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HUMAN FACTORS SOLDIER HEALTH MANPOWER PERSONNEL TRAINING ENGINEERING SAFETY HAZARDS SOLDIER SURVIVABILITY Army MANPRINT Perspective Dr. Bev Knapp Deputy Director, G-1 MANPRINT Office September 11, 2012 NDIA HS Workshop [email protected]

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HUMAN FACTORS SOLDIER HEALTH MANPOWER PERSONNEL TRAINING ENGINEERING SAFETY HAZARDS SOLDIER SURVIVABILITY

Army MANPRINT Perspective

Dr. Bev Knapp Deputy Director, G-1 MANPRINT Office

September 11, 2012 NDIA HS Workshop

[email protected]

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• MANPRINT One Slide • How MANPRINT Runs • Initiatives

• Moving MANPRINT Left & Human View

• Acquisition Reform & MANPRINT • Technology Readiness Levels • Integration & Tradeoffs

• Frameworks for HS S&T and HSI

TOPICS

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MANPRINT Mission

MANPRINT accomplishes its mission by • Developing MANPRINT policy • Assessing materiel development programs for MANPRINT compliance • Integrating the MANPRINT domains of manpower, personnel capability, human

factors engineering, training, Soldier safety, health hazards prevention, and Soldier survivability to manage the impact of these domains on system design

• Overseeing assistance to materiel development programs by MANPRINT practitioners

• Serving as the proponent for Soldier-oriented research, development, analysis, and studies

• Advocating MANPRINT education

Optimize total system performance, reduce life cycle costs, and minimize risk of soldier loss or injury by ensuring a systematic

consideration of the impact of materiel design on Soldiers throughout the system development process.

MANPRINT is the Army’s implementation of Human Systems Integration (HSI)

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How MP Runs

ARL HRED HFID

Redstone Arsenal, AL (9)

Picatinny, NJ (4)

Fort Bliss, TX (4)

Natick, MA (1)

Fort Benning, GA (8)

Fort Rucker, AL (3) Army Safety Center (3)

Warren, MI (3)

Fort Leonard wood, MO (6)

Fort Bragg, NC (2)

Fort Knox, KY (3)

Fort Hood, TX (5)

Fort Gordon, GA (1)

Fort Huachuca, AZ (3)

Fort Leavenworth, KS (1)

Fort Sill, OK (2)

Orlando, FL (3)

APG-EA, MD ARL HRED HQ (118) ARL SLAD HQ (10)

APHC (8)

Fort Belvoir, VA (1)

Alexandria, VA (2)

Information Systems Branch

Weapons Branch

Maneuver & Mobility Br

MANPRINT Manpower, Personnel Training Analysis Br

ARL HRED SPD Cognitive Sciences Branch Fort Sam Houston, TX (5)

The MANPRINT Workforce

ARL-HRED=ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY HUMAN RESEARCH & ENGINEERING DIRECTORATECARL-SLAD=SURVIVABILITY/LETHALIITY DIRECTORATE ARL HRED-SPD=SOLDIER PERFORMANCE DIVISIONCARL HRED-HFID=HUMAN FACTORS INTEGRATION DIVISION APHC= ARMY PUBLIC HEALTH COMMANDCAPG=ABERDEEN PROVING GROUNDCEA-EDGEWOOD ARSENALCSTTC=SIMULATION TRAINING TECHNOLOGY CENTER

G-1

Pentagon G-1 MANPRINT (5)

MANPRINT Methods & Analysis Branch

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META: MANPRINT Enterprise Tracker/Analyzer

59 44

468

237

3

Army Systems in Acquistion

Sep 5, 2012

ACAT I

ACAT II

ACAT III

No ACAT

Pre-MSB

Deliberate Acquisition/Programs of Record w Rapid Equipment Fielding w Quick Reaction Capability/Technology Push

How MP Runs

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MANPRINT Support to Programs of Record

XM1116 KIOWA WARRIOR COCKPIT AND SENSOR UPGRADE PROGRAM

JOINT AIR-TO-GROUND MISSILE

NETT WARRIOR

RIFLEMAN RADIO

JOINT SERVICE AIRCREW MASK MPU-5(V)/P

Class-1 Unmanned Aerial System

Vehicle Mounted Mine Detection System

M26 Modular Accessory

Shotgun System

Network Integration Kit

T-UGS

U-UGS

SUGV

Program of Record. The term is used to describe a program that is funded (approved) across the FYDP, through the POM. When this happens, the program becomes a "line item record" in the budget -- hence the term "program of record". This is usually synonymous with Milestone B approval, where a program is given "official" status as a development program.

How MP Runs

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Nett Warrior Program Profile Page

How MP Runs

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Nett Warrior Program – Tasks Tab

How MP Runs

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• Demand Signal:

• Respond to Test & Evaluation Agency Request for Support

• Identify the MANPRINT specific capabilities and limitations of systems fielded under the REF prior to full test and evaluation

• Challenges:

• Communicating the capabilities and limitations of the systems

• Time available to test and assess

• Urgent requirement for these systems

How MP Runs MANPRINT Support to

Rapid Equipment Fielding (REF) Systems

Biometrics Automated Toolset-Army v4

Long Endurance Multi-INT Vehicle (LEMV)

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Moving MANPRINT Left (MML)

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Moving MANPRINT Left

Pre MS A

Pre MS B

(Earlier than before)

Virtual MML

What impact would MML have had?

w

u

v

“MML was established as a deliberate effort to determine whether MANPRINT engagement earlier in a system lifecycle could make a significant difference in total system outcomes by identifying and mitigating persistent MANPRINT/human performance persistent issues.”

DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF) & the “Human View”

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Assess MANPRINT issues in Design

Identify

MANPRINT Issues

Analyze Issues/

Determine Risk

Develop Risk Mitigation

Strategy

Select risk change options: Manpower levels,

Personnel capability, Interface design, training

fix, etc.

MANPRINT Issue

Processing Cycle

CBA Joint Concepts Strategic

Guidance

ICD Technology Development

CDD

Engineering and Manufacturing Development and Demonstration

CPD Production and Deployment O&S

MDD

Materiel Solution Analysis

. . . To Full Rate Production Decision Review

From JCIDS . . .

MS C MS B MS A

Assess MANPRINT

Issues in T&E

MANPRINT Input to T&E

plan

Identify MISSION-

FUNCTION-TASK Constraints

MANPRINT Functions in the Capability Development & System Acquisition Life Cycle

• Determine MANPRINT constraints that may impact concept feasibility, total system performance & affordability (ICD Key Boundary Conditions of AoA) • Set MANPRINT priorities to identify acceptable risks associated with automating critical tasks within functional analysis & allocation decisions • Identify MANPRINT constraints related to Army readiness factors (i.e. ARFORGEN, training) that may adversely affect potential KPPs, KSAs, & MOEs

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ICD=INITIAL CAPBILITIES DOCUMENT AOA=ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

ARFORGEN=ARMY FORCE GENERATION MODEL KPP=KEY PERFORMANCE

PARAMETER KSA KEY SYSTEM ATTRIBUTE MOE MEASURE OF EFFECTIVENESS

MML

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Program Impact • Include Human-System capabilities &

limitations in functional and task allocation

• Align software & display design with

situational awareness needs

• Develop plans to balance workload

requirements among system operators

• Develop automation schemas to reduce

workload and training demands

• Provide MANPRINT inputs in the

development of embedded training devices

Fire Control and Communications (FCC)

MANPRINT Left Assessment

MANPRINT Assessment (MA)

IOC

Technology Development

Engineering and Manufacturing Development

Operations & Support

FOC

Post- CDR A

B A C Program Initiation

Post PDR A

MA

Pre-Systems Acquisition Systems Acquisition Sustainment

User Needs

Program Impact • Limited opportunity to improve

training materials

• Demands to manpower and training

are identified, but difficult to mitigate

• Need for additional / special expertise

for system operation and support is

identified

Cu

rren

t

Materiel Development Decision

Production & Deployment

FRP Decision Review

Materiel Solution Analysis

Technology Opportunities & Resources

MANPRINT Assessment • Increased Soldier workload

• Decreased SA

• Increased decision making time

• Increased training demand

• Increased program cost to

automate critical tasks

ICD MANPRINT Assistance MANPRINT Assistance

Conduct Cognitive

Task Analysis using

CONOPS to identify

user roles and

critical info

requirements

DHV

In P

rogr

ess

MA MA MA

IOC

Technology Development

Engineering and Manufacturing Development

Production & Deployment

Operations & Support

FRP Decision Review

FOC

Post- CDR A

Materiel Solution Analysis

Materiel Development Decision

B A C Program Initiation

Post PDR A

Pre-Systems Acquisition Systems Acquisition Sustainment

User Needs

Technology Opportunities & Resources

MANPRINT Dynamic Human View (DHV)

ICD

DHV

Identify task type &

criticality to optimize

human automation

interaction

DHV

Define MANPRINT

metrics for

managing risks to

achieving KPPs &

KSAs

Baseline MANPRINT Assessment • Map display & engagement control

functions are critical to mission success

• Alerts are needed based on user-

preference

• MANPRINT priorities identified for

tracking design improvements and for use in

T&E: (Ex: Amt (or %) of critical information

visible for quick response)

MANPRINT Assistance MANPRINT Assistance

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Acquisition Reform and Revised Regulations

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MANPRINT/HSI TRL Ratings Initiative

• The technology is ready for the system, but is it ‘usable’? • Will the technology have an adverse impact on the ‘user’ • Apply HSI to TRL process during modeling & simulation analyses

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Domain Assessment is a Tradeoff Process We need an actual tool or portal for this.

Color Rating

Domain

Manpower Personnel Training HFE Soldier

Survivability

System

Safety

Health

Hazards

Green Acceptable

Amber Marginal

Red Unacceptable

Slider shows the

number of

manpower required.

As the slider is

moved up, the

number of

manpower required

decreases. As the

slider is moved

down, the number of

manpower required

increases.

Slider shows how

personnel

characteristics

(aptitudes/strengths)

impact system

performance. As the

slider is moved up,

personnel are

becoming more

similar and less

complex. As the

slider is moved

down, personnel

complexity and

uniqueness

increases.

Slider shows the

amount and level

of training

(hours) required.

As the slider is

moved up, the

level of training

decreases. As

the slider is

moved down, the

level of training

increases.

Slider shows the

relative

workload,

suitability, and

acceptability

when operating

the system. As

the slider is

moved up, the

load of the

system

decreases. As

the slider is

moved down, the

load of the

system

increases.

Slider shows

risk of injury

to the system

(and human).

As the slider

up, the level

of safety

increases

(less risk). As

the slider is

moved down,

the level of

safety

decreases

(more risk).

Slider shows

the risk of

health

problems

now or in the

future. As the

slider is

moved up,

the level of

health risk

decreases .

As the slider

is moved

down, the

level of health

risk increases

Slider shows the

chances of soldier

survival. As the

slider is moved up,

the degree of

survivability risk

decreases (less of a

chance). As the

slider is moved

down, the degree of

survivability risk

increases (more of a

chance).

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REFERENCE

Fit the Equipment to the Soldier

Not the Soldier to the Equipment

Machinae sit facta hominem Non homo propter machine

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Soldier-Centered Design and Assessment*

•Personas, scripted scenarios,

& storyboards (use cases)

Understand

Visualize

•Literature reviews

•Previous MANPRINT assessments

•Product reviews/competitive analysis

•Reverse engineering

•Task analyses (cognitive,

heuristic, etc.)

•Opportunity-driven human

factors research

•Models/mock-ups (hardware & software)

•Job aids

•JACK: human figure modeling

•IMPRINT: modeling & simulation

•Participatory design

techniques

•Integrated product

team working groups

Evaluate •Expert reviews/discount usability techniques

•Usability testing / Experimentation / Eye-tracking studies •Unit training events

•Comparative usability studies

•Large-scale interoperability experiments (NIE, Empire Challenge)

•Formal test events (ATEC)

* Savage-Knepshield, P.A., (2009). Applying a warfighter-centric system design process to a department of defense acquisition program. Journal of Cognitive Engineering & Decision Making, 3(1), 47-66.

•SME interviews

•Focus groups

Goal: Solve real-world problems for a specific group of end users & fill HF and HSI knowledge gaps

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• Set realistic system requirements

• Identify future manpower & personnel constraints

• Evaluate operator & crew workload

• Test alternate system-crew function allocations

• Assess required maintenance man-hours

• Assess performance during extreme conditions

• Examine performance as a function of personnel characteristics and training frequency & recency

• Identify areas to focus test and evaluation resources

• Quantify human system integration risks in mission performance terms to support milestone review

• Represent humans in federated simulations

MANPRINT analysis involves trade-offs

Common MANPRINT Analysis Tasks

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Moving MANPRINT Left (MML):

Nett Warrior (NW)

Identify Mission-Function-Task

Constraints

IOC

Technology Development

Engineering and Manufacturing Development

Production & Deployment

Operations & Support

FRP Decision Review

FOC

Post- CDR A

Materiel Solution Analysis

Materiel Development Decision

B A C Program Initiation

Post PDR A

P r e - S y s t e m s A c q u i s i t i o n S y s t e m s A c q u i s i t i o n S u s t a i n m e n t

User Needs

Technology Opportunities & Resources

MA

ICD

Set MANPRINT Priorities to identify acceptable risks

associated with task execution

Define MANPRINT metrics for assessing &

managing risks to achieving KPPs & KSAs

Program Impact

• Predicted Soldier load to be at least 3.5 Ibs over

limit. (REF: EPLRS vs JTRS HMS-B, 23 Mar 2010)

• MANPRINT priorities identified for tracking design

improvements and for use in T&E. (REF: voice quality,

quantify burden of system down-time and its impact to

operator SA)

• MANPRINT requirements inserted in contract for

source selection

• Input to SWaP load distribution strategies

MANPRINT Assistance MANPRINT Assessment

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MANPRINT Assessment (MA)

Capabilities

Based

Assessment

Research &

Development

MANPRINT Working IPT: Issue Identification - Tracking

& Risk Reduction

SWAP=Size Weight and Power

MA

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• Analyze how the system will fit into the mission framework for its different target end-users (trainers, operators, maintainers); HSI focused effort for all systems used by target end-users during the course of their missions

• Collaboratively develop use case scenarios to drive system design (System Engineers will find these useful for Agile development and T&E for creating test plans)

• Identify mission critical functions (require extra design attention for accessibility)

• Conduct predictive modeling (manpower and cognitive workload)

• Perform early human figure modeling

• Prepare Training Impact Assessments

• Conduct usability testing with early simulations & prototypes

• Identify user interface and design issue gaps requiring further research

• Iterative DOTmLPF-oriented assessment as the system matures

• Develop user interface and human performance requirements

HSI Early in the Process

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HSI Early in the Process

• Research, understand, and translate human performance and HSI research for early system concept design − New requirements and capability needs call for novel technologies,

combinations of systems, and doctrinal changes for which HSI issues are not straightforward

− Novel technologies will fundamentally change the nature of work to be performed which has implications for doctrine & materiel design

− Determine how new technologies, systems and doctrine can be specified to meet Army needs

− Identify best practices for the design of specific user interface and system functionality

− Identify human performance and HSI requirements

− Assist TRADOC with capabilities-based assessment (DOTmLPF perspective)

− Identify lessons learned from predecessor and similar systems through literature reviews (e.g., accident databases, MANPRINT Assessments, Center for Army Lessons Learned)

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Improving Army Aviation Systems

Improved maintainability Enhanced accessibility to aircraft components Crew’s Air Warrior Life Support equipment

now accommodated Enabled the development of anthropometric

requirements for the next generation of Army Aviation aircraft

Eye-Tracking Studies

Baseline

Proposed

Decluttered

Human Figure Modeling

Redesigned helicopter hover information cues for the safe control of the aircraft when pilots cannot see external references

Validated tool & methodology

Enabled future work on designing cautions, warnings and advisories

Enabled future work to improve aviation symbology for aircraft control

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How can knowledge about human component characteristics enhance the Army's ability to provide mission effective, adaptable, trained and resilient ready forces to meet our Nation's needs? Dimension. (n.) Scope or measureable portion of space that extends in a certain direction. a. the least number of independent coordinates required to uniquely specify the points in a space. b. the range of such a coordinate.

• What are all of the point and integrated human-centered efforts currently underway - in a simple taxonomy with supporting data links? • Short title, Agency, POC • Dimensions – target, scope, priority, links • Status & Timeline

• Can all stakeholders access and view a Common

Operational Picture (COP) of these efforts showing their dimensionality and relationships?

• How do they address the primary human component question?

• Does the HC COP and supporting data facilitate assessment of trends and prediction of success/challenges over time?

Data Warehousing And

Information Architecture

Data Integration And

Management

Analytical

Layer

Presentation

Layer

HC COP

The HC stack

Measuring Human Component Soldier S&T Portfolio

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DOTmLPF Analysis

Non-Materiel Approach

Materiel Solution