ART Chapters 10-18
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Transcript of ART Chapters 10-18
Lauren Litchet
APUSH
Period 1
A print revolution began in 1826The American Tract Society installed the country’s
first steam-powered pressSteam powered press produced 300,000 Bibles and 6
million religious tractsIn 1810 there were 376 newspapersIn 1835 there were as many as 1,200 newspapersMost newspapers were published by political parties
and were openly partisanThorough the country, religious literature was the
most widely readA middle-class audience existed for literary magazinesWomen especially read sentimental magazines and
novels
Samuel F.B. Morse sent his first message from Washington to Baltimore in 1844
Morse code was used to send messages across the country
The timeliness of information available vastly increased
The telegraph increased everyone’s sense of community
Thomas ColeCame to America from England in 1818Found inspiration in the American landscapePaintings reflect the influence of the British
Romantic school of landscape paintingFounded the Hudson River school of American
paintingHad a nationalistic style is a key focus in his
schoolKnown for his scenes of New York State’s
Catskill and Adirondack Mountains
Western PaintersRealists = Karl Bodmer and George CatlinRomantics = Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran
Drew on the Western Landscape and its peoplesTheir art was a contribution to the American sense
of the land and the nation’s identityGeorge Catlin
Driven by the need to document Indian life before it disappeared
Spent 8 years among tribes of the upper Missouri River
Toured the country from 1837 to 1851 in an unsuccessful attempt to arouse public indignation about the Western Indian nations
John James AudubonEtchings of American birds
George Caleb BinghamProduced tidied-up scenes of real-life
American workersRecord the way of American life
The inspiration of the painter’s most prevalent theme, the American wilderness, was endangered by the rapid western settlement
Neoclassical style were favored for public buildings
In the south many homes were mansionsAmericans were in too much of a hurry to
build for the futureBuilt balloon-frame structures = a basic
frame of wooden studs fastened with crosspieces top and bottomFirst used in Chicago in the 1830sThe four-room balloon-frame house became
affordable for many families which was housing for the common man and his family
A small number of slaves were skilled workers
Artisan tasks included:WeaversCarpentersSeamstressesBlacksmiths Mechanics
Urban artisans kept long hours Crafts often interrupted families activities
and neighborliness Formal apprenticeship was strictly for
men It was assumed that once women married
they would learn a domestic skill or craft Women who wanted to work often worked
as seamstresses or as laundresses
The Hudson River School emerged as a loosely organized group of painters, whose subjects depicted the natural settings of the American continent
art movement was reflective of America and influential to Americans
works were part of visual cultureArtists in the Hudson River School:
Thomas ColeThomas DoughtyAlvan Fisher
In 1822 John Rubens Smith produced the Juvenile Drawing Book three volumes and sold for seventy-two dollars
William Bentley Fowle wrote An Introduction to Linear Drawingfirst documented book for teaching art in the
United States public schoolsgave directions for drawing lines, angles,
geometry, simple moldings, classical forms, and architecture
Fielding Lucas published Lucas’ Progressive Drawing Booktaught pencil drawing, landscape watercolor
painting, and perspectivenever adopted by public schools
Wheaton College, becomes one of the first primarily liberal arts devoted schools
The Creation of NegativesWilliam Henry Fox Talbot discovered a way to
use a negative to make duplicate positive prints without losing the image on the negative
The Latticed Window, is known to be the oldest negative
PhotographyIn 1839 Sir John Herschel coined the term
‘Photography’ and this is the year the photographic process became public
Elizabeth Palmer Peabodypioneer in art educationpublished papers about how art needed to be
taught in schoolin 1846 the Smithsonian Institute National
Museum of American Art opensholds the largest collection of American art in the
worldJohn Gadsby Chapman published American
Drawing Book It was to be used in schools as well as home
instruction
The Philadelphia School of Design for Womenestablished by Sarah Worthington Peterthe first and only art college for women in the
United StatesThe school gave women a chance to learn both
a trade to become financially independent, and gain an education and respect from her peers
The stereoscope becomes popular in 1851Stereoscope - unites images that are seen
differently by each eye into one image creating a three-dimensional scene that allows the viewer to experience depth
The stereoscope allows landscape photographers helping to equally represent a landscape from two different points of sight
New York's School of Design for WomenEstablished in 1852Focused on teaching technical drawing and
designing paper and textiles for manufacturersVan Gogh
Was born in 1853worked as an artist in the Post-Impressionist period
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and ArtFounded in 1859 by Peter CooperThe union was a college that was to prepare students
for the professions of architecture, art and engineeringRealism
Started to appear in the 1850sRealism’s purpose was to accurately depict and create
artwork that was identical to that of the ordinary world
Realism was a faith based movement as well as an artistic movement
Realism focused on the emphasis of light, photography, construction and architecture
Landscape painting was made popular during the Civil War era due to the Hudson River School
The Hudson River School Was said to be founded by Thomas Cole, an English painter, seeing that he sparked the Landscape movement within the United States
The majority of the Landscape painters within America were located in New York City
The Hudson River School’s artists were known to incorporate romanticism into their Landscape designs
Hudson River School painters typically painted landscapes such as the Adirondacks, Hudson River Valley, Catskills and the White Mountains within their paintings
The Hudson River School slowly evolved to painting western landscapes Most landscape scenes produced by the Hudson River School were
composite scenes – paintings that were a compilation of real and imaginary places
Artists within the Hudson River School’s Landscape Movement: Asher B. Durand Thomas Doughty Thomas Cole Thomas Moran
Paintings sought to convey the fleeting effects of sunlight and atmosphere
Artists wanted to create a heightened sense of reality in their work
Artists painted landscapes and scenes of leisureArtists attempted to capture the overall sense of lightArtists attempted to replicate French Impressionism
while blending in their own interpretation of itAmerican Impressionists tended to retain more
structure and realism in their work as opposed to French artists
American impressionists hoped to recreate the same spirit of camaraderie found in art colonies abroad
Notable American ImpressionistsFrank Weston BensonJ. Ottis AdamsMary CassattWilliam Merritt ChaseChilde HassamJ. Alden Weir
Visual art style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see
Realist artists tend to paint situations and dilemmas that discard anything extra
Realism artists painted scenes that depicted a contemporary view of what was happening in the world around them
Artists attempted to define what was real through their artwork
Notable Realism artistsThomas Eakins
Painted The Champion Single ScullingJohn Singer Sargent
Painted Morning WalkJames McNeill Whistler
Painted Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist’s Mother
Winslow HomerPainted Sunlight on the Coast
Matthew M. Brady Was granted permission from Abraham Lincoln to document the war with photographs
Bradley financed photographers to document primarily the Union’s military
Alexander Gardner was the most prominent photographer that Brady had hired to photograph the war
It was too dangerous to take photographs on the battlefield, so the photographers took photos of the soldiers at camp, preparing for battle and the bloody aftermath of each battle
Photographers used wet plate negatives to develop their photosWhen a photographer was ready to take a picture
they had to prepare a sheet of glass that was coated with collodion and silver nitrate
This glass plate was then placed in front of the camera and acted as the film
Each glass plate produced one photographOnce the photograph was captured, the glass plate
negative was then developed in a darkroom tentDue to the complexity of taking photographs,
photographers were limited in taking battle specific photographs
At the end of the war two books were published depicting the war with photographsGardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War
(1865–66)This book was composed of over 100
photographs from the war along with numerous sketches from the war
Photographic Views of Sherman's Campaign (1866)This book is composed of photographs with
captions depicting the Civil War
Religious tracts – small pamphlets used for religious and political purposes
Partisan – Committed member of a political partyTelegraph – a device for transmitting and receiving
messages over long distancesNeo-Classical Style – manifested both in its details
as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque
Seamstress – a woman who makes her living through sewing
Perspective - a technique of depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface
Stereoscope - unites images that are seen differently by each eye into one image creating a three-dimensional scene that allows the viewer to experience depth
Post-Impressionist - A school of painting in France in the late 19th century that rejected the objective naturalism of impressionism and used form and color in more personally expressive ways
Realism – artwork whose purpose was to accurately depict and create artwork that was identical to that of the ordinary world
Progressive - Proceeding in steps; continuing steadily by increments
Impressionism – style of painting originally developed in France that was characterized by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflective light
Realism – an art movement aimed at representing the real world in a visually truthful way
Collodion – flammable solution of pyroxylin that is used to produce wet plate negatives
Camaraderie – mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together
Contemporary views – a modern or sophisticated approach to a situation
Thomas Cole Came to America from England in 1818 Found inspiration in the American landscape Paintings reflect the influence of the British Romantic school
of landscape painting Founded the Hudson River school of American painting Had a nationalistic style is a key focus in his school Known for his scenes of New York State’s Catskill and
Adirondack MountainsGeorge Catlin
Driven by the need to document Indian life before it disappeared
Spent 8 years among tribes of the upper Missouri River Toured the country from 1837 to 1851 in an unsuccessful
attempt to arouse public indignation about the Western Indian nations
William Henry Fox Talbot Discovered a way to use a negative to make duplicate positive prints without losing the image on the negativeThe Latticed Window, is known to be the oldest negativeElizabeth Palmer PeabodyPioneer in art education in the 1840’sPublished papers about how art needed to be taught in school
Thomas Cole English-born American artist Said to be the founder of the Hudson River School
Artistic movement that sparked interest in landscape painting in the 19th century
Known for his detailed paintings of American landscapes and the American wilderness
Featured themes of naturalism and romanticismMary Cassatt
Was an American painter and printmaker Spent most of her adult life in France painting Was an artist of the impressionist movement Painted portraits of women and children Paintings focused on the bond between mothers and their
children
When did the printing revolution begin?a. 1826b. 1829c. 1828d. 1830
A
How many bibles were produced from the steam powered press?a. 500,000b. 400,000c. 300,000d. 200,000
C
Men typically read sentimental magazine and novels.a. Trueb. False
B
Morse sent his first message from:a. Boston to New York Cityb. Philadelphia to Washingtonc. Baltimore to Bostond. Washington to Baltimore
D
Thomas Cole came to America froma. Franceb. Englandc. Germanyd. Austria
B
Which painter wanted to document Indian life?a. Binghamb. Moranc. Bodmerd. Catlin
D
Audubon made etchings of American birds.a. True b. False
A
The first balloon-frame structures were built ina. Washingtonb. Philadelphiac. Chicagod. Savannah
C
Which of the following was NOT an artisan task in the south?a. Weaversb. Seamstressesc. Blacksmithd. Cotton picker
D
In the north, women who wanted to work were unable to because of the restrictions placed on them.a. Trueb. False
B
Who produced the Juvenile Drawing Book?a. John Rubensb. Thomas Colec. Thomas Doughtyd. Alvan Fisher
A
What was the first documented book for teaching art in public schools in the united states?a. Juvenile Drawing Bookb. Lucas’ Progressive Drawing Bookc. An Introduction to Linear Drawingd. The Latticed Window
C
Who discovered the way to create multiple prints?a. Peabodyb. Herschelc. Lucasd. Talbot
D
The term ‘photography’ was coined in this year:a. 1836b. 1837c. 1838d. 1839
D
Where is the largest collection of American Art held?a. The Louvreb. The Guggenheimc. The Smithsonian Instituted. The Met
C
Which of the following is NOT true about The Philadelphia School of Design for Women?a. It was established by Sara Warringtonb. It was the first art college for women in the United Statesc. The school offered women an education not only in art, but in the humanitiesd. It gave women the opportunity to be financially independent
A
The stereoscope becomes popular in what year?a. 1850b. 1851c. 1852d. 1853
B
Van Gough was known as:a. An impressionistb. A post- impressionistc. A realistd. A surrealist
B
Realisma. Attempted to depict the everyday world identicallyb. Was disproportionalc. Used dark, harsh, contrasting colors that did not deal with lightd. Was only focused on drawing and painting
A
The Cooper Union was founded in what year by Peter Cooper?a. 1856b. 1857c. 1858d. 1859
D
Landscape paintings were made popular by which school?a. The Hudson River Valley Schoolb. The Hudson River Schoolc. The Hudson Valley Schoold. The Hudson School of Art
B
Who was the Hudson River School founded by?a. Thomas Coleb. Asher B. Durandc. Thomas Morand. Thomas Doughty
A
Hudson River School painters did NOT typically paint which of the following landscapes:a. Hudson River Valleyb. Adirondacksc. Catskillsd. The Poconos
D
Impressionism paintings sought to capture:a. Natureb. Duskc. Sunlightd. People
C
Who is NOT considered to be an artist from the Impressionist movement?a. Mary Cassattb. J. Alden Weirc. Frank Weston Bensond. James McNeill Whistler
D
Realism:a. Depicts only what the eyes can seeb. Is a combination of real and imaginary scenesc. Depicts only portraits of people and their interactionsd. Depicts objects that do not exist in everyday life
A
Who painted The Champion Single Sculling?a. Winslow Homerb. Thomas Eakinsc. Childe Hassamd. John Singer Sargent
B
Who was granted permission by Abraham Lincoln to take pictures of the war?a. Alexander Gardenerb. Shermanc. Matthew M. Bradyd. John Cook
C
_________ acted as the film for each camera during the Civil War.a. Glass platesb. Glass discsc. Plastic platesd. Plastic discs
A
Photographers used what kind of negatives to develop their photographs?a. Dry glass negativesb. Dry plate negativesc. Wet glass negativesd. Wet plate negatives
D
Faragher, J.M., Buhle, M.J., Czitrom, D., &
Armitage, S.H. (2002). Out of Many, A History
of the American People. Upper Saddle
River, NJ.: Prentice Hall.
Multiple Authors. (2002). “Decades of Art
Education History in Contexts of Schooling and
Artworlds”. The History of Art Education in
the 1800’s. Retrieved from
http://personal.psu.edu/mas53/timln850.html
Multiple Authors. (2009). “Hudson River School: 19th
Century American Landscape Painting
Movement Lead by Thomas Cole”. The Hudson River
School (1825-1875). Retrieved from
http://www.visual-arts- cork.com/history-of-art/hudson-
river-school- landscape- painting.htm
Penrose, Patricia. (2002). “American Realism:
1865-1910”. American Collection: American
Realism. Retrieved from
http://www.ncteamericancollection.org/amer_r
ea lism.htm
Lloyd, Michael. (1997). “American
Impressionism”. Lyme Art Colony:
American Impressionism. Retrieved from
http://www.lymeart.com/AmericanImpressionis
m/index.html
Multiple Authors. “Photography in the Civil
War, 1861- 1865”. Heilbrunn Timeline of
Art History. Retrieved from
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phcw/hd_
phcw.htm