Japan: Shinto and BuddhismJapan: Shinto and BuddhismTerms to rememberTerms to remember

1.1. JomonJomon2.2. DoguDogu3.3. ShintoShinto4.4. KamiKami5.5. Prince ShotokuPrince Shotoku6.6. Ashuka periodAshuka period7.7. Hein periodHein period8.8. Kamakura periodKamakura period9.9. NaraNara10.10. Todai-jiTodai-ji11.11. Horyu-jiHoryu-ji12.12. KondoKondo13.13. Amida (Amitabha)Amida (Amitabha)14.14. Kannon (Kwan Yin)Kannon (Kwan Yin)15.15. HaniwaHaniwa16.16. Dotaku (bell)Dotaku (bell)

1. Kongo2. Torri3. Ise4. Amaterasu Omikami5. Simenawa6. Shakya triad7. Three Treasures

Sendai, Miyagi prefecture was hit by a massive earthquake, followed by a 13 foot

tall tsunami

The Jōmon period is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14,000 BC to 300 BCE.

The term jōmon means "cord-patterned" in Japanese.

This refers to the pottery style characteristic of the Jōmon culture, which has markings made using sticks with cords wrapped around them.

Jomon ceramic tradition is perhaps the oldest in the world. Jomon era (roughly 14,000–400 BCE) produced many clay figurines called dogu. They were not merely decorative but

thought to wield spiritual powers.

Jar/vessel, earthenware. Yayoi period (300 BCE to 300 CE) preceded by Jōmon period (14,000-

300 BCE) and Yayoi culture flourished in a geographic area from southern Kyūshū to

northern Honshū.

Haniwa horse, earthernware3rd-6th century CE. Yayoi period

Haniwa warrior in armorearthernware, 3rd-6th century CE

Haniwa=circle of clay

Yayoi period

Dotaku, bronze, 2nd-3rd century CE

Dōtaku are Japanese bells smelted from relatively thin bronze and richly decorated.

The oldest dōtaku found date from the 2nd or 3rd century (corresponding to the end of the Yayoi era), and were used as decorations for

rituals.

Richly decorated with patterns representing nature and animals (among which the

dragonfly, praying mantis and spider are featured), historians believe that dōtaku were

used to pray for good harvests.

The animals featured are indeed natural enemies of insect pests that attack paddy

fields.

Any Chinese influence?

Shinto: Beginnings—1000-500 BCEShinto: Beginnings—1000-500 BCE ShintoShinto is an ancient Japanese religion. is an ancient Japanese religion. It was originally "an amorphous mix of nature worship, It was originally "an amorphous mix of nature worship,

fertility cults, divination techniques, hero worship, and fertility cults, divination techniques, hero worship, and shamanism. shamanism.

Phallic worshipPhallic worship

Lollipops—Yummy

Shinto has no real founder, no written Shinto has no real founder, no written scriptures, no body of religious law, and only a scriptures, no body of religious law, and only a very loosely-organized priesthood." very loosely-organized priesthood."

Its name is derived from the Chinese words Its name is derived from the Chinese words ""shin taoshin tao" (The Way of the Gods)." (The Way of the Gods).

All inclusive All inclusive

What does it include?What does it include?

According to Japanese popular belief, the Ise is the holiest shrine of Japan. It is located in Ise City in the Mie Prefecture on the South East coast.

The shrine is composed of  two similar complexes.

The earliest complex, said to date from the third century, is called the Naiku, or Inner Shrine.

It is dedicated to the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Omikami.

.

The second complex is called Geku, the Outer Shrine.

It is thought to have been built in the fifth century for Toyouke no Okami, the Grain Goddess.

Its simple rectangular design is said to have been derived from granaries of prehistoric Japan.

Grannery

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=hU2MZn0oRPQx9M&tbnid=TfTOPLDwCCY6HM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKofun_period&ei=B_xqU7n8Js6IogSp9oGYCA&bvm=bv.66330100,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNEj4mnfGi3xJkWsjIjNRsQ1B2V6Eg&ust=1399606612632342

Grannery Yayoi period

Ise shrine

Ise shrineIse shrine

Building material for the shrine comes entirely from white cypress, Hinoki.

The main building of the Inner Shrine is designed in a special form of architectural style, called shimmei-zukuri.

This style is prohibited for other shrines.

Ise shrineIse shrine

The sun goddess The sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami is the mythical is the mythical ancestor of the Imperial family. ancestor of the Imperial family.

She is represented by the sacred mirror, one of the She is represented by the sacred mirror, one of the three objects (three objects (Imperial Regalia) symbolic of the divine ) symbolic of the divine authority of the imperial family. authority of the imperial family.

Every twenty years the buildings at Ise are torn down Every twenty years the buildings at Ise are torn down and new ones are built on an immediately adjacent site. and new ones are built on an immediately adjacent site.

In this way the site is purified and building materials In this way the site is purified and building materials renewed while preserving the original design from renewed while preserving the original design from the third and fourth centuries. the third and fourth centuries.

The new shrines, however identical with the old ones, The new shrines, however identical with the old ones, are not considered a replica of Ise, but are "Ise re-are not considered a replica of Ise, but are "Ise re-created." created."

That is, the re-creation process reveals Shinto's That is, the re-creation process reveals Shinto's understanding of nature which does not make understanding of nature which does not make monuments, but "lives and dies, always renewed and monuments, but "lives and dies, always renewed and reborn." reborn."

Shimenawa

Ise Shinto shrineConstructed from the cypress wood

Every 20 years, some 61 times, Next rebuilding will take place in

2013.

Grand Ishe shrine

Rebuilding Ishe shrine

Ishe shrine

Torri (gateway)

Torri, gateway

Tomb of Emperor Nintoku, near Osaka, 5th century CE

Emperor Nintoku was the 16th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. No firm dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign,

but he is conventionally considered to have reigned from 313–399.

The Kofun is the biggest tomb in Japan. The Kofun is the biggest tomb in Japan.

The actual site of Nintoku's grave is not known.The actual site of Nintoku's grave is not known.

The Kofun is characterized by a keyhole-shaped The Kofun is characterized by a keyhole-shaped island located within a wide, water-filled moat. island located within a wide, water-filled moat.

Imperial tombs and mausolea are cultural properties of Japan.

But they are guarded and administered by the Imperial Household Agency (IHA), which is the government department responsible for all matters relating to the emperor and his family.

According to the IHA, the tomb is more than a According to the IHA, the tomb is more than a mere repository of historical artifacts; it is sacred mere repository of historical artifacts; it is sacred religious site. religious site.

It is supposed to house the spirit of the ancestors It is supposed to house the spirit of the ancestors of the Imperial House.of the Imperial House.

Nintoku is traditionally venerated at a memorial Nintoku is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at Osaka. Shinto shrine at Osaka.

Introduction of Buddhism to Japan

Buddhism came to Japan from China via Korea.

The first official presentation of Buddhism took place in 538 when a delegation of Buddhist monks, carrying Buddhist sutras and Buddha statues, was sent to the Japanese court by the Korean prince of Kudara.

From Korea it was carried over to Japan by the Korean and/or Chinese immigrants who served as vehicles for the introduction of various elements of Chinese civilization to Japan.

Kami took human form to welcome Buddha.

Prince Shotoku, at the age of 19, became regent of the Japanese empire in 593.

One of the first acts Prince Shotoku did was to proclaim Buddhism as state religion. Then he established four institutions:

1. Temple2. Asylum3. Hospital4. Dispensary

Prince Shotoku with younger brother (left: Prince Eguri) and first son (right: Prince Yamashiro), by unknown artist.

The prince never became a monk.But in modern popular belief he is revered as a Buddhist saint, and in

some traditions he is considered the reincarnation of Kannon.

He also is closely associated with Daruma, the founder of Zen

Buddhism.

Shotoku

Japanese Yen

Prince Shotoku also wrote the first constitution of Japan consisting of 17 articles, in which political, moral, and religious ideals were closely interwoven.

In the second article, Prince Shotoku wrote,

“Sincerely revere the Three Treasures.”

The Three Treasures are:

1) Buddha 2) Dharma, and 3) Sangha

Evidently, Shotoku was interested in applying the principles of Buddhism to all phases of national and private lives.

Horyu-ji, Nara PrefectureAsuka period, 7th century CE

Temple Kondo

Horyu-ji complex with pagoda and kondo

Horyuji temple, Japan, 607 CE

Golden Hall and Five-storied Pagoda of Hōryū-ji are Japan's National Treasures. Hōryū-ji is a Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, Nara prefecture.

Close up of the five-storied pagoda at Horyu-ji

Todai-ji, first half of the 8th century. Dedicated to Vairochana Buddha

Shaka Triad by Tori BusshiHoryu-ji, Ashuka period (623),

Bronze, Nara

Asuka period: 538-710Asuka period: 538-710Good Morning Dr. Shimkhada, The date and time listed below is correct for your final examination.  The information can also be found published in our Schedule of Classes here: http://www.chaffey.edu/schedule/sched_13-14sp_final.pdf  in column 2, row 3 of the grid.  If the student is experiencing a conflict, it is likely the conflicting class is conducting a final exam outside of their appropriate time/day slot set by the Office of Instruction, or that a misunderstanding has occurred by the student. If you have any other questions or concerns, don’t hesitate to contact me. Jim ChandlerVisual and Performing ArtsChaffey College5885 Haven AveRancho Cucamonga, CA 91737909-652-6058 Voice | 909-652-6060 Fax

Bodhisattva’s sacrificeTamamushi shrine, lacquer on wood,

Asuka period, 7th century

Nara Period (710-794)

The capital of Nara was modeled after Chang'an The capital of Nara was modeled after Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the capital city of Tang (present-day Xi'an), the capital city of Tang China. China.

In many other ways, the Japanese upper classes In many other ways, the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese, patterned themselves after the Chinese, including adopting Chinese written characters including adopting Chinese written characters (Japanese: (Japanese: kanjikanji), fashion, and the religion of ), fashion, and the religion of Buddhism.Buddhism.

Todai-ji

Tōdai-jiTōdai-ji is a Buddhist temple complex located is a Buddhist temple complex located in the city of Nara, Japan. in the city of Nara, Japan.

Its Great Buddha HallIts Great Buddha Hall DaibutsudenDaibutsuden, the largest , the largest wooden building in the world, houses the wooden building in the world, houses the world's largest bronze statue of the Buddha world's largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana, known in Japanese simply as Vairocana, known in Japanese simply as DaibutsuDaibutsu. .

The temple also serves as the Japanese headquarters of the Kegon school of Buddhism.

The temple is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site as "Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara", together with seven other sites including temples, shrines and palaces in the city of Nara.

Sika deer, regarded as messengers of the gods in the Shinto religion, roam the grounds freely.

Shakya triad by Tori Busshi, 623, bronze, Nara, Ashuka period

Ashuka Period

Shukongojin (vajrapani) from Todai-ji, 8th century, Nara

Ganjin from Toshodai-ji764, Ashuka period, dry

lacquer, appx. 32 in high

Miroku, wood,from Horyu-ji,Ashuka period,

Nara

Yakushi Buddha from Yakushi-jibronze, 686-697 (Ashuka period)

Amida by Jocho, 1053, gilded, late Hein

Fudo Myo-ouKamakura periodearly 13th century

color, gold, and kirikane inlaid with crystalheight  51 . 5  cm

Priest/monk Chogen, wood, Todao-ji, Kamakura

Sho Kannon by Jokei II, 1226, wood, Kamakura period

Misshaku (open mouth) pronounces "Ah," the first letter of the Sanskrit

alphabet. Naraen pronounces "Um," the final letter. The two combine to express

the mantra of existence ("Om.")

Statue of Kongo Rikishi (Guardian),1203 by Unkei, wood, South Gate of

Todai-ji, Kamakura period

Buddha ShakyamuniKamakura period

1185–1333

Amida Buddha (Daibutsu), 1253Kamakura period

The image expresses idealized realism That emanatessweetness, benignity, and

Grace rather than strength.

Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism Bodhidharma is associated with several other names, and is also known by Bodhidharma is associated with several other names, and is also known by

the name the name BodhitaraBodhitara. .

He was given the name Bodhidharma by his teacher known variously as He was given the name Bodhidharma by his teacher known variously as Panyatara. He is said to have been the son of a southern Indian king, though Panyatara. He is said to have been the son of a southern Indian king, though there is some controversy regarding his origins.there is some controversy regarding his origins.

Bodhidharma arrived in China and visited Bodhidharma arrived in China and visited Canton and and Luoyang. In . In Luoyang, he is reputed to have engaged in nine years of silent meditation, Luoyang, he is reputed to have engaged in nine years of silent meditation, coming to be known as "the wall-gazing Brahman".This epithet is referring coming to be known as "the wall-gazing Brahman".This epithet is referring to him as an Indian holy man.to him as an Indian holy man.

Bodhidharma settled in the Bodhidharma settled in the kingdom of Wei where he took his disciples. where he took his disciples. Shortly before his death, Bodhidharma appointed Huike to succeed him, Shortly before his death, Bodhidharma appointed Huike to succeed him, making Huike the first Chinese born patriarch and the second patriarch of making Huike the first Chinese born patriarch and the second patriarch of Chán in China. Bodhidharma is said to have passed three items to Huike as a Chán in China. Bodhidharma is said to have passed three items to Huike as a sign of transmission of the Dharma: a robe, a bowl, and a copy of the sign of transmission of the Dharma: a robe, a bowl, and a copy of the Laṅkāvatāra SūtraLaṅkāvatāra Sūtra..

BodhidharmaDaruma dolls

Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism Zen was introduced to Japan in around 850Zen was introduced to Japan in around 850 The schools of Zen that currently exist in Japan are the SōtōThe schools of Zen that currently exist in Japan are the Sōtō, Rinzai, and Ōbaku. , Rinzai, and Ōbaku.

Of these, Sōtō is the largest and Ōbaku the smallest. Of these, Sōtō is the largest and Ōbaku the smallest. Rinzai is itself divided into several subschools based on temple affiliation, Rinzai is itself divided into several subschools based on temple affiliation,

including.including. Zen was not introduced as a separate school until the 12th century, when Myōan Zen was not introduced as a separate school until the 12th century, when Myōan

Eisai traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known Eisai traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known in Japan as Rinzai. in Japan as Rinzai.

Decades later, (1235–1308) also studied Linji teachings in China before Decades later, (1235–1308) also studied Linji teachings in China before founding the Japanese lineage, the most influential branch of Rinzai. In 1215, founding the Japanese lineage, the most influential branch of Rinzai. In 1215, Dōgen, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he Dōgen, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master Tiantong Rujing. After his return, became a disciple of the Caodong master Tiantong Rujing. After his return, Dōgen established the Sōtō school, the Japanese branch of Caodong. The Ōbaku Dōgen established the Sōtō school, the Japanese branch of Caodong. The Ōbaku lineage was introduced in the 17th century by Ingen, a Chinese monk. Ingen had lineage was introduced in the 17th century by Ingen, a Chinese monk. Ingen had been a member of the Linji school, the Chinese equivalent of Rinzai, which had been a member of the Linji school, the Chinese equivalent of Rinzai, which had developed separately from the Japanese branch for hundreds of years. Thus, developed separately from the Japanese branch for hundreds of years. Thus, when Ingen journeyed to Japan following the fall of the Ming Dynasty to the when Ingen journeyed to Japan following the fall of the Ming Dynasty to the Manchus, his teachings were seen as a separate school. The Ōbaku school was Manchus, his teachings were seen as a separate school. The Ōbaku school was named for Mount Ōbaku; named for Mount Ōbaku; Huángbò ShānHuángbò Shān), which had been Ingen's home in ), which had been Ingen's home in China.China.

Another famous legend involving Bodhidharma is his meeting with Another famous legend involving Bodhidharma is his meeting with Emperor Wu of Liang. Emperor Wu of Liang.

Emperor Wu took an interest in Buddhism and spent a great deal of Emperor Wu took an interest in Buddhism and spent a great deal of public wealth on funding Buddhist monasteries in China. When he public wealth on funding Buddhist monasteries in China. When he had heard that a great Buddhist teacher, Bodhidharma, had come to had heard that a great Buddhist teacher, Bodhidharma, had come to China, he sought an audience with him. When they met, Emperor Wu China, he sought an audience with him. When they met, Emperor Wu asked how much karmic merit he had gained from his noble support asked how much karmic merit he had gained from his noble support of Buddhism. of Buddhism.

Bodhidharma replied "None at all." The Emperor asked "Then what Bodhidharma replied "None at all." The Emperor asked "Then what is the truth of the teachings?" Bodhidharma replied, "Vast emptiness, is the truth of the teachings?" Bodhidharma replied, "Vast emptiness, nothing holy." So the emperor asked "Then who are you standing in nothing holy." So the emperor asked "Then who are you standing in front of me?" Bodhidharma replied "I am nothing," and walked out.front of me?" Bodhidharma replied "I am nothing," and walked out.

Another legend involving Bodhidharma is that he visited the Shaolin Another legend involving Bodhidharma is that he visited the Shaolin Temple in the kingdom of Wei, at some point, and taught them a Temple in the kingdom of Wei, at some point, and taught them a series of exercises which became the basis for the Shaolin martial series of exercises which became the basis for the Shaolin martial arts.arts.

Asian brush painting requires the artist to make the maximum commitment using the minimum touch. There's no room for

mistakes; the hard labor of eliminating extraneous details and exploring alternative approaches is worked out in the mind of

the artist rather than on the paper.

Six Persimmons by Mu Ch‘i, a Chinese monk artist of the 13th century better known

in China as Fa-Chang. It was painted during the Song dynasty. Mu Qi was one of the two great exponents of the of chinese

painting (the other being Liang Kai). It features six persimmons floating on an

undefined, but skillfully mottled background. It is painted in blue-black ink on paper.

Suiô Genro (Japanese, 1716-1789), Japanese, Edo period, 18th century, Seated Bodhidharma, Hanging scroll; ink on paper, Museum of Fine Arts,

Boston, Gitter-Yelen Collection, Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts,

Boston.

Daruma (Bodhidharma)

Painted originally by Jiun Onko, 18th-century

Great Zen masterHakuin (1685-1768 ) painted pictures of Daruma (Bodhidharma) throughout his life as a teacher. 

His style developed over these years becoming more individual in expression and bolder in setting

up the 28th Patriarch as a foil for our efforts at attaining enlightenment. 

Daruma appears in Hakuin’s paintings as formal, stern, piercing, and simply a brushstroke. 

Each in turn gives us a taste of our practice and challenges us to push the edge. 

“I have painted several thousand Darumas, yet have never depicted his face.  This is only

natural, for the moment I spread the paper to draw it, the original form disappears. All of you,

what is this Daruma that cannot be drawn?”

The figures in Zen paintings are simple and Zen- like. They are considered to be "escapist works". Simple brush strokes were used

instead of the ordinary delicate and subtle ones.

Hakuin Ekaku (1686-1768). Rush leaf Daruma (Bodhidharma)

Isshi (1608-1649)Daruma MeditatingInk on paperPrivate Collection

Nobutada (1565-1614), Meditating DarumaInk on paperPrivate collection

Ryoan-ji and rock and sand garden are the quintessence of Zen art, and perhaps

the single greatest masterpiece of Japanese culture.

Zen garden