tin
Importance of tin is well-recognized as the major contributing ore to create the Bronze Age
Revolution Copper is malleable and becomes a hard alloy of bronze when alloyed with tin
(cassiterite) This discovery of the alloy resolved a major problem created by the scarcity of
naturally occurring Arsenical Bronzes Where did the ancient tin come from
The mystery is resolved by the discovery of over 200 DongsonKaren Bronze Drums with
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions on the tympanums of the drums The largest tin belt of the
globe is in the Mekong Irrawaddy Salween ndash Himalayan river valleys of the Ancient Far East
These Himalayan rivers ground down for millennia granite rocks and created placer deposits of
cassiterite tin ore in the Ancient Far East region The tin miners and workers in crearing Tin
Bronze artifacts of DongsonKaren Bronze Drums are Meluhha speakers as evidenced by the
hieroglyphs signified on the tympanums of the drums The hieroglyphs in Meluhha speech
signify elephant peacock crane frog which in mlecchita vikalpa lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo are
pronounced arka lsquosunrsquo karba ibha lsquoelephantrsquo maraka lsquopeacockrsquo kanku lsquocranersquo mūxā lsquofrogrsquo
These hieroglyphs signify metalwork catalogues of eraka lsquomolten cast copperrsquo karba ib lsquoironrsquo
ibbo lsquomerchantrsquo marakaka loha lsquocalcining copper metalrsquo kang lsquoportable brazierrsquo muhatilde lsquometal
6
ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a furnacersquo
7
That Meluhha speakers and seafaring merchants of Bhāratam were involved as intermediaries in
the Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel) is evidenced by two
facts 1 The use of Mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on tin ingots of Cyprus and 2 The
presence of Meluhha hieroglyphs on 99purity tin ingots discovered in shipwrecks at Haifa
(Israel)
8
The four Meluhha hypertexts and readings in similar sounding words on these tin ingots are
1 ranku lsquoliquid measurersquo rebus (which means lsquosimilar sounding word or homonym) ranku
lsquotinrsquo
2 ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo
3 mũhe lsquofacersquo rebus muhatilde lsquometal ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a
furnacersquo
4 X hieroglyph dāṭu = cross (Telugu) rebus dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus dhāṭnā lsquoto send
out pour out cast (metal)rsquo (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771)
That seafaring merchants are involved in the trade transactions along the Ancient Maritime Tin
Route (which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia) is evidenced by the most freuqnently used
hieroglyph which is lsquorim of a narrow-necked jarrsquo
Hieroglyph on Daimabad seal karṇaka lsquorim of jarrsquo rebus karṇika
lsquosupercargo merchantrsquos representative responsible for the cargo scribersquo kāraṇī or kāraṇīka
lsquohelmsman or captain of a seafaring vesselrsquo
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
2
Similar contributions made by artisans during earlier millennia are documented on over 8000
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions are metalwork catalogues which are data archives of
contributions made by ancient metalworkers to creation of wealth (Artha samgraha) of the
nation The contributions are so impressive that an economic historian Angus Maddison reports
to OECD before the announcement of European Union the contributions made by Ancient India
(Ancient Bhāratam) to Global wealth in 1 Common Era
This bar chart showing contributions to Global wealth between 1 CE and 2008 CE records that
India (Ancient Bhāratam) accounted for over 32 of the Global wealth (GDP Gross Domestic
Product)
How is this Artha samgraha status of Ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) in 1 CE explained
For several millennia in earlier years Ancient Indian (Bhāratiya) artisans had domesticated rice
millet and also cotton They had also worked with mineral resources to create many metal alloys
to manufacture tools implements weapons Such work or life activities of artisans are recorded
in historical studies and on Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions
3
4
Invention of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script as a writing system occurred ca 3300 BCE as evidenced by
a potsherd discovered in Harappa with three hypertexts or hieroglyphs
The picture-writing is logo-semantic that is words which signify pictures are substitutes for
similar-sounding words which signify metalwork In this picture kolom lsquothreersquo kolmo lsquorice
plantrsquo signify a similar-sounding word kolami lsquosmithyforgersquo Such a substitution system is
5
referred to as mlecchita vikalpa by Vātsyāyana in Vidyāsamuddeśa mlecchita vikalpa is an
expression which means lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo ie writing system by mleccha copper workers and
Meluhha language speakers Meluhha is derived from mliṣṭa lsquomispronunciationrsquo of word in
common parlance or speech-forms of the times
The evidence for Meluhha as a distinct speech-form is provided by a cylinder seal which
contains a cuneiform text inscription in Akkadian
The cuneiform text reads in Akkadian Shu-Ilishu EMEBALMELUHHAKI (ie interpreter
of Meluhha language) Shu-Ilishu is seated on the lap of the seated person The person carrying a
goat is a Meluhha speaker The signifier the animal carried by Meluhha speaker is
mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper
(worker) The lady accompanying Meluhhaa speaker carries a liquid measure ranku lsquoliquid
measurersquo signifies a similar-sounding word ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus together the Meluhha are
seafaring merchants who are workers in copper and tin minerals and who have come from
Meluhha (Ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam)) to Mesopotamia to trade in copper and tin
Importance of tin is well-recognized as the major contributing ore to create the Bronze Age
Revolution Copper is malleable and becomes a hard alloy of bronze when alloyed with tin
(cassiterite) This discovery of the alloy resolved a major problem created by the scarcity of
naturally occurring Arsenical Bronzes Where did the ancient tin come from
The mystery is resolved by the discovery of over 200 DongsonKaren Bronze Drums with
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions on the tympanums of the drums The largest tin belt of the
globe is in the Mekong Irrawaddy Salween ndash Himalayan river valleys of the Ancient Far East
These Himalayan rivers ground down for millennia granite rocks and created placer deposits of
cassiterite tin ore in the Ancient Far East region The tin miners and workers in crearing Tin
Bronze artifacts of DongsonKaren Bronze Drums are Meluhha speakers as evidenced by the
hieroglyphs signified on the tympanums of the drums The hieroglyphs in Meluhha speech
signify elephant peacock crane frog which in mlecchita vikalpa lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo are
pronounced arka lsquosunrsquo karba ibha lsquoelephantrsquo maraka lsquopeacockrsquo kanku lsquocranersquo mūxā lsquofrogrsquo
These hieroglyphs signify metalwork catalogues of eraka lsquomolten cast copperrsquo karba ib lsquoironrsquo
ibbo lsquomerchantrsquo marakaka loha lsquocalcining copper metalrsquo kang lsquoportable brazierrsquo muhatilde lsquometal
6
ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a furnacersquo
7
That Meluhha speakers and seafaring merchants of Bhāratam were involved as intermediaries in
the Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel) is evidenced by two
facts 1 The use of Mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on tin ingots of Cyprus and 2 The
presence of Meluhha hieroglyphs on 99purity tin ingots discovered in shipwrecks at Haifa
(Israel)
8
The four Meluhha hypertexts and readings in similar sounding words on these tin ingots are
1 ranku lsquoliquid measurersquo rebus (which means lsquosimilar sounding word or homonym) ranku
lsquotinrsquo
2 ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo
3 mũhe lsquofacersquo rebus muhatilde lsquometal ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a
furnacersquo
4 X hieroglyph dāṭu = cross (Telugu) rebus dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus dhāṭnā lsquoto send
out pour out cast (metal)rsquo (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771)
That seafaring merchants are involved in the trade transactions along the Ancient Maritime Tin
Route (which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia) is evidenced by the most freuqnently used
hieroglyph which is lsquorim of a narrow-necked jarrsquo
Hieroglyph on Daimabad seal karṇaka lsquorim of jarrsquo rebus karṇika
lsquosupercargo merchantrsquos representative responsible for the cargo scribersquo kāraṇī or kāraṇīka
lsquohelmsman or captain of a seafaring vesselrsquo
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
3
4
Invention of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script as a writing system occurred ca 3300 BCE as evidenced by
a potsherd discovered in Harappa with three hypertexts or hieroglyphs
The picture-writing is logo-semantic that is words which signify pictures are substitutes for
similar-sounding words which signify metalwork In this picture kolom lsquothreersquo kolmo lsquorice
plantrsquo signify a similar-sounding word kolami lsquosmithyforgersquo Such a substitution system is
5
referred to as mlecchita vikalpa by Vātsyāyana in Vidyāsamuddeśa mlecchita vikalpa is an
expression which means lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo ie writing system by mleccha copper workers and
Meluhha language speakers Meluhha is derived from mliṣṭa lsquomispronunciationrsquo of word in
common parlance or speech-forms of the times
The evidence for Meluhha as a distinct speech-form is provided by a cylinder seal which
contains a cuneiform text inscription in Akkadian
The cuneiform text reads in Akkadian Shu-Ilishu EMEBALMELUHHAKI (ie interpreter
of Meluhha language) Shu-Ilishu is seated on the lap of the seated person The person carrying a
goat is a Meluhha speaker The signifier the animal carried by Meluhha speaker is
mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper
(worker) The lady accompanying Meluhhaa speaker carries a liquid measure ranku lsquoliquid
measurersquo signifies a similar-sounding word ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus together the Meluhha are
seafaring merchants who are workers in copper and tin minerals and who have come from
Meluhha (Ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam)) to Mesopotamia to trade in copper and tin
Importance of tin is well-recognized as the major contributing ore to create the Bronze Age
Revolution Copper is malleable and becomes a hard alloy of bronze when alloyed with tin
(cassiterite) This discovery of the alloy resolved a major problem created by the scarcity of
naturally occurring Arsenical Bronzes Where did the ancient tin come from
The mystery is resolved by the discovery of over 200 DongsonKaren Bronze Drums with
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions on the tympanums of the drums The largest tin belt of the
globe is in the Mekong Irrawaddy Salween ndash Himalayan river valleys of the Ancient Far East
These Himalayan rivers ground down for millennia granite rocks and created placer deposits of
cassiterite tin ore in the Ancient Far East region The tin miners and workers in crearing Tin
Bronze artifacts of DongsonKaren Bronze Drums are Meluhha speakers as evidenced by the
hieroglyphs signified on the tympanums of the drums The hieroglyphs in Meluhha speech
signify elephant peacock crane frog which in mlecchita vikalpa lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo are
pronounced arka lsquosunrsquo karba ibha lsquoelephantrsquo maraka lsquopeacockrsquo kanku lsquocranersquo mūxā lsquofrogrsquo
These hieroglyphs signify metalwork catalogues of eraka lsquomolten cast copperrsquo karba ib lsquoironrsquo
ibbo lsquomerchantrsquo marakaka loha lsquocalcining copper metalrsquo kang lsquoportable brazierrsquo muhatilde lsquometal
6
ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a furnacersquo
7
That Meluhha speakers and seafaring merchants of Bhāratam were involved as intermediaries in
the Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel) is evidenced by two
facts 1 The use of Mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on tin ingots of Cyprus and 2 The
presence of Meluhha hieroglyphs on 99purity tin ingots discovered in shipwrecks at Haifa
(Israel)
8
The four Meluhha hypertexts and readings in similar sounding words on these tin ingots are
1 ranku lsquoliquid measurersquo rebus (which means lsquosimilar sounding word or homonym) ranku
lsquotinrsquo
2 ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo
3 mũhe lsquofacersquo rebus muhatilde lsquometal ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a
furnacersquo
4 X hieroglyph dāṭu = cross (Telugu) rebus dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus dhāṭnā lsquoto send
out pour out cast (metal)rsquo (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771)
That seafaring merchants are involved in the trade transactions along the Ancient Maritime Tin
Route (which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia) is evidenced by the most freuqnently used
hieroglyph which is lsquorim of a narrow-necked jarrsquo
Hieroglyph on Daimabad seal karṇaka lsquorim of jarrsquo rebus karṇika
lsquosupercargo merchantrsquos representative responsible for the cargo scribersquo kāraṇī or kāraṇīka
lsquohelmsman or captain of a seafaring vesselrsquo
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
4
Invention of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script as a writing system occurred ca 3300 BCE as evidenced by
a potsherd discovered in Harappa with three hypertexts or hieroglyphs
The picture-writing is logo-semantic that is words which signify pictures are substitutes for
similar-sounding words which signify metalwork In this picture kolom lsquothreersquo kolmo lsquorice
plantrsquo signify a similar-sounding word kolami lsquosmithyforgersquo Such a substitution system is
5
referred to as mlecchita vikalpa by Vātsyāyana in Vidyāsamuddeśa mlecchita vikalpa is an
expression which means lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo ie writing system by mleccha copper workers and
Meluhha language speakers Meluhha is derived from mliṣṭa lsquomispronunciationrsquo of word in
common parlance or speech-forms of the times
The evidence for Meluhha as a distinct speech-form is provided by a cylinder seal which
contains a cuneiform text inscription in Akkadian
The cuneiform text reads in Akkadian Shu-Ilishu EMEBALMELUHHAKI (ie interpreter
of Meluhha language) Shu-Ilishu is seated on the lap of the seated person The person carrying a
goat is a Meluhha speaker The signifier the animal carried by Meluhha speaker is
mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper
(worker) The lady accompanying Meluhhaa speaker carries a liquid measure ranku lsquoliquid
measurersquo signifies a similar-sounding word ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus together the Meluhha are
seafaring merchants who are workers in copper and tin minerals and who have come from
Meluhha (Ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam)) to Mesopotamia to trade in copper and tin
Importance of tin is well-recognized as the major contributing ore to create the Bronze Age
Revolution Copper is malleable and becomes a hard alloy of bronze when alloyed with tin
(cassiterite) This discovery of the alloy resolved a major problem created by the scarcity of
naturally occurring Arsenical Bronzes Where did the ancient tin come from
The mystery is resolved by the discovery of over 200 DongsonKaren Bronze Drums with
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions on the tympanums of the drums The largest tin belt of the
globe is in the Mekong Irrawaddy Salween ndash Himalayan river valleys of the Ancient Far East
These Himalayan rivers ground down for millennia granite rocks and created placer deposits of
cassiterite tin ore in the Ancient Far East region The tin miners and workers in crearing Tin
Bronze artifacts of DongsonKaren Bronze Drums are Meluhha speakers as evidenced by the
hieroglyphs signified on the tympanums of the drums The hieroglyphs in Meluhha speech
signify elephant peacock crane frog which in mlecchita vikalpa lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo are
pronounced arka lsquosunrsquo karba ibha lsquoelephantrsquo maraka lsquopeacockrsquo kanku lsquocranersquo mūxā lsquofrogrsquo
These hieroglyphs signify metalwork catalogues of eraka lsquomolten cast copperrsquo karba ib lsquoironrsquo
ibbo lsquomerchantrsquo marakaka loha lsquocalcining copper metalrsquo kang lsquoportable brazierrsquo muhatilde lsquometal
6
ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a furnacersquo
7
That Meluhha speakers and seafaring merchants of Bhāratam were involved as intermediaries in
the Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel) is evidenced by two
facts 1 The use of Mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on tin ingots of Cyprus and 2 The
presence of Meluhha hieroglyphs on 99purity tin ingots discovered in shipwrecks at Haifa
(Israel)
8
The four Meluhha hypertexts and readings in similar sounding words on these tin ingots are
1 ranku lsquoliquid measurersquo rebus (which means lsquosimilar sounding word or homonym) ranku
lsquotinrsquo
2 ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo
3 mũhe lsquofacersquo rebus muhatilde lsquometal ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a
furnacersquo
4 X hieroglyph dāṭu = cross (Telugu) rebus dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus dhāṭnā lsquoto send
out pour out cast (metal)rsquo (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771)
That seafaring merchants are involved in the trade transactions along the Ancient Maritime Tin
Route (which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia) is evidenced by the most freuqnently used
hieroglyph which is lsquorim of a narrow-necked jarrsquo
Hieroglyph on Daimabad seal karṇaka lsquorim of jarrsquo rebus karṇika
lsquosupercargo merchantrsquos representative responsible for the cargo scribersquo kāraṇī or kāraṇīka
lsquohelmsman or captain of a seafaring vesselrsquo
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
5
referred to as mlecchita vikalpa by Vātsyāyana in Vidyāsamuddeśa mlecchita vikalpa is an
expression which means lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo ie writing system by mleccha copper workers and
Meluhha language speakers Meluhha is derived from mliṣṭa lsquomispronunciationrsquo of word in
common parlance or speech-forms of the times
The evidence for Meluhha as a distinct speech-form is provided by a cylinder seal which
contains a cuneiform text inscription in Akkadian
The cuneiform text reads in Akkadian Shu-Ilishu EMEBALMELUHHAKI (ie interpreter
of Meluhha language) Shu-Ilishu is seated on the lap of the seated person The person carrying a
goat is a Meluhha speaker The signifier the animal carried by Meluhha speaker is
mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper
(worker) The lady accompanying Meluhhaa speaker carries a liquid measure ranku lsquoliquid
measurersquo signifies a similar-sounding word ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus together the Meluhha are
seafaring merchants who are workers in copper and tin minerals and who have come from
Meluhha (Ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam)) to Mesopotamia to trade in copper and tin
Importance of tin is well-recognized as the major contributing ore to create the Bronze Age
Revolution Copper is malleable and becomes a hard alloy of bronze when alloyed with tin
(cassiterite) This discovery of the alloy resolved a major problem created by the scarcity of
naturally occurring Arsenical Bronzes Where did the ancient tin come from
The mystery is resolved by the discovery of over 200 DongsonKaren Bronze Drums with
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script inscriptions on the tympanums of the drums The largest tin belt of the
globe is in the Mekong Irrawaddy Salween ndash Himalayan river valleys of the Ancient Far East
These Himalayan rivers ground down for millennia granite rocks and created placer deposits of
cassiterite tin ore in the Ancient Far East region The tin miners and workers in crearing Tin
Bronze artifacts of DongsonKaren Bronze Drums are Meluhha speakers as evidenced by the
hieroglyphs signified on the tympanums of the drums The hieroglyphs in Meluhha speech
signify elephant peacock crane frog which in mlecchita vikalpa lsquoMeluhha cipherrsquo are
pronounced arka lsquosunrsquo karba ibha lsquoelephantrsquo maraka lsquopeacockrsquo kanku lsquocranersquo mūxā lsquofrogrsquo
These hieroglyphs signify metalwork catalogues of eraka lsquomolten cast copperrsquo karba ib lsquoironrsquo
ibbo lsquomerchantrsquo marakaka loha lsquocalcining copper metalrsquo kang lsquoportable brazierrsquo muhatilde lsquometal
6
ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a furnacersquo
7
That Meluhha speakers and seafaring merchants of Bhāratam were involved as intermediaries in
the Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel) is evidenced by two
facts 1 The use of Mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on tin ingots of Cyprus and 2 The
presence of Meluhha hieroglyphs on 99purity tin ingots discovered in shipwrecks at Haifa
(Israel)
8
The four Meluhha hypertexts and readings in similar sounding words on these tin ingots are
1 ranku lsquoliquid measurersquo rebus (which means lsquosimilar sounding word or homonym) ranku
lsquotinrsquo
2 ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo
3 mũhe lsquofacersquo rebus muhatilde lsquometal ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a
furnacersquo
4 X hieroglyph dāṭu = cross (Telugu) rebus dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus dhāṭnā lsquoto send
out pour out cast (metal)rsquo (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771)
That seafaring merchants are involved in the trade transactions along the Ancient Maritime Tin
Route (which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia) is evidenced by the most freuqnently used
hieroglyph which is lsquorim of a narrow-necked jarrsquo
Hieroglyph on Daimabad seal karṇaka lsquorim of jarrsquo rebus karṇika
lsquosupercargo merchantrsquos representative responsible for the cargo scribersquo kāraṇī or kāraṇīka
lsquohelmsman or captain of a seafaring vesselrsquo
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
6
ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a furnacersquo
7
That Meluhha speakers and seafaring merchants of Bhāratam were involved as intermediaries in
the Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel) is evidenced by two
facts 1 The use of Mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on tin ingots of Cyprus and 2 The
presence of Meluhha hieroglyphs on 99purity tin ingots discovered in shipwrecks at Haifa
(Israel)
8
The four Meluhha hypertexts and readings in similar sounding words on these tin ingots are
1 ranku lsquoliquid measurersquo rebus (which means lsquosimilar sounding word or homonym) ranku
lsquotinrsquo
2 ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo
3 mũhe lsquofacersquo rebus muhatilde lsquometal ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a
furnacersquo
4 X hieroglyph dāṭu = cross (Telugu) rebus dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus dhāṭnā lsquoto send
out pour out cast (metal)rsquo (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771)
That seafaring merchants are involved in the trade transactions along the Ancient Maritime Tin
Route (which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia) is evidenced by the most freuqnently used
hieroglyph which is lsquorim of a narrow-necked jarrsquo
Hieroglyph on Daimabad seal karṇaka lsquorim of jarrsquo rebus karṇika
lsquosupercargo merchantrsquos representative responsible for the cargo scribersquo kāraṇī or kāraṇīka
lsquohelmsman or captain of a seafaring vesselrsquo
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
7
That Meluhha speakers and seafaring merchants of Bhāratam were involved as intermediaries in
the Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel) is evidenced by two
facts 1 The use of Mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on tin ingots of Cyprus and 2 The
presence of Meluhha hieroglyphs on 99purity tin ingots discovered in shipwrecks at Haifa
(Israel)
8
The four Meluhha hypertexts and readings in similar sounding words on these tin ingots are
1 ranku lsquoliquid measurersquo rebus (which means lsquosimilar sounding word or homonym) ranku
lsquotinrsquo
2 ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo
3 mũhe lsquofacersquo rebus muhatilde lsquometal ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a
furnacersquo
4 X hieroglyph dāṭu = cross (Telugu) rebus dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus dhāṭnā lsquoto send
out pour out cast (metal)rsquo (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771)
That seafaring merchants are involved in the trade transactions along the Ancient Maritime Tin
Route (which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia) is evidenced by the most freuqnently used
hieroglyph which is lsquorim of a narrow-necked jarrsquo
Hieroglyph on Daimabad seal karṇaka lsquorim of jarrsquo rebus karṇika
lsquosupercargo merchantrsquos representative responsible for the cargo scribersquo kāraṇī or kāraṇīka
lsquohelmsman or captain of a seafaring vesselrsquo
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
8
The four Meluhha hypertexts and readings in similar sounding words on these tin ingots are
1 ranku lsquoliquid measurersquo rebus (which means lsquosimilar sounding word or homonym) ranku
lsquotinrsquo
2 ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo
3 mũhe lsquofacersquo rebus muhatilde lsquometal ingot quantity of metal produced at one time out of a
furnacersquo
4 X hieroglyph dāṭu = cross (Telugu) rebus dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus dhāṭnā lsquoto send
out pour out cast (metal)rsquo (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771)
That seafaring merchants are involved in the trade transactions along the Ancient Maritime Tin
Route (which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia) is evidenced by the most freuqnently used
hieroglyph which is lsquorim of a narrow-necked jarrsquo
Hieroglyph on Daimabad seal karṇaka lsquorim of jarrsquo rebus karṇika
lsquosupercargo merchantrsquos representative responsible for the cargo scribersquo kāraṇī or kāraṇīka
lsquohelmsman or captain of a seafaring vesselrsquo
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
9
Minerals metals and alloys of metals involved in the maritime trade are signified by Meluhha
hieroglyphs and the cognate rebus renderings as metalwork catalogues
This cylinder seal from
Mesopotamia shows six hieroglyphs kuṭhi lsquotreersquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol
lsquoworking in ironrsquo kolhe lsquosmelter blacksmithrsquo poḷadu lsquoblack drongo birdrsquo rebus poḷa
lsquomagnetite ferrite orersquo poḷad lsquosteelrsquo mrēka mēḻẖ goat which signifies a similar sounding word
lsquoMeluhha mleccharsquo ndash copper (worker) The building hieroglyph kolel lsquosmithy forgersquo rebus
kolel lsquotemplersquo kaṇḍa lsquowaterrsquo rebus (lo)khāṇḍā lsquometal implementsrsquo
Meluhha word sangara lsquotradersquo is signified by two hieroglyphs 1 sangaḍa lsquolathe-cum-portable
furnacersquo 2 sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
10
This turbinella pyrum śankha seal of Dwaraka is an example of the expression sāṅgaḍa f A
body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together
Three animal heads are joined to a bovine body
The combined hieroglyphs are barad balad lsquooxrsquo rebus bharat lsquoalloy of pewter copper tinrsquo
क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ
(Hindi) To dig 2 To engrave ranku lsquoantelopersquo rebus ranku lsquotinrsquo Thus the deciphered
expression is lsquotrade in alloy of pewter tin and engraved (metalwork)rsquo
ldquoThe accumulation of evidence of early cotton in Pakistani Balochistan (Mehrgarh Shahi Tump)
and in the Indus Valley seems to confirm the hypothesis of a South Asian origin probably in the
later Indus area of one of the Old World Cottonsrdquo (Moulherat Christophe 2002 First evidence
of cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh Pakistan analysis of Mineralized fibres from a copper bead in
Journal of Archaeological Science 2002 29 1393-1401) The date of domestication could go as
far back as 6th millennium BCE
There is evidence of spinning of cotton in an exquisite scultural frieze of Louvre Museum (13th
cent BCE) from Susa in mlecchita vikalpa to signify the metalwork competence and repertoire
of a wheelwright
Santali lt karpāsa lsquocottonrsquo (Samskrtam)
khāti lsquospinnerrsquo rebus khāti lsquowheelwrightrsquo PLUS ayo lsquofishrsquo rebus ayas lsquoalloy metalrsquo (Rgveda)
Hypertext of tigerrsquos paws as legs kuṭhe rsquoleg of bedstead or chairrsquo rebus kuṭhi lsquosmelterrsquo PLUS
kola lsquotigerrsquo rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo Thus iron smelter
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
11
kulā ʻwinnowing fan ʼ(Oriya) rebus kol lsquoworking in ironrsquo
baṭa lsquosixrsquo rebus bhaṭa lsquofurnacersquo PLUS goṭa lsquoround pebblersquo rebus goṭa lsquolaterite ferrite orersquo
The Meluhha hieroglyph lo lsquoficus glomeratarsquo signifies rebus loh lsquocopperrsquo This is demonstrated
in the decipherment of inscription on Mohenjodaro Seal m0296 discussed in the following
section
sangara trade from metal engravers workshop three hypertexts of Sindhu-Sarasvati
Script Corpora
Hieroglyph saṅghara chain link is used in a Meluhha ciphertext in mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha
cipher) read as plain-hyper-text cataloguing trade from metal engravers workshop
The pinnacle of metallurgical achievement is recorded in the competence to engrave on metal as
on cire perdue tympanums of Dongson or Karen bronze drums or bronze statuettes of dancing
girls of Mohenjo-daro The signifier for an engraver is a one-horned young bull क ोद
kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner (Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i (
H) To dig 2 To engrave
This extraordinary competence of the Bronze Age is celebrated in a Sumer procession recorded
on a Mari wall painting
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
12
Standard of Mari Panel ca 2500 BCE
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
13
In the centre is a person carrying a culm of
millet as a flagpost carrying a one-horned young bull atop rein-rings
That the flagpost carried is a meluhha hypertext of hieroglyphs (ciphertext) is clear from the fact
that the flagpost is NOT a solid metal rod or wooden post but a culm of millet The readings in
Meluhha are karb culm of millet rebus karba iron PLUS क ोद kōnda young
bull rebus ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To engrave Thus a metals engraver is
signified PLUS valga bag ḍora bridle (rein ring) rebus bagala seafaring dhow Thus a metals
engraver is a seafaring merchant Alternatiively the rein-ring may be read as saṅghara chain
link rebus sangara trade
The three hypertexts deciphered and presented in this monograph are Dholkal Gaṇeśa 2 Seal
m0296 and 3 Mari procession The monograph demonstrates that the hypertexts signify metals
trade catalogues
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
14
See httptinyurlcomjmvqrtt Sindhu-Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs on Bastar Gaṇeśa sculpture
and on a Mohenjo-daro seal signify adamantine glue metal calcine
Links of a metal chain (Dholkal Gaṇeśa)
Link of a chain (Seal m0296)
I suggest that the Meluhha word to signify the chain link is the Sindhi phonetic
fom saṅghara signifies a chain hieroglyph rebus sangara trade
What were the items being traded as signified on hypertexts of 1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa
and 2 Seal m0296
1 Dholkal Gaṇeśa signifies karabha ibha elephant rebus karba ib iron ibbo merchant hence
the items traded related to working in iron Gaṇeśa carries a pine-cone hieroglyph kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Thus the hypertext signifies trade in iron metal
tools karba khaṇḍa sangara
2 Seal m0296 signifies loa ficus glomerata lo no nine (semantic determinant) rebus loh
copper PLUS the text of the inscription signify trade in copper mintwork smithy bronze
metal alloy metalcastings and metal tools The semantics of trade are signified by the standard
device (which is saghāṛɔ a lathe the phonetic determinant is the combined parts of two
heads स ोगड (p 495) sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked
or joined together
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
15
This word is combined with other hieroglyphs read rebus to create the hypertext expression of
categories of trade in metalwork
I suggest that hypertext including a chain link is read rebus thus in Meluhha derived from a
variety of phonetic forms of the word in Bhāratiya sprachbund evidenced below
Sankhalā (f) [cp Sk śṛnkhalā] a chain Th 2 509 aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones skeleton A iii97
As ˚kankalā at Th 2 488
Sankhalikā (f) [fr sankhalā] a chain S i76 J iii168 vi3 Nd2 304iii Miln 149 279
DhA iv54 PvA 152 Sometimes sankhalika (esp in composition) e g J iii125
(˚bandhana) vi3 Miln 279 -- aṭṭhi˚ a chain of bones a skeleton [cp BSk asthi -- sankhalikā
MVastu i21] D ii296=M i58 Vin iii105 J i433 Pv ii1211 DhA iii479 -- deva˚ a magic
chain J ii128 v92
शङखल [p= 10871] m n (derivation doubtful) a chain fetter (esp for confining the feet of an
elephant) Ragh Pur a measuring chain śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f
VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]
Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā --
siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor) šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ
(lw with š -- lt śr -- ) K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain
necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ chain string of beads ʼ saṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads
ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m
WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain
ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ
chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ
A xikali OB siṅkala B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454
Or sāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ
Mth sī˜kaṛ Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekar degkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg (kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ
chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷ(CDIAL 12580) śrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala -
- ]Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12581)
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
16
శ ృంఖలము (p 1256) śṛṅkhalamu ṣṛinkhalamu [Skt] n A chain or fetter especially for an
elephant a chain of silver worn as a mans girdle or zone సృంకల ఏనుగుసృంకల
మగవనమలనూలు శ ృంఖల ṣṛinkhalī n A certain shrub కకలకషము గలమడదుబబు
சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ
லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain Gunters chain 22 yards long
அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு
(G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி
எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99) 5 Hand-cuffs fetters
விலஙகு
This note collates two hypertexts in Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition One is on a Mohenjo-daro
seal m0296 (ca 2500 BCE) which shows a link of a chain and the other is on a sculpture
of Gaṇeśa (ca 10th cent) shown wearing a chain as a sacred thread This collation is a
demonstration of the metallurgical competence of the artisans of the civilization
śatildegaḍ chain signifies rebus sangara lsquotradersquo sanghāta adamantine glue (calcine) kaṇḍe pine-
cone signified rebus khaṇḍa (metal) tools Potential calcination is that brought about
by potential fire such as corrosive chemicals for example gold was calcined in a reverberatory
furnace with mercury and sal ammoniac silver with common salt and alkali salt copper with salt
and sulfur iron with sal ammoniac and vinegar tin with antimony lead with sulfur and mercury
with aqua fortis httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCalcination
Gaṇeśa Sindhu-Sarasvati Script tradition significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal Bastar
Chattisgarh Gaṇeśa with metal chain and pine cone
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
17
Mirror httpswwwacademiaedus32bd84b1b4
There are two unique hieroglyphs on Gaṇeśa sculpture (h 6 ft) seated statue of Dholkal
mountain Bastar Chattisgarh The yajnopavitam worn by Gaṇeśa is a chain of three stranded
metal chain (iron or steel) wires Gaṇeśa carries on his left hand a pine cone
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
18
Both hieroglyphs together with the trunk of elephant in iconographs are related to metalwork
catalogues of Sindhu-Sarasvati Script corpora Veneration of Gaṇeśa dates back to Rigvedic
times (See RV 223 sukta gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnām
upamaśravastamam -- with translation appended) In the tradition of Bharatam Janam gana are
related to kharva dwarfs as part of Kuberas nidhi rebus karba iron
Gaṇeśa of Dholkal Bastar is an emphatic evidence for the thesis of Sandhya Jain in her path-
breaking monograph Adi Deo Arya Devata- A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural
Interface Gaṇeśa is a defining hieroglyphmetaphor of the cultural history of Bharatam Janam
(Bharatam janam metalcaster folk an expression defining the identity of Bharatiya by Rishi
Viswamitra in RV 35312)
Hieroglyph kariba trunk of elephant rebus karba iron ibha elephant rebus ib iron
Hieroglyph dhāu strand of rope Rebus dhāv red ore (ferrite) ti-dhāu three strands Rebus ti-
dhāv three ferrite ores magnetite hematite laterite
Hieroglyph Ash piċ -- kandə ʻ pine ʼ Kt pṳċi piċi Wg puċ puumlċ (pṳċ -- kəŕ ʻ pine -- cone ʼ)
Pr wyoċ Shum lyēwič (lyē -- )(CDIAL 8407) Cf Gk peukh f ʻ pine ʼ Lith pušigraves OPruss
peuse NTS xiii 229 The suffix ndashkande in the lexeme Ash piċ-- kandə ʻ pine ʼ may be cognate
with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove root Koḍ kaṇḍe root-stock from which small
roots grow ilamiddotti kaṇḍe sweet potato (ilamiddotti England) Tu kaṇḍe gaḍḍegrave a bulbous root Ta kaṇṭal
mangrove Rhizophora mucronata dichotomous mangrove Kandelia rheedii Ma kaṇṭa bulbous
root as of lotus plantain point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm
kaṇṭal what is bulb-like half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits R candel (DEDR 1171)
Rebus khaṇḍa lsquotools pots and pans of metalrsquo
Hieroglyph కృండ [ kaṇḍe ] kaṇḍe [Telugu] n A head or ear of millet or maize జనన కృంక
RebusTu kandůka kandaka ditch trench Te kandakamu id Konḍa kanda trench made as a
fireplace during weddings Pe kanda fire trench Kui kanda small trench for
fireplace Malt kandri a pit (DEDR 1214)
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
19
Metallurgy alloying competence Chain hieroglyph on seal m0296 śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta
vajra metallic adamantine glue
Mirror httptinyurlcomhyl57us
śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah) śrṅkhala mn ʻ chain ʼ MārkP deglā -- f VarBrS śrṅkhalaka -- m ʻ
chain ʼ MW ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa saṅkhalā -- deglikā -- f ʻ
chain ʼ Pk saṁkala -- mn deglā -- deglī -- degliā -- saṁkhalā -- siṁkhdeg siṁkalā -- f ʻ chain
ʼ siṁkhala -- n ʻ anklet ʼ Sh šăṅāli f (Lor)šlṅāli šiṅdeg ʻ chain ʼ (lw with š -- lt śr -- )
K ho kal f S saṅgharu m ʻ bell round animals neck ʼ degra f ʻ chain necklace ʼ saṅghāra f ʻ
chain string of beads ʼsaṅghirī f ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ L saṅglī f ʻ flock of
bustard ʼ awāṇ saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ P saṅgal m ʻ chain ʼ ludh suṅgal m WPahbhal śaṅgul m ʻ
chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ śaṅgli f ʻ chain ʼ śiṅkhal f ʻ railing round a
cow -- stall ʼ (Joshi) śatildegaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ jaun śatildegal śatildegaḍ ʻ chain ʼ Ku satildeglo ʻ doorchain ʼ
gng śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ N sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ degli ʻ small do ʼ A xikali OB siṅkala
B sikal sikli chikal chikli (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454 Orsāṅk(h)uḷā degḷi
sāṅkoḷi sikaḷa degḷi sikuḷā degḷi Bi sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ Mth sī˜kaṛ
Bhoj sī˜kar sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ OH sāṁkaḍa sīkaḍa m
H satildekal satildekardegkrī saṅkal degklī sikal sīkar degkrī f OG sāṁkalu n G satildekaḷ degkḷī f ʻ chain
ʼ satildekḷu n ʻ wristlet ʼ M satildek(h)aḷ sāk(h)aḷ satildek(h)ḷī f ʻ chain ʼ Ko sāṁkaḷ
Si saumlkilla haumldeg aumldeg (st degili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼśrṅkhalayatiAddenda śrṅkhala -- WPahkṭg
(kc) śaacuteṅgəḷ f (obl -- i) ʻ chain ʼ J śatildegaḷ f Garh satildegaḷśrṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś [śrṅkhala
-- ]
Kugng śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (lt śrṅkhalita -- ) Or sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain
ʼ(CDIAL 12580 12581)சஙகிலிsup1 caṅkili n lt šṛṅkhalaā [M caṅ- kala] 1 Chain link
த ொடர சஙகிலிப ொ லர புணடு (பசதுபு அக 12) 2 Land-measuring chain
Gunters chain 22 yards long அளவுச சஙகிலி (C G) 3 A superficial measure of dry
land=364 acres ஓர நிலவளவு (G Tn D I 239) 4 A chain-ornament of gold inset with
diamonds வயிரசசஙகிலி எனனும அணி சஙகிலி நுணதடொடர (சில 6 99)
5 Hand-cuffs fetters விலஙகு
Rebus Vajra Sanghāta binding together Mixture of 8 lead 2 bell-metal 1 iron rust constitute
adamantine glue (Allograph) Hieroglyph saghāṛɔ lathe(Gujarati)
Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls nine ficus leaves)
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
20
m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined end to end (to a standard device
with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves Text
1387
dula pair rebus dul cast metal dhAv stringstrand rebus dhAv dhAtu
element ore
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings joined
end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part) under a stylized
tree-branch with nine leaves
ख ोद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back) also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall a
hedge a road) Rebus ख दण [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave ख द ख दन
विच रण or -पसण To question minutely and searchingly to probeग ट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal
wristlet An ornament of women 2 Encircling or investing v घ ल द 3 An encampment or camp
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
21
also a division of a camp 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)ग ट [ gōṭā ] m A
roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble (of stone lac wood ampc) 3 fig A grain of rice in the ear
Ex प िस न भ त च ग ट झडल An overripe and rattling cocoanut also such dry kernel detached
from the shell 5 A narrow fillet of brocadeग ट ळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (ग ट ) Abounding in pebbles--
groundग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A roundish stone or pebble 2 A marble 3 A large lifting
stone Used in trials of strength among the Athletaelig 4 A stone in temples described at length
under उचल 5 fig A term for a round fleshy well-filled body
Rebus ग टी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim of ग ट ) A lump of silver as obtained by melting down lace or
fringe
Hieroglyph lo = nine (Santali) no = nine (B) on-patu = nine (Ta)
[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata
the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santalilex)
Epigraph 1387
kana kanac = corner (Santali) Rebus kantildecu= bronze (Te)
Ligatured glyph ara spoke rebus ara brass era er-a = eraka =nave erako_lu = the iron axle
of a carriage (KaM) cf irasu (Kalex)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may
connote a spoked-wheelnave of the wheel through which the axle passes cf ara_ spoke]erka =
ekke (Tbhof arka) aka (Tbh of arka) copper (metal)crystal (Kalex) cf eruvai = copper
(Talex) eraka er-aka = anymetal infusion (KaTu) erako molten cast (Tulex) Rebus eraka=
copper (Ka)eruvai =copper (Ta) ere - a dark-red colour (Ka)(DEDR 817) eraka era er-a=
syn erka copper weapons (Ka)Vikalpa ara arā (RV) = spokeof wheel ஆரமsup2 āram n
lt āra 1 Spokeof a wheelSee ஆரககால ஆரஞசூழநதவயிலவாய
நநமியயாடு (சிறுபாண 253) Rebus ஆரம brass பிததளை(அக நி) pittal is cognate
with pewter
The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are
1 dhāḷ slanted stroke
2 khāṇḍā notch jag
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
22
Both together signify rebus dhāḷako ingot PLUS khaṇḍa implement
dhāḷ slanted stroke A ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ B ḍhalā Or ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus
dhāḷako large ingot(Gujarati)
ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍa f (खोड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound a crack or fissure in a
wall ampc 2 A jag indentation denticulation 3 A gap in the teeth a notch ख ोड (p 116) khāṇḍā
A jag notch or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus khaṇḍa metal
implements as inlokhaṇḍa
kuṭi = a slice a bit a small piece (SantalilexBodding) Rebus kuṭhi
lsquoiron smelter furnacersquo (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A)(CDIAL 3546)
Thus the sign sequence as a hypertext signifies a copper bronze brass smelter
furnace
Ayo lsquofishrsquo kaṇḍa lsquoarrowrsquo rebus ayaskāṇḍa The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa lsquoa quantity of
ironexcellent ironrsquo (Pāṇgaṇ) ayo hako fish rebusaya = iron (G) ayah ayas = metal (Skt)
PLUS khambhaṛā fishfin rebus Ta kampaṭṭam coinage coin Ma kammaṭṭam
kammiṭṭam coinage mint Ka kammaṭa id kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)
kaṇḍalsquofire-altarrsquo (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta ayiraiacarai acalai loach sandy colour Cobitisthermalis
ayilai a kind of fish Ma ayala a fishmackerel scomber aila ayila a fish ayira a kind ofsmall
fish loach
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
23
kolel temple smithy(Ko) kolme lsquosmithy (Ka) kol lsquoworking in iron blacksmith (Ta)
kollan-blacksmith (Ta) kollan blacksmith artificer (Ma)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace
(Ka) kol = pan~calo_ha (five
metals) kol metal (Talex) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals copper brass tin
lead and iron (Skt) an alternative list of five metals gold silver copper tin (lead) and
iron (dhātu Nānārtharatnākara 82 Mangarājarsquos Nighaṇṭu 498)(Ka) kol kolhe lsquothe koles an
aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santalsrsquo (Santali)
Zebu and leaves In
front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves are the black
buck antelopes Black paint on red ware of Kulli style Mehi Second-half of
3rd millennium BCE [After GL Possehl 1986 Kulli an exploration of an
ancient civilization in South Asia Centers of Civilization I Durham NC
46 fig 18 (Mehi II45) based on Stein 1931 pl 30
poLa zebu rebus poLa magnetite
ayir = iron dust any ore (Ma) aduru = ganiyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the
mine and not subjected to
melting in a furnace (Ka Siddha_nti Subrahmanyarsquo Srsquoastrirsquos new interpretationof the
Amarakosrsquoa Bangalore Vicaradarpana Press 1872 p 330)
DEDR 192 Ta ayil iron Ma ayirayiram any ore Ka aduru native
metal Tu ajirdakarba very hard iron
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign
326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
loa = a species of fig tree ficus glomerata the fruit of ficus
glomerata (Santalilex) Vikalpa kamaṛkom lsquoficusrsquo (Santali)
rebus kampaṭṭam lsquomintrsquo (Ta) patra lsquoleafrsquo (Skt) rebus paṭṭarai
lsquoworkshoprsquo (Ta) Rebus lo lsquoironrsquo (Assamese Bengali) loa lsquoironrsquo (Gypsy) lauha = made of
copper or iron (GrSr) metal iron (Skt) lo_haka_ra = coppersmith ironsmith (Pali)lo_ha_ra =
blacksmith (Pt) lohala (Or) lo_ha = metal esp copper or
bronze (Pali) copper (VS) loho lo_ = metal ore iron (Si) loha luti = iron utensils
and implements (Santali) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal koṭ =
neck (Gujarati) kōṭu = horns (Ta) kōḍiya kōḍe =
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
24
young bull (G) Rebus koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍa m A
young bull a bullcalf 2 A variety of ज ोधळ ख ोड (p 122) khōṇḍā m A क ोबळ of which one
end is formed into a cowl or hood क ोद kōnda young bull rebus क ोद kōnda kũdār turner
(Bengali) ख दण (p 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c amp i ( H) To dig 2 To engrave Thus the one-horned
young bull signifies an engravers workshop
dol = likeness picture form (Santali) [eg two tigers two bulls
duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron ispat m = steel dul m = cast iron (Santali) [Thus the paired
glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]
PLUS
śatildegaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus sanghāta vajra metallic adamantine glue Thus the metallurgist has
achieved and documented the alloy of copper as adamantine glue Decomposition of calcium
carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide in order to create cement The
process is called calcination of metal which is oxidation of metal It appears that the process of
calcination is signified by the chain worn as sacred thread on the statue of Gaṇeśa of Bastar
(Dholkal mountain) Chattisgarh
Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I Our Oriental Heritage
Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India (Ancient
Bhāratam) and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times when India (Ancient
Bhāratam) was looked to even by Imperial Rome as the most skilled of the nations in such
chemical industries as dyeing tanning soap-making glass and cement By the sixth century the
Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry they were masters of calcinations
distillation sublimation steaming fixation the production of light without heat the mixing
of anesthetic and soporific powders and the preparation of metallic salts compounds and alloys
The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India (Ancient Bhāratam) to a perfection unknown
in Europe till our own times King Porus is said to have selected as a specially valuable gift
from Alexander not gold or silver but thirty pounds of steel The Moslems took much of this
Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe the secret of
manufacturing Damascus blades for example was taken by the Arabs from the Persians and
by the Persians from India (Ancient Bhāratam)
The chain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized standard device
satildegaḍa lathe portable brazier used for making say crucible steel Hence the circle with dots or
blobsglobules signifying ingots (The blobs may also signify khāṇḍā notch jag rebus khāṇḍā
implements)
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017
25
Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith artificer Ko
kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume kulame
kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith(Gowda)
kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend implements
(Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares) (SR) kolmi smithy
(Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)
Sindhu-Sarasvati Script is a continuum of Vedic culture of wealth-creation through Soma yajna
This is evidenced by the ketu (RV 388) of an octagonal pillar on a fire-altar of Binjor (4MSR)
together with a seal with inscription Such Yupa inscriptions continue in historical periods in
Rajasthan Allahabad and East Borneo
Conclusion
The decipherment of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) on almost all 8000+ inscriptions
indicates that the inscriptions are metalwork catalogues
Thus the wealth creation (artha samgraha) activities of Bhāratam Janam are documented in the
Corpora of inscriptions as a repository with particular reference to metalwork
Other components of wealth creation relate to domestication of rice millet and cotton There are
indications that cotton weaving for fabrics had started in the 4th millennium
S Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 10 2017