Baroque art definition: (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_art)o “The Baroque is a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily

interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance and music.”

o “Art style that is florid, more colorful, richer in texture and decoration, more light and shade-apparently less control. Scenes embody mystery and drama, violence and spectacle, suggesting a deliberate striving after effect; the Catholic church commissions artists to stir religious emotions and win back defectors. Values: sensualism, dynamism, emotion.” (source: http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/APEHARTDEFINITIONS.HTML)

o 1620 - 1700 (source: http://www.antiquestopic.com/the-baroque-style-1620-1700/)o Began in France, spread throughout Europe

Characteristics (source: http://academics.smcvt.edu/awerbel/survey%20of%20art%20history%20ii/baroque.htm)

o In Southern Europe Religious scenes were portrayed with intent to evoke emotion, to bring people

back to the Church Depictions of “dynamic movement” “attention to exact, naturalistic details; spatial values: deep space, trompe l’oeil (fools the eye), shallow theatrical space

(objects pushed into the viewer’s space; integration of architecture, sculpture and painting; stories happen in the space and time of the viewer; more attention to light – one harsh source of light, with significant lights/darks =

tenebrism, where the gray tones are taken out; little to no iconography”

o Dutch Baroque “continued understanding of human nature; wealthy patrons; other Baroque elements apply, like tenebrism, shallow space, motion, emotion,

etc.; naturalism; less intrigued with mathematical relationships (than the High Renaissance); interested in light and motion with a loose style that involved a collection of

brush strokes that came together to show movement; more iconography, much more popular in the North than in the South; genre paintings; more secular than the South”

Key Artistso Bernini

“David” (1623) (image source:

http://erinsparler.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/David_Bernini_1623_Baroque.jpg)

The subject of the sculpture is a “normal” man (not aristocrat) with extremely detailed and realistic muscular movement showing the greater attention to naturalism characteristic of Baroque art. The dynamic movement taking place is also typical of this art style.

o Caravaggio

“The Entombment of Christ” (1603) (image source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio_-_The_Entombment_-_WGA04148.jpg)

Although older Renaissance elements are still visible (largely due to the time when the painting was made), the single harsh source of light, tenebristic color scheme, naturalistic anatomy, and clearly visible emotions make this painting more baroque.

o Rembrant

“The Jewish Bride” (1665) (image source:

http://www.rembrandthuis.nl/afbeeldingen/rembrandt/fs/joodsebruidje.jpg) The painting is done with the loose brush strokes and harsh single-sourced

lighting characteristics of Northern Baroque. The clothing style and rich fabric also indicates the wealthy patrons typical to the era.

The baroque art style emerged from the Catholic Counter-Reformation, a movement by the Church to bring people back to Catholicism after the spread of Protestantism. The religious artworks were done in a more emotional, less calculated manner than those of the Renaissance in an attempt to draw people back to Catholicism. (source: http://academics.smcvt.edu/awerbel/survey%20of%20art%20history%20ii/baroque.htm)

Northern Realism definition:o “Genre or everyday scenes exhibit mathematical and geometric values of seventeenth-

century science. Middle-class Dutch patrons commissioned secular works: portraits, still-lifes; landscapes, and genre paintings Values: quiet opulence, comfortable domesticity, realism.” (source: http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/APEHARTDEFINITIONS.HTML)

o 1500’s – early 1600’s

o France (1530-50)o Prague (after 1576)o The Netherlands (from 1580’s) (source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mannerism) Characteristics (source: http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/late_ren.htm)

o “technically masterful”o “clashing colors”o “disquieting figures with abnormally elongated limbs, (often torturous-looking)”o “emotion”o “bizarre themes that combined Classicism, Christianity and mythology”

Key artists (source: http://www.wisegeek.com/who-are-well-known-mannerist-painters.htm)o El Greco

“Pieta”, (1597) (image source:

http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/authentications-pages/authentication-images/recent2.jpg)

This painting’s use of clashing colours (the blue-tone throughout the work and the gold) and the extremely elongated limbs and contorted positions of all the people, particularly Jesus, make this a Northern Realist piece.

o Parmigianino

“Madonna dal Collo Lungo” (image source:

http://www.loststudies.com/1.3/neobaroque/long_neck.jpg) This image is Northern Realist because of the woman’s bizarrely long neck,

torso, and legs, as well as the younger woman’s awkward anatomy, and the infant’s peculiar body and position.

o Giuseppe Arcimboldo

The vibrant, clashing colours and bizarre theme and subject matter, while still

being technically masterful, are characteristic of Northern Realist paintings.

Northern Realism, with its awkward themes, contorted and eerily elongated figures, and technical mastery is likely a response to the Reformation, because the art, although sometimes religious in subject, has been secularized, and is more so focused on its appearance than its content. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mannerism#Northern_Mannerism.2C_politics_and_religion)

Rococo definitiono Art of the French aristocracy portraying nobility in sylvan settings or ornate interiors;

Venuses and Cupids abound; ladies wear silk finery alongside similarly dressed cavaliers. Rococo art is "candy-box" art saccharine, frivolous, delicate. Values: ornamentation, elegance, sweetness. (source: http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/APEHARTDEFINITIONS.HTML)

o 1730-1770 o France and Britain (source: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/style-guide-

rococo/) Characteristics

o “natural motifs”o “elaborate carved forms”o “asymmetry”o “S and C scrolls”o “Rocaille”o “Acanthus leaf” (source: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/style-guide-rococo/)o “aristocratic”o “The favourite subjects for representation in painting are: Gallant country parties,

ladies, rigodones, minuets and courtesan love affairs”

o “figure of the woman is a source of inspiration” (source: http://www.spanisharts.com/history/rococo/i_rococo.html)

Key artistso Watteau

“The embarcation for Cythera” (1717) (image source:

http://www.spanisharts.com/history/rococo/imagenes/watteau_embarqueciterea.html)

The portrayal of aristocrats, Venus, and cherubs, along with heavy ornamentation is very typical of rococo art.

o Boucher

“Madame de Pompadour” (1758) (image source:

http://www.spanisharts.com/history/rococo/imagenes/boucher_ponpadour.html)

The expensive-looking clothing, asymmetry of the background, and use of a courtesan as the subject are characteristic of rococo art.

o Fragonard

“The Swing” (1776) (image source:

http://www.spanisharts.com/history/rococo/imagenes/fragonard_columpio.jpg)

The obviously aristocratic couple, idealistic scenery, cherubs, and use of love as a theme make this painting rococo.

Rococo art was a window into the frivolous lives of the French nobility. The second estate valued extravagance and ornamentation in their own lives, and this was reflected by the art.

Neoclassicism definition: o “A return to classical antiquity for inspiration; scenes are historical and mythological;

figures appear to be sculpted; the appeal is to the intellect, not the heart; emotions are restrained, and balance is achieved. Values: reason, order, balance, reverence for antiquity.” (source: http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/APEHARTDEFINITIONS.HTML)

o 18th – early 19th centuryo “The heart of Neo-Classical movement was centered in Rome” (source:

http://www.historyofpainters.com/neoclassical.htm)o Started in western Europe, spread throughout Europe and to the Americas (source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism)

Characteristics (source: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-hmfaOVwuaQJ:www.pptpalooza.net/PPTs/EHAP/NeoClassicism.ppt+&cd=12&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us)

o “Return to the perceived “purity” of the arts of Rome.”o “Model the “ideal” of the ancient Greek arts and, to a lesser, extent, 16c Renaissance

classicism”o “A conviction that there is a permanent, universal way things are (and should be), which

obviously entails fundamental political and ethical commitments.”o “Sometimes considered anti-modern or even reactionary.”

Key artists (source: http://www.historyofpainters.com/neoclassical.htm)o Francois Gerard

“Cupid and Psyche” (1798) (image source:

http://www.wisdomportal.com/Romance/Gerard-Amor&Psyche.jpg) The mythology and the almost sculpted appearance of the figures is typical of

neoclassical works.o Jacques-Louis David Biography

“The Death of Marat” (1793) (image source:

http://www.historyofpainters.com/marat.jpg) This painting’s classical balance and idealized figure are characteristic of

neoclassical art.o Antonio Canova

“Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss” (1793) (image source:

http://www.talariaenterprises.com/images/tal964.jpg) The use of Greco-Roman mythology as a subject and Renaissance-esque

anatomical correctness make this piece neoclassical. “His compositions were based on smooth rhythmic lines, the harmony of figures and refined gestures, creating an atmosphere of lighthearted decorativeness.”

Neoclassical art was a reaction to the Enlightenment; every aspect of daily life was approached with reason instead of emotion, and art was no exception to this. (source: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-hmfaOVwuaQJ:www.pptpalooza.net/PPTs/EHAP/NeoClassicism.ppt+&cd=12&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us)

Romanticism definitiono “a literary, artistic, and philosophical movement originating in the 18th century,

characterized chiefly by a reaction against neoclassicism and an emphasis on the imagination and emotions, and marked especially in English literature by sensibility and the use of autobiographical material, an exaltation of the primitive and the common man, an appreciation of external nature, an interest in the remote, a predilection for melancholy, and the use in poetry of older verse forms” (source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/romanticism)

o Began in Germany and England, spread throughout Europe and to the Americas (source: http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html)

o 1770 – 1848 (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism#The_period) Characteristics (source: http://www.ehow.com/about_5427168_characteristics-romantic-

art.html#ixzz2H8BA9whq)o “highly emotional”o “[drawn] from ordered classicism and use subversion to assert the originality of the

artist”o “revels in the individual, subjective, irrational, imaginative, personal, spontaneous,

emotional, visionary and transcendental”o “ejects order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization and rationality”

Key artists (source: http://lightanddarkromanticism.wordpress.com/2012/01/22/romanticism-in-art-an-overview-of-key-artists/)

o Ingres

“Grand Odalisque” (1814) (image source:

http://lightanddarkromanticism.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/la-grand-odalisque-interpretation-after-ingres-privat-collection-turin-italy.jpg?w=500)

The attempted-exotic appearance of the woman depicted and her idealized figure are typical of romantic paintings.

o Goya

“The Third of May 1808” (1814) (image source:

http://lightanddarkromanticism.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/goya.jpeg?w=500)

This painting shows intense emotion on the faces and through the body language of the subjects, a romantic trait.

o Delacroix

“Liberty Leading the People” (1830) (image source:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Eug

%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Liberty_Leading_the_People_(28th_July_1830)_-_WGA6177.jpg)

This painting shows the people’s emotions and perserverance, and is disorderly, which is typical of romantic paintings.

Romanticism was a reaction to the constant use of reason and science to explain everything. It rejected this and put emphasis on humanity and emotion, just as many Counter-Enlightenment people did.