Arrays - NCATwilliams.comp.ncat.edu/COMP163/Arrays.pdf · 2020-01-03 · Lots of Data •Sometimes...
Transcript of Arrays - NCATwilliams.comp.ncat.edu/COMP163/Arrays.pdf · 2020-01-03 · Lots of Data •Sometimes...
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ArraysCOMP163
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“Any fool can write code that a computer
can understand. Good programmers
write code that humans can understand.”
Martin Fowler
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ZyBooks
• Read sections 10.1 through 10.8 plus 10.10
• Answer all of the participation questions by midnight on Thursday, November 7, 2019
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This Week’s Program Update
• The movie review program has been posted to Blackboard and is due Friday by midnight
• You need to write two Java files
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Lots of Data
• Sometimes programs need to deal with lots of data
• A program that manages a list of the students in a course should not have to create separate variables for each student
• Arrays are a means of holding lots of data in a single variable while still being able to access each individual data item
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Data Structures
• Data Structures are ways of organizing data in a program
• Popular data structures are– array– tree– hash table– queue– stack
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Arrays
• An array is a set of memory locations with the same name
• All of the variables are of the same type
• You can use an integer to specify which member of the array you are using
• You can use a member of an array anyplace you would use a regular variable
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Vectors in Mathematics• Mathematicians often use subscripted variables to
represent elements in a vector
a1, a2, … a12
• Arrays are the computer implementation of a vector
• Indexes are used to specify a member of an array. In Java the index follows the array name in square brackets
a[3] = 678.9;
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Arrays• An array is an ordered list of values:
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
79 87 94 82 67 98 87 81 74 91
An array of size N is indexed from zero to N-1
scores
The entire array
has a single name
Each value has a numeric index
This array holds 10 values that are indexed from 0 to 9
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Memory Boxes
• An array can be thought of as a row of boxes where each box is a memory location that can store a value
• Each box is numbered starting from zero
• You can specify which box you want to use by indicating the number on the box
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Starting from Zero
• Many things in Computer Science start counting with zero
• The first element in an array is element zero
• The second in an array is array[1]
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Arrays• A particular value in an array is referenced using the array
name followed by the index in brackets
• For example, the expression
scores[2]
refers to the value 94 (the 3rd value in the array)
• We refer to cat[7] as “cat index 7” or “cat sub 7”
• That expression represents a place to store a single integer and can be used wherever an integer variable can be used
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Array Use• For example, an array element can be assigned a
value, printed, or used in a calculation:
scores[2] = 89;
scores[first] = scores[first] + 2;
mean = (scores[0] + scores[1])/2;
System.out.println ("Top = " + scores[5]);
pick = scores[rand.nextInt(10)];
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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When you use an array, the value inside the square brackets dog[ 7 ] is the
A. data
B. index indicating which element you want
C. length
D. array multiplier
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Array Elements
• The values held in an array are its elements
• All the elements must be the same Java type
• An array can hold any type of data, both simple and objects, such as int, double, String, Widgets
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Arrays are Objects• In Java, the array itself is an object that must be
instantiated• Another way to depict the scores array:
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
scores 79
87
94
82
67
98
87
81
74
91
The name of the array
is an object reference
variable
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Declaring Arrays• The scores array can be declared as follows:
int[] scores = new int[10];
• The type of the variable scores is int[] (an array of integers)
• Note that the array type does not specify its size
• The reference variable scores is set to a new array object that can hold 10 integers
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Declaring Arrays• Some other examples of array declarations:
int[] goat = new int[1600];
double[] hawk = new double[50];
boolean[] flags;
flags = new boolean[10];
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Array Example
• The following program reads 17 numbers from the keyboard then prints them in reverse order
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public class PrtArray {
public static void main(String[] args){
java.util.Scanner kb = new
java.util.Scanner(System.in);
int[] cat = new int[17];
for (int bird = 0; bird < 17; bird++) {
cat[bird] = kb.nextInt();
}
for (int dog=16; dog >= 0; dog--) {
System.out.println(cat[dog]);
}
}
}
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How do you declare an array of 7 ints?
A. int dog[7] = new int[];
B. int dog = new int[7];
C. int[] dog = new int[7];
D. int[7] dog = new int[7];
E. int dog[] = new int[7];
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Bounds Checking
• Once an array is created, it has a fixed size
• An index used in an array reference must specify a value in range 0 to N-1 for an N element array
• The Java system throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if an array index is too big or negative
• This is called automatic bounds checking
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Bad Index
int[] rabbit = new int[4];
rabbit[0] = 47;
rabbit[3] = 32;
rabbit[4] = 14; // this gets an error
• If an array is created with N elements, you can index from zero to N-1
• Bigger numbers generate an error
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Off by One• For example, if the array canary can hold 100 values,
it can be indexed from 0 to 99
• It’s common to introduce off-by-one errors when using arrays:
• This will get a run time error
double[] canary = new double[100];
for(int dove = 0;dove <= 100;dove++){
canary[dove] = 0.0;
}
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Use of for with Arrays
• The correct way to use a for loop with an array is to start at zero and go to less than the size
double[] canary = new double[100];
for(int dove = 0;dove < 100;dove++){
canary[dove] = 0.0;
}
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Size of an Array• Each array object has a public constant called length that stores the size of the array
• It is referenced using the array name
double[] canary = new double[100];
System.out.println(canary.length);
• Note that length holds the number of elements, not the largest index
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Using the Length
• You can use the length value to always loop the correct number of times
double[] kennel = new double[something];
for (int index = 0; index < kennel.length; index++) {
kennel[index] = index;
}
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What is displayed?
A. 0
B. 2
C. 4
D. 10
int[] rabbit = new int[5];for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
rabbit[i] = 2 * i;}System.out.println(rabbit[2]);
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What is displayed?
A. 0
B. 2
C. 14
D. None of the above
int[] rabbit = new int[5];for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
rabbit[i] = 2 * i;}System.out.println(rabbit[7]);
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Things Arrays Do NOT Do
Assume cat, dog and bird are arrays
• Add, subtract, multiple or divide arrays
cat = dog * bird;
• Compare arrays
if ( cat == dog ) // valid syntax!
• read or write arrays as one unit
System.out.println(cat); // valid syntax!
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Incorrectly Printing an Arrayint[] goat = new int[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
goat[i] = i * i;
}
System.out.println("goat is " + goat);
Displays
goat is [I@15db9742
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Correctly Printing an Arrayint[] goat = new int[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
goat[i] = i * i;
}
for (int k = 0; k < 5; k++) {
System.out.print(goat[k] +" ");
}
Displays
0 1 4 9 16
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Using Elements
• When you use an array you almost always have to specify an index in brackets
int[64] cat = new int[64];
// put something in cat
int dog;
dog = cat[14];
• The only time you do not use brackets is when you pass the entire array to a method or use .length
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Which for loop should be used to set all values of deer to 47?
A. for(int i = 0; i < deer; i++){
B. for(int i = 0; i <= deer; i++){
C. for(int i = 0; i < deer.length; i++){
D. for(int i = 0; i <= deer.length; i++){
int[] deer = new int[12];
deer[i] = 47;}
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For Loops and Arrays
• Arrays are almost always used in a loop
• The reason for loops often start at zero instead of one it because array indexes start at zero
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For Loop for Arrays
• A for loop is frequently used to go through an array
double sum = 0.0;
double[] dog = new double[??];
// put something in dog
for (int i = 0; i < dog.length; i++ ) {
sum += dog[i];
}
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Extended for Loop
• There is a special format for the for loop to go through an array
double sum = 0.0;
double[] dog = new double[??];
// put something in dog
for ( double cat : dog ) {
sum += cat;
}
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Extended for
• In the extended for statement
for ( type element : array )• in each iteration of the loop, the next member of the
array is copied to the element
• The element must be the same type as the elements of the array
• The extended for loop can be used for arrays or iterable classes
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Some Iterable Classes
AbstractCollection LinkedBlockingQueueAbstractList LinkedHashSetAbstractQueue LinkedListAbstractSequentialList LinkedTransferQueueAbstractSet PriorityBlockingQueueArrayList PriorityQueueConcurrentLinkedDeque StackConcurrentLinkedQueue SynchronousQueueHashSet TreeSetLinkedBlockingDeque Vector
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Irritable, not Iterable
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Command Line• The parameters to the main method is an array of Strings
public static void main( String[] args )
• If you execute the compiled program from the command line as
java myprog PIG cow
then
args[0] is “PIG”
args[1] is “cow”
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Multiple Dimensions
• An array can have two (or more) indices
double[][] = new double[3][3];
• A 2D array is like a table
• This is a topic for COMP167
0 1 2
0 32.2 14.1 13.7
1 9.2 21.3 5.9
2 69.2 48.0 56.1
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Write a Java segment
Assume that the array cat has been created
double[] cat = new double[1000];
and filled with numbers.
Write a loop to display the one biggest number in the array
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Possible Solution
double big = cat[0];
for (double num : cat) {
if (num > big ) {
big = num;
}
}
System.out.println( big );
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Possible Solution
double big = cat[0];
for (int eye = 1; eye < cat.length; eye++) {
if (cat[eye] > big ) {
big = cat[eye];
}
}
System.out.println( big );
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ZyBooks
• Read sections 10.1 through 10.8 plus 10.10
• Answer all of the participation questions by midnight on Thursday, November 7, 2019
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This Week’s Program Update
• The movie review program has been posted to Blackboard and is due Friday by midnight
• You need to write two Java files