Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismoucnomikos/courses/pl/ProgrammingLanguagesBNF.pdf · epanalamb nontac...
Transcript of Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismoucnomikos/courses/pl/ProgrammingLanguagesBNF.pdf · epanalamb nontac...
Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou
Qr stoc Nomikìc
Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik cPanepist mio IwannÐnwn
2015
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 1 / 74
Perieqìmena
1 SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
2 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF (Backus-Naur Form)
3 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
4 Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
5 Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
6 ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
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Perieqìmena
1 SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
2 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF (Backus-Naur Form)
3 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
4 Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
5 Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
6 ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
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SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
Alf�bhto onom�zetai èna peperasmèno sÔnolo sumbìlwn.
SumbolÐzoume me Σ∗ to sÔnolo ìlwn twn peperasmènwn akolouji¸napì sÔmbola pou an koun Σ.
Par�deigma 1. An Σ = {a, b, c} tìte
abacab ∈ Σ∗, a ∈ Σ∗, daa /∈ Σ∗
Par�deigma 2. An Σ = {+,-,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} tìte
-90876 ∈ Σ∗, 023+45-+ ∈ Σ∗, 0.345 /∈ Σ∗
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SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
Onom�zoume gl¸ssa suntaktik dìm apì to alf�bhto Σ ènauposÔnolo tou Σ∗.
Sth sunèqeia ja protimhjeÐ o ìroc suntaktik dom , gia na mh gÐnetaisÔgqish me th gl¸ssa programmatismoÔ.
Par�deigma 3. An Σ = {a, b, c} tìte to sÔnolo twn sumboloseir¸n pouapoteloÔntai apì n suneqìmena a akoloujoÔmena apì n suneqìmena beÐnai mÐa suntaktik dom apì to Σ.
Par�deigma 4. An Σ = {+,-,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} tìte to sÔnolo twnsumboloseir¸n pou parist�noun proshmasmènouc akèraiouc eÐnai mÐasuntaktik dom apì to Σ.
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SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
Oi suntaktikèc domèc apoteloÔn sÔnola sumbolakolouji¸n kai �ramporoÔn na perigrafoÔn ìpwc èna opoiod pote sÔnolo. Sun jwc ìmwcepilègetai ènac apì touc parak�tw trìpouc:
Perigr�fetai ènac susthmatikìc trìpoc paragwg c ìlwn twnsumboloseir¸n thc suntaktik c dom c. Autì mporeÐ na gÐneiqrhsimopoi¸ntac p.q. grammatikèc (sÔnola kanìnwn paragwg c),sumbolismì BNF suntaktik� diagr�mmata.
DÐnetai ènac susthmatikìc trìpoc anagn¸rishc twnsumboloseir¸n pou an koun sth suntaktik dom . Autì gÐnetaiperigr�fontac mÐa mhqan ènan algìrijmo pou apofasÐzei anmÐa sumboloseir� an kei ìqi sth gl¸ssa.
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SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
O pr¸toc trìpoc perigraf c eÐnai pio kat�llhloc gia naperigr�youme na katano soume th sÔntaxh miac gl¸ssacprogrammatismoÔ. O deÔteroc eÐnai aparaÐthtoc kat� thn ulopoÐhshthc gl¸ssac, afoÔ apaiteÐtai metaxÔ �llwn suntaktik an�lush touprogr�mmatoc.
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SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
To alf�bhto pou qrhsimopoieÐ mia gl¸ssa programmatismoÔ kat�kanìna perilamb�nei:
Ta gr�mmata tou latinikoÔ alfab tou a-z, A-Z.
Ta arijmhtik� yhfÐa 0-9.
Alla sÔmbola, ìpwc= + - * / ( ) , . & ' � ! < > %
Orismènec gl¸ssec programmatismoÔ diaqwrÐzoun ta kefalaÐa apìta mikr� gr�mmata kai onom�zontai case sensitive (p.q. C, Java,Haskell, Prolog, Python).
Se �llec gl¸ssec programmatismoÔ ta kefalaÐa gr�mmata eÐnaiisodÔnama me ta antÐstoiqa mikr� (p.q. Pascal).
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SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
Ta stoiqeÐa tou alfab tou qrhsimopoioÔntai gia th dhmiourgÐalektik¸n mon�dwn (p.q. arijmhtik¸n stajer¸n, anagnwristik¸n pouqrhsimopoioÔntai gia onìmata metablht¸n, tÔpwn sunart sewn,telest¸n ìpwc eÐnai to <= >=, klp)
Oi parap�nw lektikèc mon�dec qrhsimopoioÔntai gia to sqhmatismìtou progr�mmatoc.
O parap�nw qwrismìc thc sÔntaxhc se dÔo epÐpeda an kai den eÐnaiaparaÐthtoc gia thn perigraf thc sÔntaxhc, eÐnai exairetik�qr simoc kat� th suntaktik an�lush.
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SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
Orismènec lexeic èqoun sugkekrimènh shmasÐa se mia gl¸ssaprogrammatismoÔ kai den mporoÔn na qrhsimopoihjoÔn apì tonprogrammatist gia �llo skopì. Oi lèxeic autèc onom�zontaidesmeumènec lèxeic.
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SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
Gia par�deigma oi desmeumènec lèxeic sthn Pascal eÐnai:
and array begin case constdiv do downto else endfile for function goto ifin label mod nil notof or packed procedure programrecord repeat set then totype until var while with
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Perieqìmena
1 SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
2 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF (Backus-Naur Form)
3 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
4 Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
5 Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
6 ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 12 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
O sumbolismìc BNF eÐnai mÐa metagl¸ssa me thn opoÐa mporoÔme naperigr�foume th sÔntaxh miac suntaktik c dom c (gl¸ssac).
H perigraf thc sÔntaxhc mÐac suntaktik c dom c se BNF apoteleÐtaiapì èna sÔnolo kanìnwn.
K�je kanìnac perigr�fei th kataskeu mÐac sÔnjethc suntaktik cdom c, apì �llec suntaktikèc domèc kai sÔmbola tou alfab tou.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Oi suntaktikèc domèc parist�nontai me suntaktikèc metablhtèc pouonom�zontai kai mh termatik� sÔmbola. Mia suntaktik metablht gr�fetai mèsa se < kai >, ¸ste na diaqwrÐzetai apì ta termatik�sÔmbola (stoiqeÐa tou alfab tou).
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
'Enac kanìnac BNF èqei th morf V ::= X1,1. . . X1,k1 | . . . | Xn,1. . . X1,kn
ìpou
n > 0 kai k1, k2, . . . , kn ≥ 0.
V eÐnai mh termatikì sÔmbolo.
Xi ,j eÐnai mh termatikì sÔmbolo sÔmbolo tou alfab tou.
::= kai | eÐnai metasÔmbola tou BNF (ìpwc kai ta <, >).
O parap�nw kanìnac dhl¸nei ìti h suntaktik dom pou antistoiqeÐsth metablht V mporeÐ na èqei n enallaktikèc morfèc (diaqwrÐzontaime |). H i-sth enallaktik morf sumperilamb�nei ìlec ticsumboloseirec pou prokÔptoun apì thn par�jesh ki sumboloseir¸n.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Gia k�je m termatikì sÔmbolo Y pou emfanÐzetai dexi� tou ::= sek�poion kanìna, ja prèpei na up�rqei ènac kanìnac me kefal to Y.Me �lla lìgia ja prèpei na kajorÐzetai k�je suntaktik dom pouemfanÐzetai stouc kanìnec.
An ki = 0 tìte to V mporeÐ na eÐnai h ken akoloujÐa sumbìlwn. Seaut thn perÐptwsh qrhsimopoioÔme to sÔmbolo e.
Gia na perigr�youme mia suntaktik dom pou prokÔpteiepanalamb�nontac mÐa �llh dom èna opoiod pote pl joc for¸n,qrhsimopoioÔme anadrom .
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Sth sunèqeia perigr�foume to p¸c kajorÐzetai to sÔnolo twnsumboloseir¸n pou antistoiqeÐ se èna mh termatikì sÔmbolo me b�shèna sÔnolo kanìnwn S .
'Estw S èna sÔnolo kanìnwn BNF sto opoÐo to sÔnolo twn termatik¸nsumbìlwn eÐnai Σ kai to sÔnolo twn m termatik¸n sumbìlwn eÐnai V .
An α kai β eÐnai akoloujÐec apì termatik� kai mh termatik� sÔmbola(dhlad α, β ∈ (Σ ∪ V )∗), gr�foume α⇒S β gia na dhl¸soume ìti hakoloujÐa β par�getai apì thn α, antikajist¸ntac mÐa emf�nishenìc m termatikoÔ sumbìlou me k�poia apì tic enallaktikèc morfècpou mporeÐ na p�rei me b�sh touc kanìnec tou S .
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
To α⇒nS β dhl¸nei to ìti to β par�getai apì thn α se n b mata kai
mporeÐ na oristeÐ anadromik�:
α⇒0S β an β = α,
α⇒n+1S β an up�rqei γ tètoio ¸ste α⇒n
S γ kai γ ⇒S β
To α⇒∗S β dhl¸nei to ìti to β par�getai apì thn α se peperasmèno
arijmì bhm�twn, dhlad ìti up�rqei k tètoio ¸ste α⇒kS β
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
To sÔnolo twn sumboloseir¸n pou antistoiqeÐ se èna mh termatikìsÔmbolo <x> me b�sh èna sÔnolo kanìnwn S eÐnai to sÔnolo twnakolouji¸n termatik¸n sumbìlwn pou par�gontai apì to <x>,dhlad to sÔnolo
{w ∈ Σ∗ |< x >⇒∗S w}
MporoÔme na paraleÐpoume to deÐkth S ìtan eÐnai xek�jaro se poiosÔnolo kanìnwn BNF anaferìmaste.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Parìti se mÐa paragwg mporoÔme na antikajistoÔme opoiod pote mhtermatikì sÔmbolo jèloume, ja arkoÔse na antikajistoÔme k�je for�to aristerìtero m termatikì sÔmbolo. Gia lìgouc omoiomorfÐac jaepilèxoume aut th strathgik sta parak�tw paradeÐgmata.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Par�deigma 5. Oi parak�tw kanìnec se BNF perigr�foun th sÔntaxhtwn proshmasmènwn akeraÐwn:
<akèraioc>::=<prìshmo> <akoloujÐa><prìshmo>::= + | -<akoloujÐa>::= <yhfÐo> | <yhfÐo> <akoloujÐa><yhfÐo>::= 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Gia par�deigma, o arijmìc -192 par�getai me ton parak�tw trìpo:
<akèraioc> ⇒<prìshmo><akoloujÐa> ⇒-<akoloujÐa> ⇒-<yhfÐo><akoloujÐa> ⇒-1<akoloujÐa> ⇒-1<yhfÐo><akoloujÐa> ⇒-19<akoloujÐa> ⇒-19<yhfÐo> ⇒-192
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Par�deigma 6. 'Estw ìti sto prohgoÔmeno par�deigma jèloume
to prìshmo na eÐnai proairetikì
o arijmìc 0 na mhn dèqetai prìshmo
to pr¸to yhfÐo enìc arijmoÔ na mhn eÐnai to '0' ektìc an o arijmìceÐnai to 0
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
H sÔntaxh twn arijmwn perigr�fetai apì touc parak�tw kanìnec:
<akèraioc>::=0 | <jetikìc> | <prìshmo> <jetikìc><prìshmo>::= + | -<jetikìc>::= <yhfÐo-ìqi-0> | <yhfÐo-ìqi-0> <akoloujÐa><akoloujÐa>::= <yhfÐo> | <yhfÐo> <akoloujÐa><yhfÐo-ìqi-0>::= 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9<yhfÐo>::= <yhfÐo-ìqi-0> | 0
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Oi parap�nw kanìnec mporoÔn na aplousteujoÔn me qr sh thc ken csumboloseir�c e:
<akèraioc>::=0 | <prìshmo> <jetikìc><prìshmo>::= + | - | e<jetikìc>::= <yhfÐo-ìqi-0> <akoloujÐa><akoloujÐa>::= e | <yhfÐo> <akoloujÐa><yhfÐo-ìqi-0>::= 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9<yhfÐo>::= <yhfÐo-ìqi-0> | 0
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Gia par�deigma, me b�sh to deÔtero sÔnolo kanìnwn o arijmìc 68par�getai me ton parak�tw trìpo:
<akèraioc> ⇒<prìshmo><jetikìc> ⇒<jetikìc> ⇒<yhfÐo-ìqi-0><akoloujÐa> ⇒6<akoloujÐa> ⇒6<yhfÐo><akoloujÐa> ⇒6<yhfÐo-ìqi-0><akoloujÐa> ⇒68<akoloujÐa> ⇒68
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Merikèc parathr seic:
Up�rqoun perissìteroi apì ènac trìpoi (sÔnola apì kanìnec)gia na perigr�youme thn Ðdia gl¸ssa.
QrhsimopoioÔme onìmata metablht¸n pou sqetÐzontai me thfusik shmasÐa thc suntaktik c ontìthtac pou perigr�foume.P.q <akèraioc>, <prìshmo> antÐ gia<stoiqeÐo1>, <stoiqeÐo2> <Q>, <U>
'Ena sumbolikì ìnoma mporeÐ se diaforetik� sÔnola kanìnwn, naantistoiqeÐ se diaforetikèc suntaktikèc domèc.
H seir� twn kanìnwn den paÐzei rìlo. 'Omwc sun jwc protim�taimÐa apì tic parak�tw proseggÐseic
Ξεκινάμε περιγράφοντας τις πιο σύνθετες συντακτικές δομές και
προχωράμε προς τις πιο απλές (top-down)Ξεκινάμε περιγράφοντας τις πιο απλές συντακτικές δομές και
προχωράμε προς τις πιο σύνθετες (bottom-up)
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Merik� sunhjismèna l�jh
Oi anadromikoÐ kanìnec ja prèpei na perièqoun p�ntote mÐaperÐptwsh sthn opoÐa h anadrom stamat�ei. O parak�twkanìnac den par�gei potè èna suntaktikì antikeÐmeno pouapoteleÐtai mìno apì termatik� sÔmbola.
<apeiro>::= 0 <apeiro>
An k�poio mh termatikì sÔmbolo emfanÐzetai mìno sto dexi� tou::= tìte to sÔnolo kanìnwn eÐnai ellipèc.
An k�poio mh termatikì sÔmbolo, ektìc apì autì pou orÐzei thgl¸ssa, emfanÐzetai mìno arister� tou ::= tìte o antÐstoiqockanìnac mporeÐ na paralhfjeÐ.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
H par�jesh èqei megalÔterh proteraiìthta apì to |. Osumbolismìc BNF den perilamb�nei parenjèseic. Sto par�deigma5 gr�foume:
<akèraioc>::=<prìshmo> <akoloujÐa><prìshmo>::= + | -
Ja mporoÔsame enallaktik� na gr�youme:<akèraioc>::= + <akoloujÐa> | - <akoloujÐa>
Wstìso an gr�fame:<akèraioc>::= ( + | - ) <akoloujÐa>
tìte ta sÔmbola ( kai ) ja lamb�nontan wc sÔmbola toualfab tou thc suntaktik c dom c. Me b�sh ton teleutaÐo kanìna(+ kai -)34 eÐnai akèraioi!
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Par�deigma 7. Ja perigr�youme se BNF th sÔntaxh mÐac apl cgl¸ssac programmatismoÔ pou uposthrÐzei ènan tÔpo dedomènwn(akèraiouc) kai èqei dÔo eÐdh entol¸n.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Perigr�foume pr¸ta th sÔntaxh �tupa (se fusik gl¸ssa):
To prìgramma apoteleÐtai apì mÐa akoloujÐa entol¸n.
Prin apì k�je entol mporeÐ na up�rqei mÐa proairetik etikètapou diaqwrÐzetai apì thn entol me to qarakt ra :.
K�je entol telei¸nei me to qarakt ra ;.
Up�rqoun dÔo eÐdh entol¸n: entol an�jeshc kai entol �lmatocupì sunj kh.
H entol an�jeshc qrhsimopoieÐ ton telest an�jeshc :=.Arister� tou telest an�jeshc up�rqei mÐa metablht kai dexi�tou mÐa arijmhtik par�stash.
H entol �lmatoc upì sunj kh xekin�ei me th lexh IF, akoloujeÐmÐa arijmhtik par�stash, h lèxh GOTO kai mÐa etikèta.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Mia arijmhtik par�stash sunt�ssetai ìpwc sta majhmatik�,apì proshmasmènouc akeraÐouc, metablhtec, touc duadikoÔcarijmhtikoÔc telestèc +,-,*,/ kai parenjèseic.
Mia metablht xekin�ei me k�poio apì ta gr�mmataA,B,C,D,I,J,K,M,N,X,Y,Z kai akoloujeÐ mÐa proairetik akoloujÐayhfÐwn.
Enac proshmasmènoc akèraioc èqei th sÔntaxh pou perigr�fetaisto par�deigma 6.
Mia etikèta xekin�ei me to gr�mma L kai akoloujeÐ ènac jetikìcarijmìc.
H pr¸th entol tou progr�mmatoc eÐnai entol an�jeshc ìpoudexi� tou := up�rqei h lèxh input.
H teleutaÐa entol tou progr�mmatoc eÐnai entol an�jeshc ìpouarister� tou := up�rqei h lèxh output.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Par�deigma progr�mmatoc:
N := input;X := 1;IF N GOTO L1;IF 1 GOTO L2;L1: X := X * N;N := N-1;IF N GOTO L1;L2: output := X;
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 33 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
SÔntaxh thc gl¸ssac se BNF:
<prìgramma>::=<pr¸th entol > <s¸ma> <teleutaÐa entol > |<kefal > output := input ;
<s¸ma>::= e | <kefal > <entol > ; <s¸ma><kefal >::= e | <etikèta> :<entol >::= <entol an�jeshc> | <entol �lmatoc><entol an�jeshc>::= <metablht > := <par�stash><entol �lmatoc>::= IF <par�stash> GOTO <etikèta><pr¸th entol >::= <kefal > <metablht > := input ;<teleutaÐa entol >::= <kefal > output := <par�stash> ;
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 34 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
<par�stash>::= <akèraioc> | <metablht > |<par�stash> <telest c> <par�stash> |( <par�stash> )
<telest c>::= + | - | * | /<metablht >::= <gr�mma> <akoloujÐa yhfÐwn><gr�mma>::= A | B | C | D | I | J | K | M | N | X | Y | Z<etikèta>::= L <jetikìc><akèraioc>::=0 | <prìshmo> <jetikìc><prìshmo>::= + | - | e<jetikìc>::= <yhfÐo-ìqi-0> <akoloujÐa yhfÐwn><akoloujÐa yhfÐwn>::= e | <yhfÐo> <akoloujÐa yhfÐwn><yhfÐo-ìqi-0>::= 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9<yhfÐo>::= <yhfÐo-ìqi-0> | 0
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 35 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Oi gl¸ssec twn opoÐwn h sÔntaxh perigr�fetai se BNF onom�zontaigl¸ssec qwrÐc sumfrazìmena.
Oi gl¸ssec programmatismoÔ sun jwc den eÐnai gl¸ssec qwrÐcsumfrazìmena.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 36 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF
Gia par�deigma den mporoÔme na perigr�youme se BNF ìti
mÐa metablht prèpei na èqei dhlwjeÐ prin qrhsimopoihjeÐ
mÐa metablht den mporeÐ na dhlwjeÐ sto Ðdio mplok perissìterecapì mÐa forèc
se mÐa an�jesh oi tÔpoi prèpei na eÐnai sumbatoÐ
Wstìso o sumbolismìc BNF qrhsimoieÐtai gia thn perigraf twnsuntaktik¸n qarakthristik¸n thc gl¸ssac pou eÐnai anex�rthto apìsumfrazìmena.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 37 / 74
Perieqìmena
1 SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
2 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF (Backus-Naur Form)
3 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
4 Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
5 Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
6 ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 38 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
Ta suntaktik� diagr�mmata prosfèroun ènan enallaktikì, grafikìtrìpo apeikìnishc thc sÔntaxhc twn glwsswn qwrÐc sumfrazìmena.
Ta suntaktik� diagr�mmata orÐzontai epagwgik�.
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Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
To parak�tw suntaktikì di�gramma perigr�fei th suntaktik dom pou perilamb�nei mìno thn ken sumboloseir�.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 40 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
To parak�tw suntaktikì di�gramma perigr�fei th suntaktik dom pou perilamb�nei mìno thn akoloujÐa termatik¸n sumbìlwn α(qrhsimopoieÐtai kÔkloc èlleiyh).
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 41 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
To parak�tw suntaktikì di�gramma perigr�fei thn suntaktik dom pou perigr�fetai kai apì to suntaktikì diagramma me epikefalÐda Y(qrhsimopoieÐtai orjog¸nio).
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 42 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
To parak�tw suntaktikì di�gramma perigr�fei th suntaktik dom pou perilamb�nei ìlec tic sumboloseirèc pou prokÔptoun apì thnpar�jesh k sumboloseir¸n, oi opoÐec par�gontai antÐstoiqa apì tasuntaktik� diagr�mmata ∆1, . . . ,∆k .
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 43 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
To parak�tw suntaktikì di�gramma perigr�fei th suntaktik dom pou perilamb�nei ìlec tic sumboloseirèc, oi opoÐec par�gontai apìk�poio apì ta suntaktik� diagr�mmata ∆1, . . . ,∆k .
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 44 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
To parak�tw suntaktikì di�gramma perigr�fei th suntaktik dom pou perilamb�nei ìlec tic sumboloseirèc pou prokÔptoun apì thnpar�jesh enìc akèraiou pl jouc sumboloseir¸n, oi opoÐec ìlecpar�gontai apì to ∆1.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 45 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
To parak�tw suntaktikì di�gramma perigr�fei th suntaktik dom pou perilamb�nei ìlec tic sumboloseirèc pou prokÔptoun apì thnpar�jesh enìc perittoÔ pl jouc sumboloseir¸n, oi opoÐec enall�xpar�gontai apì to ∆1 kai ∆2.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 46 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
Par�deigma 8. To parak�tw suntaktikì di�gramma perigr�fei thsÔntaxh twn arijm¸n, ìpwc aut kajorÐzetai sto par�deigma 6.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 47 / 74
Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 48 / 74
Perieqìmena
1 SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
2 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF (Backus-Naur Form)
3 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
4 Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
5 Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
6 ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 49 / 74
Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
MporoÔme eÔkola na metatrèyoume thn perigraf me sumbolismì BNFse suntaktik� diagr�mmata. Gia k�je kanìna:
V ::= X1,1. . . X1,k1 | . . . | Xn,1. . . Xn,kn
sqedi�zoume èna antÐstoiqo suntaktikì di�gramma:
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 50 / 74
Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
To ∆i ,j eÐnai èna stoiqei¸dec suntaktikì di�gramma apoteloÔmenoapì to Xi ,j mèsa se kÔklo se orjog¸nio (an�loga me to an to Xi ,j
eÐnai termatikì mh termatikì sÔmbolo)
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 51 / 74
Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
Par�deigma
Par�deigma 9. Ta parak�tw suntaktik� diagr�mmata antistoiqoÔnstouc kanìnec BNF tou paradeÐgmatoc 6.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 52 / 74
Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 53 / 74
Perieqìmena
1 SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
2 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF (Backus-Naur Form)
3 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
4 Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
5 Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
6 ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 54 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
Sth sunèqeia deÐqnoume p¸c mporoÔme na metatrèyoume ènasuntaktikì di�gramma se isodÔnamouc kanìnec BNF.
Exet�zoume di�forec peript¸seic an�loga me th dom tou suntaktikoÔdiagr�mmatoc.
Se k�je perÐptwsh sumbolÐzoume me Yi th suntaktik dom pouperigr�fetai apì to suntaktikì di�gramma ∆i .
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 55 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
An h suntaktik dom X perigr�fetai apì èna suntaktikì di�grammathc morf c:
tìte h isodÔnamh perigraf se BNF apoteleÐtai apì ton kanìna:
<X>::= e
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 56 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
An h suntaktik dom X perigr�fetai apì èna suntaktikì di�grammathc morf c:
tìte h isodÔnamh perigraf se BNF apoteleÐtai apì ton kanìna:
<X>::= a
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 57 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
An h suntaktik dom X perigr�fetai apì èna suntaktikì di�grammathc morf c:
tìte h isodÔnamh perigraf se BNF apoteleÐtai apì ton kanìna:
<X>::= <Y>
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 58 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
An h suntaktik dom X perigr�fetai apì èna suntaktikì di�grammathc morf c:
tìte h isodÔnamh perigraf se BNF apoteleÐtai apì
ton kanìna
<X>::= <Y1 > <Y2 > . . .<Yk >
touc isodÔnamouc kanìnec gia ta suntaktik� diagr�mmata ∆1,∆2,. . .∆k , oi opoÐoi prokÔptoun anadromik�.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 59 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
An h suntaktik dom X perigr�fetai apì èna suntaktikì di�grammathc morf c:
tìte h isodÔnamh perigraf se BNF apoteleÐtai apì
ton kanìna
<X>::= <Y1 > | <Y2 > | . . . | <Yk >
touc isodÔnamouc kanìnec gia ta suntaktik� diagr�mmata ∆1,∆2,. . .∆k , oi opoÐoi prokÔptoun anadromik�.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 60 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
An h suntaktik dom X perigr�fetai apì èna suntaktikì di�grammathc morf c:
tìte h isodÔnamh perigraf se BNF apoteleÐtai apì
ton kanìna
<X>::= <Y1 > | <Y1 > <X>
touc isodÔnamouc kanìnec gia to suntaktikì di�gramma ∆1, oiopoÐoi prokÔptoun anadromik�.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 61 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
An h suntaktik dom X perigr�fetai apì èna suntaktikì di�grammathc morf c:
tìte h isodÔnamh perigraf se BNF apoteleÐtai apì
ton kanìna
<X>::= <Y1 > | <Y1 > <Y2 > <X>
touc isodÔnamouc kanìnec gia ta suntaktik� diagr�mmata ∆1 kai∆2, oi opoÐoi prokÔptoun anadromik�.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 62 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
Par�deigma
Par�deigma 10. H parak�tw perigraf arijm¸n se BNF prokÔpteiapì to suntaktikì di�gramma tou paradeÐgmatoc 8:
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 63 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
<arijmìc>::= <A1 > | <A2 ><A1 >::=0<A2 >::= <B1 > <B2 > <B3 ><B1 >::= <C1 > | <C2 > | <C3 ><C1 >::=+<C2 >::=e<C3 >::=-<B2 >::=<yhfÐo><B3 >::=<D1 > | <D1 > <B3 >
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 64 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
<D1 >::= <E1 > | <E2 > | <E3 ><E1 >::=0<E2 >::=e<E3 >::=<yhfÐo><yhfÐo>::= <F1 > | <F2 > | . . . | <F9 ><F1 >::=1<F2 >::=2. . .<F9 >::=9
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 65 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
MÐa profan c beltÐwsh ¸ste na meiwjeÐ to pl joc twn kanìnwn eÐnaih apaloif twn kanìnwn pou prokÔptoun apì apl� suntaktik�diagr�mmata.
Autì mporeÐ na gÐnei me ap' eujeÐac antikat�stash twn mh termatik¸nsumbìlwn pou antistoiqoÔn se aut� ta diagr�mmata sta s¸mata twnkanìnwn ìpou emfanÐzontai.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 66 / 74
Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
<arijmìc>::= 0 | <A2 ><A2 >::= <B1 > <yhfÐo> <B3 ><B1 >::= + | e | -<B3 >::=<D1 > | <D1 > <B3 ><D1 >::= 0 | e | <yhfÐo><yhfÐo>::= 1 | 2 | . . . | 9
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 67 / 74
Perieqìmena
1 SÔmbola, Alf�bhta kai Suntaktikèc Domèc
2 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me BNF (Backus-Naur Form)
3 Perigraf sÔntaxhc me suntaktik� diagr�mmata
4 Metatrop BNF se suntaktik� diagr�mmata
5 Metatrop suntaktik¸n diagramm�twn se BNF
6 ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 68 / 74
ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
O kajorismìc thc shmasiologÐac miac gl¸ssac programmatismoÔeÐnai polÔ pio dÔskoloc apì ton kajorismì thc sÔntaxhc.
Gia autì to lìgo se pollèc peript¸seic, qrhsimopoieÐtai h fusik gl¸ssa gia th perigraf thc shmasiologÐac.
Wstìso èqoun protajeÐ di�foroi enallaktikoÐ tupikoÐ trìpoiperigraf c thc shmasiologÐac glwss¸n programmatismoÔ, oi opoÐoisunoyÐzontai parak�tw.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 69 / 74
ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
Leitourgik ermhneutik shmasiologÐa (operational interpretive semantics):
H shmasÐa enìc progr�mmatoc dÐnetai perigr�fontac thnektèlesh tou se mÐa ideat mhqan .
Oi entolèc thc gl¸ssac programmatismoÔ ermhneÔontai wc mÐaseir� entol¸n thc ideat c mhqan c.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 70 / 74
ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
Endeiktik shmasiologÐa (denotational semantics):
EÐnai h pio afhrhmènh mèjodoc perigraf c.
OrÐzei èna sÔnolo apì majhmatik� antikeÐmena gia k�jesuntaktik dom thc gl¸ssac, kaj¸c kai mÐa sun�rthsh pouapeikonÐzei ta stoiqeÐa thc suntaktik c dom c se majhmatik�antikeÐmena.
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ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
Axiwmatik shmasiologÐa (axiomatic semantics):
SthrÐzetai sth majhmatik logik kai anaptÔqjhke arqik� meskopì thn tupik epal jeush programm�twn.
AntistoiqeÐ se k�je entol tou progr�mmatoc èna axÐwma ènankanìna exagwg c sumper�smatoc, o opoÐoc kajorÐzei tic sunj kecpou isqÔoun met� thn ektèlesh thc entol c, me b�sh tic sunj kecpou isqÔoun prin thn ektèlesh thc entol c
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ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
ShmasiologÐa el�qistou montèlou (minimum model semantics):
QrhsimopoieÐtai stic gl¸ssec logikoÔ programmatismoÔ.
H shmasÐa tou progr�mmatoc perigr�fetai me to sÔnolo twnatomik¸n prot�sewn pou jewroÔntai alhjeÐc me b�sh toprìgramma.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 73 / 74
ShmasiologÐa Glwss¸n ProgrammatismoÔ
ShmasiologÐa stajeroÔ shmeÐou (fixpoint semantics):
QrhsimopoieÐtai stic gl¸ssec logikoÔ programmatismoÔ.
Se k�je prìgramma antistoiqeÐ ènac telest c TP o opoÐocapeikonÐzei sÔnola atomik¸n prot�sewn se sÔnola atomik¸nprot�sewn. H shmasÐa tou progr�mmatoc orÐzetai wc toel�qisto sÔnolo twn prot�sewn M gia to opoÐo TP(M) = M.
Qr stoc Nomikìc ( Tm ma Mhqanik¸n H/U kai Plhroforik c Panepist mio IwannÐnwn )Arqèc Glwss¸n Programmatismou 2015 74 / 74