AO-A097 596 ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION VICIISRURG--ETC F/G 6/6AQUATIC HABITAT STUDIES ON THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER. RIVER M--ETC(U:MAR a8I A C MILLER

UNCLASSIFIED WES/MP/E 80 _ 1 1L

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_______ t Ii . I .,.s I II

,ECUR IT'f CL ASSIFt('A" h jE T, I, A'I...., ,~

REPORT DOCUMENT'ATION PAGE RAD INsTrRucTIONS___________________________ !1.R CO)MP.LETING, FORM

REPOITT NJMIr1I .( s' A LEN 'ION N.0.1 "I l'lNT. CA.IOG NIJMULR

sk e alln us kip _" I_--i7

-~1 T-' 11 REP FI1FORT 6 PERIOD COVERED

\I:i iI li IA ~I 1)D1(5 IN 'I'll , IWFR R , III) It I of a series~tSL~>I'Il~\'L. ~~t~<MILE 48V TO 4

Ee Ir INTk0[Iti;i1 I F 1PPORMING ORG. REPORT NuMBER

7 AU THOR(&) r ~ -G GRANT N.6BEB*.'

9 PEREOMNG ORANIZATIO&N NAME AND ADUREFS £I. ROGR~ELFiAREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

S . A! nv Etr I I t, r W, It e rw.I s Fx 1I I fllt'I t I ;it i ()nthy frollwIIll.[I II ,io i~ol E-WQ0S Work Unlijt 's IlbP'. (). H.,x t I %' cikstl , '11 s s. 39 180

It. CONTROLLING I)FFICE NASME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

I hit, (hil (It Lrig!liwers, U. S. ArmyI / / / >1:i"8 1

1).tii, Ci, 1 -0 A.3 14 3 NUMBER OF PAGES

14 MONITORP I llN> AMI A AUCIS 0 <~'i~l~CAt~I, O IN, IS. SFCU iTY CLASS (Al thI. reporr)

Uml I assi I I cd

_15~ DECLASSIFICATIO DOWNGRADING

I SCHEDULE

76. DIST RIBUT, 7 A ON . ~

App~roved i or puh31i ( tird.5 I tr hl i 11 15I I ('

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT i( ii,, bS~f-'r an-rd in, Black 2.It ifferent fr-, Reprit)

IS. SUPPLEMENTAl'S NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (C f- l ,d f - -, -id 1d-niIt by bt,'-k c-itbet)

Aquatic bht A1,015-CF Ii ssiss ippii River

Aquaoti if,- Roator ioial it,

F - ,.,d If ,...-l' t1Ijhnhil hy 151- k n,,tn48 to ri0Ili I 1. ,Vc -,I: (lit .'~ 5 % is ip Rivei ri velt iII 4!) ti 0

(Iyi ( , t I ( Ii I 11ll A 1 - I L,, I ), ti ),r 1 1) 7 ,. Itie , y ti t t I. IVIs of t11ijs - I I(I sitrveywe re to 0 t t t. .ii. I ! , he'il 11 n wil Wit (I- liju I K I 1 tLe -ti' ii iti

by t le 11 ll1 cIfllit I i it iii gim I I l II.,! I0 stII i t 11 . Sii01 Is dikis ind1 hainkrevetn lnt,;. I]i I LI 1 (11 ht! i till (i11 gIlt. I I v , indl p~iliit'I ures I rilfl t tie 1)i I t

CoKll t i nuedu

D 'FIRI14731 I~~Oo RIOYd 55 IS, ORSO I TF

L (l URITY 'I A~~~%;---, _TN OF 'IllS PAGE'W.,PI Fl.d

RI A /I,~ 0/4f.-O

UIc I ass if ei

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(W?,W D.t. Ent.rod)

20. AISTRAtr (Cont inued)

River. Rat looll Ir sele ti o 0f sampl s ites, Ilescript (i i ol the study area

and the 12 habitat types invest igated, literature review, and general inforilia-

lion o l i, 1,1 igtiollil struI tores art, presented in this introductory report. A

ColIp I t I, d iiclss 1 I ol of t i tI sihery , fIlilhos , water quali ty i nlvest I g tIo s, aI(dother res i ts o)t these studieus as they relate tu the lowe r MissIssip pi Rive r

a re t winli i I ReporI-ts 2 tirough 8 of t h i s SeI eS. The to] nowi ig is a (niplet elist of all the reports in this series: 7

Report I I nt roduct i oIl

Report 2: Aquatic Habitat MappingReport .: Benthic Macro invert ebrate Stud i es--Pi I ot ReportRep')rt 4: Diel Periodicity of Benthic MIacroinvertebrate Drift

Report 5: Fish Stud iPs--PI lot ReportReport 6: Larval Fish Stu,,i es--Pi lot Report

Rtport 7: Management of' Ecological Data in large River Ecosystems

Report 8: Summary

Un( lass if i 'd

SECURITY CLASSIr'IC A ION OF1 TH'IS PAGErI4'hn 01.to Fwarnod'

AI.

PREFACE

The work described in this report is part of tt Euvironmeutal and

Water Quality Operational Studies (Project VIIB of EW( OS) conducted by

the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) for the

Office, Chief of Engineers. This is Report I of a series of eight

which discuss the results of a pilot study on the Lower Mississippi

River, river mile 480 to 530, from April to October 1978.

This report contains introductory material that pertains to all of

the reports. Included herein are rationale for selection of sample

sites, descriptions of the study area, a general literature review, and

information on navigational structures in major waterways.

This report was written by Dr. Andrew C. Miller, Environmental

Laboratory (EL), WES. It was based in part on information supplied by

personnel of the Waterway Habitat and Monitoring Group (WttMG), EL, in-

cluding Mr. David Mathis, Dr. Harold Schramm, and Mr. Stephen Cobb. The

study was under the supervision of Mr. Cobh and Dr. Walter G. Gallaher,

Chief, WHMG, at the onset of the study. Dr. Thomas Wright, present

Chief of the WHMG, supervised the later phases of the work. General

supervision was provided by Mr. Bob 0. Benn, Chief, Environmental

Systems Division, EL, Dr. John Harrison, Chief, EL, and l)r. Jerome

Mahloch, Program Manager, EWQOS.

Commanders ard Directors of WES (hiring the period of this study

were COL John L. Cannon, CE, and COL Nelson P. Conover, CE. Techn i caI

Director was Mr. Fred R. Brown.

ficcession ForNTIS G 1SI

I DT!C T'BU L: rnI.l:t, o un., -o ,

Jlay__i___ o_ -

*,Dist ribut ci/Availablity Codeos

Avdil and/or

Dizt SpecialI-- T

CONI EN'rS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

CONVERSION IACIORS, U. S. CUSTOMARY TO METR I C (S I) UN ITS OF'rIEASURE MENI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PART 1: BACKGROIUND . ................. . 4

PART II: OBJFC'r I VES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

PART I I I : SELECTION OF S I'lES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

PART I V: )ESCRIPTION OF TIF STUI)Y AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

PART V: HABITAT TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Main Channe I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Permanent Secondary Channel ..... ................ 17Temporary Secondary Channel ..... ................ 17Natural Sandbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17Natural Banks ............ ....................... 20

ReveLLed Banks .... .... .. ................. 20Dike Fields ......... ........................ 21Abandoned River Chianrie I (Type 1) ....... ............. 24

Abandoned River Chann'I (Type 11) ... ............. . 24Oxbow Lake ............ ........................ 2!)Borrow Pit ......... ........................ 25Inindated Floodplain .......... ................... 2)

PART VI: RE.ATEDI STUI)ES ...... ... ................... 20

PART VI I: USE OF I)IKES AND REVETM'iENTS IN LARGE RIVER SYSTEMS .. 28

REFERENCES .. . .. .. . . . . . . .

2

CONVERS ION FACTORS , 1). S . CUISTOM)ARY'TO METR I C (SI)UN ITS OF MI:ASUIWNEN'I

Li S. cujs t oia ry Li o S0f ilea Su remen t iis ed ini t h is re pirtL c a i be con -

vtr t e, t o IliL I-r c (SI I L11ti tS a S follows :

Nil Iti 1) y By To Obta in

Wc re(s 4046.856 square metres

cubic feet per second 0.02832 cub ic metres persec o id

cuibic yards 0.7645549 cubic metres

Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Cel si us degrees orXe lvins*

feet 0. 3048 met res

i tc ti." 2.54 ce-ntimlet res

(Ili les (1]. S. statute) I .b09344 ki lometres

tonis (2000 Ib, mass) 907.1847 kilograms

ya rdls o.9144 met res

Tfo obt.illi Ce Isinls IC) temileratulre re~oillgs frcom Fah~renhiit (F) read-loigs, tise tile following formula: C =(5/9)(F - 32). TO obtainl Kel-vin (K) r(',idiligs , Iuse: K =(5/9)(F -32) + 273. 15.

__g

AQt'A'I 1C FHAB ITAT STUDl)IES OIN THEi* LOWER Ml IS551 PP I .HIVR

R I VEH- M1 ILE 480 TO) 5 3(

I N'rRODIJCT I ON

PARTF I :BACKGROUIND

I . The [J. S. Army Eng inee r Waterways Experiment StatLion (WES ) is

CoiM iu lg a na t ionw ide p rogram o f applIi ed resea rch to solIve selIected

enironmentalI qua)I i ty problIems assoc ia ted w it h C iv i I Wo rks act i vi t ies o f

te Corp~s Of Eniginleers (CE) . The s tudy i s be i nig spons ored by the Of f i ce,

Chief of Engineers, and] is entitled Environmental and Water Quality

)perit ional Studies (EWQOS).

2 . During the early planning phase of LWQOS, visits by WES per-

5010wie were made to each Corps Div is i on office in the United States to

ident i fy and assess the inag it ude of env irontmentLal qualIit y p roblIems as -

S Liajted with CE water resource projects. A total of 420 problem sttie-

iie~it! di rectly appi icah~le to EWQOS were ideiiti fied (Keelev et al . 1978).

Art'A:, ot interest to the fiel o ft-i ces concernied reservoirs and large

r ive~rs and involved data col lect ion and interpretation, assessment of

*-xisLi ug -hentical and biological conditions, and determination of proj -

,L impalcts. (tue study area of high priori Ly involved the many act ivi -

t ies oc curring oil major, navigable waterways of the Uni ted States.

Spre- if ical Iv, the nan-made st ructures that ass ist ini navi gat ion, such as

U ikt s, revet-ments , and locks, were isolated as problem areas where l ittlet

ittortlat ion on tivi rounmental impacts exists.

'3. The waterway field studies, a port ion of the EWQOS studies,

werei des igrrnd to evalu ate the impacts of' navi gaLtional1 st ructaires ou I i sh

I'Piihic (bottomi) invertebrates, and water quality in large rivers. Pro-

ductivity, the effects of high water, and the relationship between slack-

i--iter habi tats (oxbow lakes ind bendway cutoffs) and the nut ri ert budget

of the riverine ecosystem were also investigated. These waterway field

stuidies were conducted onl the Mississippi River in Mississippi, the

Tiubigbee River ini Alabama and Mississippi, and the Verdigris River in

4

Ok I lahoma. Data co I I ected provided spec i f i c in tfo rmia t ion of] the inter-

act ion between aquat ic organi sms and t lie man-made na vj gat iona I struc-

tires. All information was not expected to be directly appi I cable I

nationwide, but general principles identified were expected to assist in

impact assessment for large river systems. Additional reports on the

Verdigris and Tombigbee River studies will hle forthcoming.

4. The data col lected and concepts developed were designed to pro-

vide information relative to environmental considerations in the design

and location of dikes, revetments, and bendway cutoffs. Application of

the I. S. Fish and Wildlife Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) demon-

strates that not all aspects of water resource projects are negative

(U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1980). Planning with foresight is

imperative if this country is to efficiently use its resources without

unrestrained environmental degradation.

5. In the early stages of the waterway field studies, a prelimi-

nary survey, or pilot study, was undertaken on the Lower Mississippi

River (Figure 1). The purposes of this initial survey, conducted from

April to October 1978, were to evaluate sample methods, to identify habi-

tats and navigational structures for more detailed studies on the

Mississippi and other rivers, and to develop an initial understanding of

the complexities of large river habitats.

6. The purpose of this report is to introdue the pilot survey on

the Lower Mississippi River. Additional reports in this series will

detail the species of aquatic organisms collected and the efficiencies

of various types of sampling gear used during the study. Contained

herein are descriptions of the study area, habitats evaluated, goals,

and the rationale used or developmeut of procedures that were a part of

the pilot survey. To maintain continuity, each report on the pilot

study will conta in a brief di:icussion of areas sampled and obje(t ires.

This report contains iateriali applicable to ail areas of inve,;tigation

in the pilot study -n the lower Mississippi River.

A R KIASNSSIAPS

LITEPC

I i re 1 Area nmp of Lhe Lower Mississippi Riverf ield Studies

PART! ItI: OK~I F CT I V.

7 . The goa I o! Lit, waterway It I (I st lliv oH It( loelot' I 'IISs i Ss i plti

River was to assess the( ecologicalI s igii I I(ar ,i f.1, I lV,, It orilI, s t rut -

tit I'Sil major I I vet's. 1 111rllat oll dvvr I io'i tI Ill! I tit A tl 11 satds t o be

uised( to to rituI iat c eiv i rotlicliilta Igu id e I Iue to f(It It-d. I yfo it toe i kt's

dIi ke t i t, I d s , or I* \ c t t l (,( I mks orI theit od I r i at i ,i ' I ll-,: i ei st lyg

IlV I gat ij I st rut. tLile(s

ot l ot Itiii itlra I fhbItLatL s (s"Afrolllrs , irioiied &Iarr I ,j at if I. I haritks,

tc. ) allidlllIiml-llaatl Ila 1,I1 1 It s Kud kes (I like f II s , iiit cvet I el htitksI i ri

tte l(ir HlI,i ss 5I pp IP ki I ;IwIti it ob)c t ti ves were:

a. 11 l~at I ait 'eyI d Ii tI e t IlIe a g e, s I zc, 1)utI I d Ii g mllate r ia Is,

id ic il' IiI ( I Ls ,it loylroI eIgc CllaIdLa tr1ist it(s 0of t he r ive r

ii tL i I I I Ili :' t im n -a' 1 sI I;!bi t'If t s I i ~ t e n r t . S I 01i i i fth

11.1 ramle t cr: I i I loll' k-iIt edeth i, f I ot, sellj i nellt s ize , majo0rcat i ow 'Ilid1) IS H, I i oS I ved oxygenr s p e iI i c contdictLante,

II' rid Sit cI r I tinjIl rl t I[r .

To pr(vid I I I Il I tt I ivt, I' ( q11 tla it t I t I v , liff o rmllt j io il

1) 11t o ) 1 It k 1,tori , zoop I Ilkti)l , part LI if IiatLe o ,go Ih I m littc'r,

d . o I diti L I fv t 1w 1' it I (Il I i ce u i d i st r I ) f t i oHi o f hen t ill

olgafwllwh; I50 latLueId t i l tie I ia1)t1 ty pes , t o ca I cri IIt espe(I c ,I f Il Vt' rs I tIv, ail

1 t 0 oiesc r i Ile It I I I Zai t l oll of thef(

vair Ill s l.lt)i t .,t tvpets b all spe vc ie s.

to tit I it L ti' splct.es (" I ye V(es i t y , abunrdanrice *j 11111 dils t r I hu-

t i oil o(I ti sh I i tife Lower M issi ssipp i River aind to examie

til I cv a reIieV roll)s illhi I t tvjles usedl for spawn i rig, fedoing, 111d1

. 1 1\ i r~ rt o) Ilt ' I I c av1 1 I oa 1 1 1(,Lo s iIlr vt c was 0if( ol Ic t e I frtln!

I)pril t o Ot tolher Ii 1 1078. Re'ls i l tIfils stjlli erc lIst'' to dles Igli tile'

Illil~llwd 111.1 or- 11aii 1 1t Illy: V-. 15 s o til I t(, l,,et M Is Is s 1 1 1) R oeI'- (11)71)-1983,

I_ _ __ _ _ li,'oe-u l tI )1 IIr ( r

b An eva I ua t io of thte nios t ek If ci ent samp I i fig I echil i qlwsfo r bioog8i Ca and phys i oclaemiua) d a ta in the var io(ushdh i tats.

C. Baselinie biological, physical, and chemical datj fordes i gning the samipling program for the inrtenlsive f iel dStudies.

di. A basis for fuirther studies oni the Lower Mississippi River-and other Large navigable rivers as a part of the EWQ(JSProgram.

PART 1 IlI: SEILECTI(IN OF SITES

10. As part of the waterway ficld studies, study sites for evalu-

ation of the impacts of major navigat ional structures such as dikes,

dike fields, and bank revetments on the riverine ecosystem were chosen.

Study sites were evaluated according to the following criteria:

a. Location on a .layige river of importance as a commerc joaIwaterway. TIe sites selected were to be on a large riverwith significant commercial traftic and with existingdikes, dike I jelos, or revetments. The data collectedfrom the primary sites should be suitable for use in theevaluation of other mwajor waterways in the Uni ted States.

b. Presence of Pira I tered rive r reaches _or compara tivestudies. Data were to he col lected from both altered andunaltered stretches of the river. These reaches of theriver should be close and should iot differ with respectto tributary inputs, poit source discharges, or othervariables that %,ouldt make the data incomparable.

C. Presence of a. variety of types of navigational structures.Existin, di kes and revetments should differ with respectto age, size , huil liog materials, depth, and proximity tothe river, so that (ompaii isons cai be made between dis-simi lar str turttires arid between simi lar structure..; in dit-

ferent hab tats.

d. Existence of 121armed (anthori fe) njvigational structuresfroxj mal to t ie st udy a rea . Where fea sihie, data should

be collected to provide base[ ine intormation for naviga-tional structures authorized for construction. Thisshould al low for postconstruction studies to assess theimpacts of placement of navigat ioal structures on theriverne ecosystem.

e. Representative studysites. The river, study sites, andnavigat i ona I st ructures should have charact eri st ics simi -

lar to those of other major waterways. The existence ofnatural and navigational feature, should be such thatmaximum extrapol ation to other systems in the tin itedStates can be achieved. It was recognized that ecosys-tems diIfer from river to civic; however, it was feltthat general principles could be developed that areapplicable to navigational structures oi major waterwaysof the Urn i ted St artes.

f. Accessibilitv J'lo a I ow I r j aximai dati collectionun der a vr i et y of envi ronmninta I coil itiof us, the studyarea should he rearli Iv accessible for- t icI(d strdies. IfIoss i hi 1 , a I I -weather roads arid boa t - 1 .tinich i ig sitesshou Ii Ihe Iv. i iut I,,.

!0; t .. . . ..

I

i Ivt' r [ lit t k-i v., FI I it L h ' i i : dI I lt liti (I i -

ie L at fi t l e(Lc y I ItI I' I fI11W , I I (Ii st( Ili IrgeIS, SIo

tha 'lt aria-,js t1 -_'~ 11 1 1 I ' j I' t e t fet pus i -

ti Vi' aitii tii') I t i I I 't I \ I 1, Ha. '. t r-ip t itres, riot

i' te I I ed( L S I .1a Lc t i i I 'L i r 1 1,, I Wi I!, hi ta t s.

I I lit ad dL I i l o L I lit, IbU t' f , i ut rt I i w I I -emc, (I si iiii g1 i f I

(alitt I r- Ltese 1 iI(i e's

. Co up e raL ,t 1 '1 1~ s ~ t .i I_ w df I, ii' lc I'ri cilc irVat toil

theise s tijt I ' s I. I it )*, Ii' (,IiteIi-'Vat ,Ic i ig''Il( i es

1) 1're'sen Le ot !act i'I., c m ~ii iiccj I r s:o r-t _f fishr ie s D~at at r um ciliimil(rI i! c I 5fisIto -I. I isli(i' mie it _ IIe1 o 1it aji ned ari driimpajreid ,I tt i te rosu I ts ,f tIliese s t itI ics .This was top I to v de comtcp~i r (,i ,, I I I I L II t, I Ii t- studies as well aSI it Iroiiiat i ou ()i Itist i i sst lu ci 's s ot thI e a rea

C.Av ai Ita1)i I i y 1 c,,;iomt'l i i ift)rmi. i [fbi' data re-trIIe val svstills cIt il I I. q ,- gi''.a ;ica Su i' y (NAWDEX,WHATIS'T'R)' aindlit !-It i miift atI trct cutL in Agency( STORET~ ) ir .t I'-( L'~ ti 1i) ii C tc' I l iiii 0i.1 biologicaland wat er ChLeiti I '' ii 1 lld VI (I. itii'si tckgrotind datap rov ided aI (fit'- 'I;I L Il 'i 1 161 11-w,rsut andass istedint i i 'f i;jc I c I, I I i r in jia irameters suchas t tow, i.ate; I 140p t ti ii J hI tSidvi! ocxygeni, which

12. Based on a li I itti en: su t t f ' L' rua i v Iga t i on proj -

e ct s , the site selectiont UI-. Ltt I I irid 1 (Iiet It IL t v should he

located ott the Lower Miss iss ippi Rivc , A i t 1r 11 ,c c!:'t a i led studcy of

thie Lower M'issi ssippi River Iuii tc'i,_, Mis ,,I s s i 1) 1)iu to Memphis, Tenl-

nessee, the 50-mi Ic;': reach of th, )-ivetrtetscei like, Providenice, Louisi -

,via, and Greenville, Mississippi , rciver- mile'~,i to '331i)) vas se'lected

for the pilt ,Audhy. [he sl''citlc reach~'o sel-'ti: beces of an

extensive htydrailtic -inil tiyiiro ci k litIa liase, thoi ')ro'senlce of a rep re-

sentative variety of riavigs.ticril st ritctiire:,, ind Ai 'uigt: liver-sit-V of'

cha racteri stic- tioodpi-ia it aid i iv'e i in lia i tat s III adtcion the

Vi ksburg D~istrict of Lhii Cip tic. E)iiginetitc s jpilaimutd ti kiuiit poLarno-

logical (river-ine) sItii( tihmg this por-t on of the river- conictirrently

withl the EWQOS stuip's.

A table of fact or-s for convert. inrg U. S. ciusLom~iry ui its of measure-rnent to metric (St I inits lis t unit oil page 3.

10

7i-----

PART IV: !)ESCt IP'IO(N ()I 111%. S-SIII) AREA

13. The study ai-oa erictorrlpast'd .i r I reach oI the lower

Mississippi River between Lake Providene, Loui siani and Greenville,

Mississippi, river iile 480 to 530. For the purposes of the pilot sur-

vey li included the min chanrne lit tie rivcir ,ind any additional water

bodies between the mai -I i ne levees.

14. The (1ilmate o the Stuidy ;r ea is subtropical and hrumrid with a

short cold season and a relatively tong warm season (Lower Mississippi

Region Comprehensive Study Coordinating Committee 1974). The predonii-

nant air mass is maritime tropi.al atid originates over the Gulf of

Mexico. Based on meteorolOg ical data obt a ined at Vi cksburg , Mi ssi ssippi

mean monthly temperatures range from about 82.40F' il .July and August to

48.9'F in January. Record maximun aid minimiilum teinperattires at Vicksburg

were 104'F in September 1925, nd -0.4'F in Februiary 1899. Precipita-

tion occurs mainly as rain, with annual snowfall averaging aiout 1.5 in.

in the region. Precipitation rieaches a irirximum in 'larch with a monthly

average of abort 8 inl. and a niriii in (Jctober of about 2.( ill. Annual

precipitation is approximately 51 in. Relative humidity is generally

high thronughoit the year ind averages a boot 75 perc'n t. Heavy tog

occurs frequently ini the area ;ind may be expected all average of 32 days

annually.

15. The study area is located iii the Central Coastal Plains

Region, one of the major physiographic provinces of North America. The

plains were created when prehistoric ocean wat ers began to withdraw.

The entire plain is an extensive lowland lying at or near sea level

and underlain by nearly horizontal heds of marine shale's and limestone.

16. The geological formations ini the study rcach c.ni be divided

into two types: the uppermost Rocernt al Itvial dleposits and leeper Ter-

tiary deposits. The Recent soils incrlude nattiral Ievoe deposits, aban-

doned channel or clay plug deposits, backswvanp deposits, arid point lbar

depos its. The natural levees were (re:itel 5,y soi I deposits diriirg

stream overflow. Th ev are c(omliosel prini iri ly ,f silts, si Ity sanl, oi

silty clay. Point bar deposits .are the pricdominant upper strata sedi-

m,,ent s in the a rea. These 5- t () 25-f t-deep depos its were Ia id down on

the inside of riverbanks ind consist of tall to gray clayey silts, silts

and Si ItV sands in the ridge's, and soft, gray, silty antd sandy ( lays in

swa I cs . The abandoned channel deposits are in old cutoff meander loops

and are filled with fine, clayey sediments with ligh waLer content arid

are known as "clay plugs." Some abandoned channels are filled with

interbedded clays, silts, silty clays, silty sand, and sandy clays,

depending on how the chanri. was cut off from the river. Backswamp

deposits are chiefly interbedded, thinly laminated silty clays and clays

with high percentages of organic matter.

17. The Recent alluvial deposits are underlain by Pleistocene

fluvial sand and gravel. These deposits range from 80 to 100 ft thick.

The Tertiary deposits are composed of tuo types found immediately

beneath the sand and gravel substratum. The Yazoo clay of the Jackson

formation is found from the upper end (river mile 525 to 530) downriver

to Grand Lake (river mile 510 to 517). The second type of deposit is

the Cockfield formation, which is located in the reach below Grand Lake.

18. The land between the main-line levees in the study area fallswithin three states and five cOurities or parishes. These are Chicot

County in Arkansas, Washington and lssaquena Counties in Mississippi,

and East Carroll and Madison Parishes in Louisiana. Most of this land

is bottomland forest with some pastureland and cotton and soybean fields.

Although the area has recreational potential because of its size and the

number of backwater lakes and sloughs with abundant fish and wildlife,

nearly all of the land is privately owned and inaccessible to the gen-

era public.

19. The Lower Mississippi River is an alluvial river with a

mature drainage system and abundant meanders and oxbow lakes. The en-

tire study reach is confined on both sides by main-line levees con-

structed by the CE for flood control. Leveed floodplain width ranges

from 2 to 6 miles. The backwaters between the levees and the Missis-

sippi River channel have indirect or seasonal connections with the river

12

w,

and are submerged during floods. There are no tributaries directly

entering the river in the study area.

20. The average discharge of the Mississippi River at Vicksburg

is about 561,000 cfs. Recorded discharges have ranged from about

100,000 cfs at extreme low river stage to 2,700,000 cfs at high stages,

with a differential of 60 ft in water level. The average water velocity

within the main channel is from 3 to 6 fps with a maximum recorded

velocity of 15 fps during extremely high flows. The estimated average

sand transport at Vicksburg is 1,000,000 yd 3/day. At Vicksburg the

highest discharge occurs from March through May.

21. Because of the high annual runoff and the inflow from large

rivers upstream, groundwater is found throughout the study area. The

principal aquifers in the region are beds of coastal plain sands and

locally occurring gravels. Groundwater is abundant and usually close to

the surface. Supplies of deeper artesian water are available throughout

most of the region, and in many locations potable water has been encoun-

tered at depths of more than :3500 ft.

22. Navigation and flood control efforts within the study reach

are directed by the CE and are included in the Mississippi River and

Tributaries (MR&T) Project. This project was authorized by the Ii. S.

Congress in 1929 to provide for flood control in the valley and for

navigation improvement on the Lower Mississippi River. The four major

features of the MR&T Project are: (a) levees to confine floodwaters;

(b) structures to direct excess water to the main channel; (c) channel

improvements, such as artificial cutoffs to prevent the loss of irre-

placeable lands and improve channel alignment and depth; and (d) tribu-

tary basin improvement.

23. The MR&T Project as modified by the Flood Control Act of 1944

provides for a navigation channel not less than 12 ft deep and '300 ft

wide. Authority to proceed with this channel-deepening construction is

still pending and the channel is presently maintained at not less than 9

ft deep by hydraiilic dredging. Waterborne commerce in the study area is

increasing substantially each year. In 1950, 64 million short tons of

goods were transported, and in 1964 a total of 311.2 million short tons

13

ot goods were moved on the i vtr. N j or g m oo(t, inft I uth, j) t ro I fii1 ajid

chenii caI products, grain, a, I, aI i (coke.

24. Flood control meiasures I,, the ,RM Proj o t irv conce rned pri-

mari ly with tLhe coisttrct i on aiid Iljirlterlallce of 1t irin-l ine levets on both

sides of the Lower Mississippi River and its muajor tributaries. Al -

though the flood control measures are not scheduled to be ful ly opera-

tional until 1995, main-I ine levves are dosigned lot- a f lood discharge

of 2,710,000 cfs, which (orresponds to 104.4 ft insl at Vicksburg. The

I lood of record (as modified for 4i leveed Il lo,,tplain ) occurred in 1929

with a discharge of 2,270,000 tfs o- 100.5 It above sea level. This

flood would have been ,about 4 ft lower than the exi st i jig ma in-I ine

levee.

4T_

.2 .J a "

PART V: HABI TAT TYPES

25. A total of 14 distinct habitat types were identified within

the study area in the Lower Mississippi River, river mile 480 to 530

(Table 1). All areas were located between the main-line levees. Habi-

tat types were identified from base maps prepared by the U2. S. Army

Engineer Comprehensive Survey in 1975, scale 1:20,000, black and white

aerial photography (18 June 1976, 18 December 1978, and 5 December 1978),

and by ground observation. The number of acres in each habitat type was

measured from the base maps by use of a polar compensating planimeter.

For the purposes of this habitat analysis, mapping was conducted at

three river stages: low flow (+13.2 ft), average flow (+24.6 ft), and

high flow (+38.4 ft). These river stages are at the Greenville,

Mississippi, gage (river mile 531.3). Flood stage at this gage is +48

ft while late summer or early fall low stages are usually less than 10

ft. Additional information on habitat characteristics in the study area

appears in Report 2 of this series.

26. Out of the 14 habitats identified, the 12 types described in

the following paragraphs were sampled for the pilot study on the Lower

Mississippi River (Figure 2).

Na in thannelI

27. This included the thalweg and on either side up t , tit

-10-ft low-water reference plane (LWRP). For the bendways the mn,,in

channel was considered to lie between the -1(-ft LWRP on the convex

(inside) bank and the toe of the concave (outside) bank. Fach stat i on

on the main channel was defined as a zone approximatelv I mile Iong nd

equal to the width of the river channel. Sample sites in this iabi tat

type were characterized by deep, usually turbid, fast-novilig water. The

bottom was wel I scoured and consisted of coarse sand and gravel .', Ni lIe

Sediment size was determined by wet sievinrg with standard Ii. S.

Geological Survey (USGS) sieves. Particle size was: mud ('-125 m),fine sand (125-250 pm), saind (250-500 ima), coarsc sand (0.5-2.0 pm),

,inI] grvcl ( 2.0 pfill).

tt15

Table I

Acres and. Percenta-ge of Tota IAcres in Each Habitat TI ype

Along . the Lower Mississipi River, River Miles 480

to 5,30 at Different Flows:

Low Fl ow-- -_Ave e Flow Hi h F owPercent- Percent - Percent -

age of age of age of

Total T lotaI Total

I Habitat Type Acres Acres Acres- Acres Acres. Acres

Main channel* -,- 8,435 45 8,435 29 8,435 15

Permanent second-ary channel*, 530 2 630 2 630 1

Temporary second-ary channel** 708 4 990 3 2,553 5

Natural sandbars** 962 5 2,397 8 6,285 11

Natural banks** 166 1 281 1 448 1

Revetted banks** 842 5 1,536 5 1,791 3

Dike field sandbars** 848 5 7,393 26 10,441 18

Dike field poolareas 311 3 600 2 0 0

Abandoned riverchannels(Type J)** 801 4 1,424 5 2,230 4

Abandoned riverchannels(Type Jl)** 1,860 9 1,860 7 1,860 3

Oxbow Lake** 2,191 12 2,309 8 2,309 4

Borrow pit** 826 4 1,165 4 4,798 8

I nurida tedfloodplain** 0 0 0 0 15,122 27

Sandbar slack-

water pools 101 1 0 0 0 0

Total 18,581 100 29,020 100 56,902 100

Recorded on Greenville, Mississippi, gauge at river mile 531.3.Sampled during the pilot survey.

16

samnple sites were st lidie' on the nlil (c c Icc ic Io t Ir- ' . r i is ssi ppi

River. Sample sites were it river liI ') h, 509, '12, 514, 517, 521

524, 527, and 530 5Wa are labeled la to Ii, respeut ive-ly , ini Figure 2.

Pernanient Se( oida cv Charmce

28. This habi tat type was connected to the main chariel arnd

carried less than 40 percent of tht,- disc harge for tile year. The only

permanent secondary caine i i i tie s I udy a rca ran ged t roic 10 to 40 tt

deep at tie ipper end and wis approxiflritely 20 It deep at tile lower ecld.

Current was.s equal to ,r Ioss tha. t ii.jii channel velocities. The sub-

strite was composed pri uici y of .-and wi ti patcty arcas of very fine to

coarse sand. lhe sample site wi s at American Cutoff, northeast of Lake

Towhead at river mile 52 5 to 528.).

TeMPcorary Sec 'udary Charil

29 T'h t. eclpoIIr th tll( I was at ant c evat i on greater thall 0 ft

[I.<P and carried less than 40 percent cf tice ,itscharge of the Lower

"Iississippi River. A secondary charcel exists during high flows arid can

revert to a slack-water pooi at tow flosA. l)uring low f low in tice summer

of 1978 the sample site at this ialitat type contained slowly flowing

water but was not p[assalle by boat. Tihe hottt,,i was composed primarily

of sand in ixedi with gravel . rhe samp I e s i tt' was at Kent ucky Bend , north

,f Kentucky Bend Bar at river mi tc 515 to SP).

Nat r r. I SarcdcIb;) rs

'30. Sandbars were touic between tie edple of the water ant the

inain channel do c, it - -10 ft I R . Typ ica ily, water w.js shallow and the

current was reduced over tic,, irbitat type. The sanidhars were composed

of sand with patches of I ille ;ac.,1 coaIrse sand. The size of the sandibar

varied] accordincg to river stage. Saimple sitcs were It th(' c streial erid

of LaIkeport Towhead at river mile 528 to 529 acid at the downstream end

of Kentuckv Bertl Bar r -it ri, r mi,- I, ' 515) to, '16.

i 11'

I

LAKEPORT NATURAL BANK

" .... I A LAKE LEEJ

SUNNYSIDE- LAKEPORT REVETMENT-- '

LAKEPORT TOWHEAD--,V-ANCONIA NATURAL BANK--9 \

LAKE PORT- - I '-AMERCAN CUTOFF REVETMENTAMERICAN CUTOFF-- 4 -AMERICAN CUTOFFLAKEPORT REVETMENT_ s,

-- - _--s - WALNUT POINT DIKES

SEVEN OAKS -OA KS

NATURAL BANK DIKES

WALNUT POINT-ISLAND 86 DIKES IF KENTUCKY BEND REVETMENT

MOON C HU T E - . j-- __

MA TTHEWS BEND ----- ED---KENTUCKY BENDBORROW PITS--, " D

ISLAND 88- AJ/,/- KENTUCKY BEND BARNATURAL BANK

i D B8

-LEO TADIKES

CRACRAFT REVETMENT-

\) ~ -CAROLINACRACRAFT LOWER DIKES- A 9A CHUTE

INUNDA TED FLOODPLAIN -- '-- 6B/C) I--CAROLINA REVETMENT

* IA50'

_MAYERSVILLE NATURAL BANK

a REVETMENT

7. SCALES

LAKE PROVIDENCEE - 23:,

1 0 1 23 4 5KM

Figure 2. Habitats sampled during the Pilot Study, Upper MississippiRiver, April to October 1978

18

-- _- - . ... - -_ . . . .

Sample Site Reference No.

Main Channel

River Mile:506 la509 lb512 ic514 id517 le521 If524 Ig527 lh530 li

Permanent Secondary ChannelAmerican Cutoff 2

Temporary Secondary ChannelKentucky Bend 3

Natural SandbarsLakeport Towhead 4aKentucky Bend Bar 4b

Natural BanksIsland 88 5aAnconia Natural Bank 5bLakeport 5cMayersviile 5dSeven Oaks 5e

Revetted BanksMayersville 6aCarolina 6bCracraft 6CWalnut Point-Kentucky Bend 6dLakeport 6eSunnys.1 de-Lakeport 6f

Dike FieldsCracraft Lower Dikes 7aLeota 7bIsland 86 7cSeven Oiks 7d

Walnut Point 7e

Abandoned River Channel (Type I)Matthews Bend 8

Abandoned River Channels (Type II)

Carolina Chute 9aMoon Chute 9bLake Port 9c

Oxbow LakeLake Lee 10

Borrow Pit (near Matthews Bend) 11

Inundated Floodplain 12

Reference numbers for Figure 2

.... .. ... i

7 .: .- -2 _ -: : - ...i ..... .. .. .:.. .... . . 7 ..... ... _ . : ... ... ..... ".. .

N at iira, B.iri k s

3 1 .Thi1s1 lidab I t . typ t)' 11 DIl erit to the ri ver dfld had a steep

bank consist ing pi itiri ly of hard ohes ive clay. 'Ihe natural banks we-re

cons ide red to( ext. end I romnt he s he e L t tie ma in channelI bed . Compa red

with the nai ni chiannel , the ir rent was moderite a long the naturalI banks

at ait I t irnes excep t duirring h gh f 1 n', Where port iours of the banks had

col lapsed there wfert i a len t rees lJllI i cl LenI trapped other- logs and

debr is. Sample sites were:

a. Island 88 Natural ~Rink, the right bank at river mile514.8 to 515.2 in Keiitiieky Bendl Chute.

b. Ancorija Natural Bank, the right bank at river mile 526 to527 .5 do 'is tream cf Suriiys ie- lakeport Revetment andupst ream (if the Lakeport Revetment.

C . Lakeport Natural PWink, the left hank at river mile 528 to529.

41 . 9adyersvi lie Natural Banik, on the left bank of the riverat river mile ')0;.

e. Seven Oa~ks Bitir ank, oii the right bank of the riverat mi le 524.

Revettel Banks

32. These were areas a tong the river where a structure was placed

to protect the bank. All (if these structures consisted of articulated

concrete mattress (ACM) with riprap or asphalt on the upper bank. Cur-

rents were similtar along the reve-tted banks to flow rates in the main

channel. Substrate consisted primarily of the revetting material with

isolated areas of s.!ird and silt. With the exception of one site (the

Carolina Revetment) all of these areas contained little or no vegetation

on the upper bank. SnmiupIe s iteos we re

a. Ilayersv'.!lI revetment. (river mile 494.5 to 501. 1, lef Lbank). liii was cotustructed in five stages from 1949 to1979. Ib' Sect ion) f rom river mile 499.6 to 501.1 wasconstruct-ed during thc pi lot study in 1978; prior to thisit. was classified asa natoral bank.

20

. C.rol itna Rvetment ( river w i jI , f ..: to 509.8, le1t upiik)This was bul t ill 19'-, I '158, aid 959 . At I It is i tethere were cOls i le rab Ie itmtilbers of w i I I ow t rees grow i rig

throi:gh the aspha It ov,.r riprap (ih the- tipper bank.

C. Cra rtt Revotment (rivt, r iii le 508.8 to 512.6, right

batk). 'llhi s bank was (,,st ructed f rom 1943 to 1968.Crac j ItL revetuenit hel l iver il I 5 1 is influenced bythe C1ia ratl l.ower Dikes and sas (os idered part of that

hibitat t ype.

(. WaLnut P'oinit-Kentutky Bend Revetment (river mile 516 to523, left bank). ThiS was developed during the years1944 to 1968.

e. Lakeport Revetment (river mile 524.8 to 526, left bank).This was constructed from 1961 to 1962.

f . Sunnys ide- Likeport Revetment (river mile 527.5 to 532.5,r i ght ba ck ) . Th is sis coos tructed in 1923, 1959, and1966. Only the loser 3 miles of this revetment (built iii1954) were sampled during the pilot survey.

Dike Fields

33. Dikes are transverse structures that are construicted of

quarry-run limestone rock fill or wooden piling and pro jett into the

river from the bank. Dikes, occurring singly or in small groups, are

usually perpendicular to the direction of the river at low flow or

project slightly kepriver. Dikes are usually placed rio loser than -10 ft

LWRP. At high flows the current is swift and water can top the (likes lv

20 to 30 ft. At low discharge the likes are is much as 10 or 12 ft

above the water level.

34. A total of five dike fields, consisting of from two to five

dikes each, were studied in the pilot survey. Data on the physical

characteristics of these structures and the issociated sediments and

vegetation appear in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

35. All (likes studied have been conistructed since the early

1960's. The Seven Oaks Dike Field had additional work done on di kes 2

and 3 in the 1970's. In 1972, 1060 ft were added to dike 2. Tlhis

portion was tied to the original dike 3100 ft I rom shore arln now ingles

upriver. New elevations are +14 ft at the t ic- in point and +7 ft in the

main channel. In 1973, 2500 ft were added to dike 3 of the Seven Oaks

21

.,h+

cc 000 00C

0

-+ +7- II'>~. +4 +4 +4+ +

0'

.~ t 0000 0)0 C00I0 C L0w 4 - oc .1'J1 ' 0 10- - c--

->, -QC I Ir- :3.4

c ~ CAmc c Iwc 0c )07j LZ iiii: m'j~Z 0 mf .I mImma 0 -a --9-- j a

00 Z;Qj0 0 0.

.4~ j~. . .

r .z- L.0$ :39- >O UC_9 occ>

.0 L4 (A 0 Iv.cJ -j -) a4 ,~- 4

w- C) Lr

In.

C. 00 -3 o > N0

~ ~fl )

0 -4 UCT (U-J4 04J t 0 f) I c 0)

-4 w04. .0 0 00 8 m(aj 40 V m 4J' I'( '( 0.0 .0 - 4) 0 0 (4 w

> ad0" U(-( 4) > C(U aW0

m--40 =0'.O (U ;1; 0(. 'U .U.. fA *( '( m Qa4 0 .. w . u0 L. 0 J 4) 0 > .0 4J ( 0(". ~- .0 U0U 00 ( '01 0(.cr-0 .0 'U - -L M >J' a 00

000. .4 "') "J~ (LU wG - A .'ww e "3m V " cL N~' 0J( 00). Q.XOO c-J(4 '-

a) -V0 10 '0 Uc >-4. - Je C L4 W M M 6 Q)0. Gm4 ( .0 IV -.- 4 " '0 0.4 9 Q '0 + C.Cl mlN 0

-n w) ".00 La m 4( m 3a-m . . w) L.O m 0 6

c- .) .400(~ U ~Ij 0 " .. 41 .. .,',4U (- ,0( 0' ~..(> 39 4v >' 0 j4 >a C Q

v E a . n0 ,Mr

(u u w v4 6. 4) 4- '0 0 0

a) a ) > tAU'. Ll.( (D *- xJj.~ 0'. 0 C.00U

06)m - = Q) 4 41 IV( 0 0 .. '0d Im4 Qd 0 (flU)1 0 4) w ., 0 m 0U).-0 0

=6 . 0 (A 'A (U.0 V)4(U0.( ( 0

aj di cu Q 4 0 -0 W > r

4.4 0 ) u .0 U) .1 04 'm m-U)l r c I*U 3J (U. 4) 0 .0 >

M. " 0 0 M ) W.> ;h6 M U.0r.' >44 (U.06 m0 w IL

0 . C%4 m4 .m 0 0( j' 4;4a

4 (n 0 'V '00 M.4 Q.1. m w.06)m 0 0 0 - d '4U i4 061> 0-( a.4 V0

.4 3: 04 00 0 0u 'A.. m C a a,m6 0l- 04 (U C:.' (0a 14 0 > 60 0.( W6.C0'

.0 . .4 (U (U ..- 4 (U (U =0 'o~ 'U " (U = " C

C; 0 n U 0 a)' V) I 0 .. ' ... 0(60sOU 6) '0 ' 0(440,U''.4 m " 0--

> 0.04.40 '06)6 .. 0 00 C 6

En 0.'0 0 0 >UJ. 06- 0 >j 0)006 .

a1 q6 41 0A mA (U 6

(U: D 0 v -c

'01 4j 00 0 . . 1(a M -qL ')V > 0 m a

to. 4) La 0 .w :,W04.4 aU 0 m0 - H c cW

6) Q. W. UU L4 0H0" ) 1E j j"li -1 4) Ij c 10 ) j a4m 1

0 r.X 00m 0 .1 -Nd j 23

AcA

Dike Fi#,ld. Vl, e nw section originated from th hank 100 f t downstream

and tied fnto the main hmiel end. New elevationns are 14 ft above LIW'RP

(for a total of 200 ft), down to -5 ft LVRiP at the channel end. Sample

sites were the Cracraft Lower Dike Field, the Leota Dike Field, the

Island 16 Dike Field, the Seven Oaks Dike Field, and the Walnut Point

Dike Field.

AbandonoU River Channel (Type I)

36. Abandoned river channels were slack-water areas contiguous to

the maite channel during periods of high and low flow on the river. The

abandoned channel studied during the pilot study, Matthews Bend, was 5

miles !ong from its head to its confluence with the Mississippi River.

The substrate consisted of mud, and the water exhibited no current

except during periods of high river discharge. The adjacent floodplain

was heavily vegetated with living and dead black willow and cottonwood

trees. Ehes, trees were inundated with varying depths of water during

periods ol high discharge,,,. The sample site was at Matthews Bend at

river mile -l 3.

Ahando-Ie,, River Channel (Type II)

37. These areas were not contiguous with the Mississippi River

except duringy periods of high water. Typically these habitats were

shallow, ntrient-rich waters with a substrate composed mainly of mud.

Three sparate areas were sampled:

a. Carolina Chute. This channel was approximately 4 mileslong and joined the river at mile 508.9, left bank,during high flow. The upper portion of the CarolinaChute was shal low and covored with trees and hydrophytic

vegetation.

b. Moon Chute. This area was about 2.5 miles long and con-tiguous with Matthews Bend. At its upper end, at aboutriver mile 517, Noon. Chute was shallow with a stand ofdense vegetation. To the north the water was deep andadjacent to tree-lined banks. On the south side the

water was shallower end was bordered by farmland.

24

c. Lake Port. This site was on the right bank at river mile526.5 to 528.5 and had no obvious connection with the

main channel. Lake Port was about 1.7 miles long andone-half mile wide. Dead willow trees extended from 50to 100 yd into the lake on all sides. The banks werevegetated with mixed lowland trees, shrubs, and grasses.At its deepest point Lake Port was 17 ft deep; the upperone-third consisted of a shallow mud flat.

Oxbow Lake

38. Oxbow lakes are crescent-shaped water bodies between the main

levees that connect with the Mississippi River only at high water if at

all. Oxbow lakes were formed by the natural cutoff of a bendway or me-

ander loop. The sample site was at Lake Lee at river mile 528 in Chicot

County, Arkansas, and Washington County, Mississippi. Lake Lee was

about 6 miles long, shallow at both ends, and up to 40 ft deep in the

center two-thirds. The concave bank on the left side was steep and

covered with grass, shrubs, and woody vegetation. The right bank was

gradually sloping and contained derse lowland vegetation.

Borrow Pit

39. Borrow pits, located within the main-line levees, were formed

by excavation of fill material to be used for levee construction. The

sample site was at one borrow pit near Matthews Bend. This site occu-

pied about 3.7 acres and had a maximum depth of 10 ft. Bottom material

consisted of soft mud. Standing timber remained in the center of this

borrow pit, and clumps of Typha sp. were scattered along the shoreline.

Bank vegetation consisted of trees, brush, and grasses.

Inundated Floodplain

40. The inundated floodplain consisted of about 15,122 acres or

27 percent of the total study area during high-flow conditions. During

medium and low flow, this area was completely dry. The inundated flood-

plain was sampled for fish near Cracraft Dike Field.

25

PART VI: RELATEI) STUDIES

41. Ecological studies on large rivers in the east and southeast

are uncommon when compared with the tremendous volume of literature on

small streams and lakes; i.e., Hynes (1960, 1970), Pennak (1953), Macan

(1975), Hart and Fuller (1974), Edmondson (1966), and Frey (1966). Large

rivers, with their deep, turbid waters, fast currents, frequent fluctua-

tions in level, and presenc,? of recreational and commercial traffic, are

difficult to study. However, some studies of water pollution problems

on large rivers such as the Ohio River and associated tributaries have

been conducted by Purdy (1923), Love (1956), Mangan (1956), Tebo (1965),

Streeter and Phelps (1958), and Crohurst (1933). Fishery studies in

rivers such as the Ohio, Mississippi, and Monongahela Rivers have been

conducted by Lachner (1956); Evermann and Bollman (1886); Rafinesque

(1320); Trautman (1957); Jackson (1962); Smith, Lopinot, and Pflieger

(1971); and Johnson et al. (1974). Water quality data on large rivers

are compiled by the U. S. Geological Survey NAWDEX/NASQUAN system and

have been reported by Anderson (1963), the University of Louisville

(1974), and the U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville (1977). Bio-

logical studies of large river systems have been conducted by Woods

(1965a, 1965b), Seilheimer (1963), Riley (1969), Nall (1965), Panitz

(1964), Jackson and Wieise (1962), Hartman (1965), Brinkley and Katzin

(1962), and the University of Louisville (1974).

42. The use of artificial substrate samplers has played a large

part in the assessment of large river benthic populations. Elbert

(1978) collected and identified benthos from basket samples placed at

lock and dam structures in the Ohio River. He calculated species diver-

sity by numbers and biomass and defined the optimal sampling conditions

for benthos by use of these samplers. Brooks (1971), Mason and Sublette

(1971), and Mason et al. (1973) analyzed the efficiency of several arti-

ficial samplers in various large rivers. Mason, Lewis, and Anderson

(1971) and Anderson and Mason (1968) analyzed both benthos and water

quality at a series of stations on the Ohio River using a variety

of sampling techniques and artificial substrate samplers.

26

"4

43. Bank protection measures such as riprap, fences, and pave-

ments are common on large and small rivers. Dikes, bendway cutoffs, and

dredging operations are usually restricted to the larger waterways. A

discussion of different types of streambank protection measures appears

in Keown et al. (1977), and descriptions of design of spurs and guide

banks are found in Richardson and Simons (1974).

44. Numerous studies of the impact of navigation development on

large rivers have been done. A complete analysis of development and the

environmental and cultural impacts of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River

system, which includes dredging, snagging, bank stabilization, and oper-

ation and maintenance of navigational structures, has been completed

recently. The U. S. Army Engineer Tulsa District prepared an Environ-

mental Impact Statement (U. S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock 1979)

and contracted for environmental studies concerning this action (U. S.

Army Engineer District, Tulsa 1979). Reports from the Institute for

Water Resources (1977a, 1977b, 1979) deal with environmental impacts and

changes to the local population associated with development of the Arkan-

sas River navigation system. The Arkansas Water Resources Research

Center (1976, 1977) conducted baseline and impact studies of phyto-

plankton, zooplankton, benthos, and fish within the Arkansas River navi-

gation system. In a related study, Jennings (1979) analyzed the aquatic

habitats associated with notched dikes in the Missouri River. In addi-

tion, Robinson (1980) and Segelquist (1980) have conducted surveys on

the benthic assemblage associated with dikes in the Missouri River. On

a smaller scale, the impacts of stream channelization, snagging, and

clearing have been documented by Schmal and Sanders (1978), Griswold

et al. (1978), and Marzolf (1978).

27

PART VII: USE OF' DIKES AND REVETMENTS N LARGiE RIVER SYSTEMS

45. Dikes have been placed in major rivers by the CE for many

years. The Low. r and Midd!e Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas Rivers

all have a considerable number of dikes. Dikes are used to adjust chan-

nel width, depth, and alignment and to close secondary channels and

chutes. Dikes are probably the most effective and inexpensive means of

channel alignment and constriction in use today.

46. In the past, dikes have been constructed of permeable wooden

piles, although today most are composed of stone riprap. These struc-

tures can be placed along a river singly or in series to form a dike

field. Most dikes are transverse and extend directly out from the bank,

perpendicular to the current. Occasionally, an extension or L-head is

placed at the offshore end parallel to the current to retard scouring

and turbulence. A vane dike is placed in the channel and lies either

parallel or oblique to the current.

47. Water is shunted by a dike toward the opposite bank, and the

river channel is deepened by scouring. Dikes typically are placed on

the convex side of a bendway or in straight reaches to achieve some de-

gree of channel sinuosity and constriction. Suspended sediments are

carried below dikes and settle in areas where current velocities are

reduced. In dike fields sediment accretion may be appreciable; these

accumulated sediments can further serve to confine the flow of water.

Additional information on dikes may be found in Richardson and Simons

(1974) and Keown et al. (1977).

48. Despite the large number of dikes in many of the major river

systems of thc United States, the ecological effects of these structures

are not well-known. Data on the environmental characteristics and habi-

tat value of these structures could be used to assist in designing these

structures to meet environmental quality objectives.

49. Revetments are installed along riverbanks to prevent erosion.

Although variable in design, these structures usually consist of an

erosion-resistant material, which is placed on a pregraded bank from the

top to the toe of the channel. In navigation and flood control projects,

28

Cd

revetments are usual ly placed on the concave bank and in association

with dike fields. Revetments are also constructed on banks where ero-

sion threatens.

50. Revetments can be constructed from stone riprap, asphalt pave-

ment, or ACM. In the past, asphalt was frequently used instead of rip-

rap for bank paving. Prior to this, willow mats were used.

51. When a riverbank is revetted, its natural character is

altered. Several variables should be considered when evaluating the

effects of a revetment. Older revetments that have large sediment

deposits and have become vegetated with grasses, sedges, and sapling-

sized willow and cottonwood trees usually provide more diverse habitat

for wildlife than a newly constructed structure. Based on a preliminary

observation, stone riprap can provide a more productive substrate for

invertebrates than asphalt can. Revetmeets placed on sinuous banks pro-

vide a better fish habitat than do structures built on straight banks.

When the bank is not straight, water velocities along the shore are re-

duced, providing a more desirable fish habitat.

52. The distribution, abundance, species composition, and diver-

sity of organisms in free-flowing waters are dependent on such variables

as geomorphology, flow, sediment load, water quality, critical water

temperatures, and substrate size. Other factors such as land-use prac-

tices, terrestrial vegetation types, runoff rates, and physiography also

affect the character of the aquatic biota.

53. The navigational structures placed in a large river can

affect some or all of these variables. Not only are sedimentation rates,

depths, and flow characteristics altered, but the structures themselves

can provide substrate for benthic species and congregators for fish.

The purpose of the Waterway Field Studies is to assess the magnitude of

both the positive and negative impacts of navigational structures on the

A aquatic organisms in a major waterway.

2()

• 0

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34? .:ill . _ cm. -- (Mj cellajieoua t ppeS.

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W31-i-i Report 1