Fig.S1. Chemical representation of saponins found in ginseng: (a) Ginsenoside Re, and

(b) ginsenoside Ro.

Fig. S2. The CMC (0.049%) of GS was calculated from the interfacial tension data by

extrapolating lines from low and high GS concentrations (logarithm values) to find the

intersection point

Fig. S3. Influence of GS concentration on the surface pressure at soybean oil-water

interfaces

Fig. S4. Influence of logarithm of homogenization pressure on the logarithm of volume

mean diameter (d4,3) of AST-loaded nanoemulsions containing 0.6% (w/w) GS (four

passes at different pressures).

(a)

(b)

Fig. S5. Influence of NaCl concentration on the physical stability of AST-loaded

nanoemulsions (GS, 0.6% (w/w)) produced using fixed homogenization conditions (100

Mpa, 4 passes). (a) mean droplet diameter (d4,3) and (b) ζ-potential of nanoemulsions.

Different letters indicate significant difference at a 95% probability level.