Army Aviation Digest - Jan 1993

7/28/2019 Army Aviation Digest - Jan 1993

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Aviation DigestProfessional Bulletin

1 - 93 - 1- january/February 1993

Fighting Army Aviation at the Tactical Level, MG Dave Robinson3 Views From Readers8 Integration of Deep Attack, Lt Col Dale R. Hanner13 AH-64 Apache Program Update, COL David F. Sale and CPT Gregory J. Lund17 Kamov's KA-50 Hokum Helicopter, CW4 Charles T. Robbins27 Answers to Crossword Puzzle: Army Aviation, CW4 James T. Chandler28 Aviation Digest's 1992 Subject Index32 Parker Award, LTC Gerard Hart34 Cargo Helicopters in the Korean Conflict, Part 2, Dr. John W. Kitchens40 Crossword Puzzle: Aerodynamics, CW4 James T. Chandler43 The New UH-60Q Black Hawk MEDEVAC Helicopter, CPT Gregory D. Fix45 Fundamentals at the NTC, MAJ Wm. Fred Jernigan Jr, CPT(P) Robert Johnson,

CPT Grant A. Webb, CPT Jeff Mowery, CPT William Kuchinski, andCPT Daniel G. Modica

49 Aviator/Logistician, MAJ William M. Gavora52 Aircrew Survival Armor Recovery Vest, CPT Sheila M. Ryan54 Air Assault Security, A Procedural Review, CPT John T. Hansen57 Aviation Personnel Notes: Wh y did he ge t promoted?59 ATC Focus: Training at the FAA Academy, MSG Robert F. Lesure60 DES Report to the Field: Changes to TC 1-215, CW4 Donald D. Savage61 Aviation Logistics: Aircrew Training Program fo r the AVIM Commander,MAJ Russell M. Stansifer63 USAASA Sez: NOTAMs, MSG Kathleen Odom64 Air-to-Air Combat, Ms. Mary Mueller65 Soldier's Spotlight, Physical Fitness, CSM Fredy Finch JrBack Cover: Kamov's KA-50 Hokum Helicopter

Cover: The AH-64 Apache has given ArmyAviation vastly expanded opportunities toimpact the deep battle. The AH-64D Longbo w increases significantly the effectiveness of the Apache's multirole missionagainst future threats. The lead article,"Integration of Deep Attack," page 8, discusses the integration an d coordinationof deep attack operations in a joint AirForce and Army effort--exploiting theApache's capabilities. Leaders and commanders at all levels are asked to recognize the growing need fo r joint warfighting doctrine fo r the deep attack. Photocourtesy of the American Helicopter Society, Vertiflite, and McDonnell DouglasHelicopter Company.

Major General Dave RobinsonCommander, U.S. Army Aviation CenterLieutenant Colonel Gerard HartExecutive Editor

Patricia S. KitchellEditorBy order of the Secretary of the Army:GORDON R. SULLIVANGeneral, U.S. ArmyChief of Staff

~ ~ ~Official:MILTON H. HAMILTONAdministrative Assistant to theSecretary of the Army03464

The U.S. Army Aviation Digest is an official Department of the Armyprofessional bulletin (USPS 415-350) published bimonthly under the supervi sion of the commander, U.S. Army Aviation Center. This publication presentsprofessional information , but the views expressed herein are those of the authornot the Department of Defense or its elements. The content does not necessarily reflect the official U .S. Army position and does not change or supersedeany information unless otherwise specified . Photos are U.S. Army unlessotherwise specified. Use of the masculine pronoun is intended to include bothgenders unless otherwise stated . Material may be reprinted provided credit isgiven to the Aviation Digest and to the author unless otherwise indicated .Publication uses recyclable paper.

invited . Direct communication is authorized by writing Editor, U.S. ArmyAviation Digest, AnN : ATZQ-PAO-AD , Fort Rucker , AL 36362-5042 , or bycalling either DSN 558-3178 or commercial 205 -255 -3178. Manuscripts re turned only upon request.

This medium is approved forthe dissemination of material designed to keepindividuals within the Aviation Branch knowledgeable of current and emergingdevelopments within their areas of expertise to enhance their professionaldevelopment. Articles , photos, and items of interest on Army Aviation are

Second class postage paid at Daleville , AL, and additional mailing offices .Active Army , Army National Guard , and U.S. Army Reserve units receivedistribution as outlined in DA Pamphlet 25-33 . To complete DA Form 12-99-R,enter form number 12-05-E, block number 0014 , and quantity. Also use DAForm 12-99-R for any change in distribution requirements . Army units submitthe form to their publications control officer.Personal copies of the Digest can be ordered from New Orders, Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh , PA 15250-7954.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, ATTN: Chief, Mail List Branch , Mail Stop:SSOM, Washington , DC 20402-9373 .


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Warfighter 6 Major General Dave Robinson

Fighting Army Aviation At The Tactical Level

America's Army is a force projection Army with the mission torapidly deploy decisive force anywhere in the world under any circumstance. Though smaller thanthe Cold War Army, the 21st century force will optimize emergingtechnologies to meet any adversary. Technology will dramatically increase force lethality andbattlefield mobility. Battlefieldcommand and control will greatlyimprove through informationmanagement derived from thepower of the micro-chip. The battle calculus will become morecomplex as operational tempo increases.

The Army must be capable ofsupporting national and international interests. The post-ColdWar environment demands a focuson regional conflicts, crisis response, power projection, andjoint and combined operations.

Operations from ci viI disturbances, national disasters, to lesserand major regional contingenciesare certain to challenge futureplanners. The force must be a totalforce consisting of NationalGuard, Reserve, and Active forcestrained together and capable of delivering decisive victory withminimum casualties.

Fast moving forces, instantaneous information, and unprecedented lethality will characterizethe battlefield. While there are certain to be close battles, many hightechnology weapons arrays willhave the "effects of mass" yet maybe elusive, low dwell time targetsoperating from ranges beyond theclose fight. There may be a blurring between the tactical and operational level as commanders simultaneously focus close and deepfires against the enemy's arsenal,his intent and will. Armed recon-

u.s. Anny Aviation Digest January/February 1993

naissance and attack aviation commanders will need to possess a degree of mental agility to think simultaneously in tactical andoperational terms.

Real-time information will berequired to develop intelligenceand synchronize the employmentof forces and systems to destroythe enemy's warfighting capabilities. Sensors will find and accurately locate targets; lethal weapons will engage enemy forces,many beyond visual range. Landmaneuver forces, operating in alldimensions of the ground regime,will overwhelm and destroy theenemy around the clock in alltypes of weather.

Battle tactics will be inextricably linked to our ability to projectcontingency forces into a battlearea. Once deployed, we must becapable of protecting the force,winning the information war, con-


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VIEWS FROM READERS

Editor:This letter is in reference to tre article"Warriors At Sea," in the November/December 1992 issue by Frank Colucci.It would seem as if credit for the Warriors' success nOperationPrime ChanceIT is a bit off base. During November1987, a selected group of individualswere ordered to Fort Bragg, NC, tofonn, equip, train, and deploy a specialunit to the Persian Gulf. The two primeindividuals involved in this ratherfonnidable task were Lieutenant Colonel(LTC) EdmundE. Hughes, i l l (Retired)(commander, Task Force (IF) 118),and Sergeant Major (SGM) Danny P.Elzie (Retired) (command sergeant major,1F 118). I know of he long, unselfish, and devoted hours these two keyindividuals spent in making sure themission was accomplished. Deploymentschedules (rotations), transportation,orders, pay and allowances, securingrequired equipment, and continentalUnited States training for replacementpersonnel wereall accomplishedby LTCHughes and SGM Elzie.The first two detachments were deployed on 22 February 1988, only 138days after the first personnel arrived tothe unit. This was a very distinguished

accompliShment Also instrumental inthis and deserving of honorable mentionwere First Sergeants (lSGs) TerryWeese (Retired) and Shennan Rowell(Retired).LTC Bruce Simpson had absolutelyno part in starting or sustaining thismission LTC Simpson assumed commandof he 4th Squadron, 17th Cavalry

(formerlyTF 118) on 15 January 1991,and was involved with the unit in DesertStonn and when the unit was withdrawnfrom the Persian Gulf in October 1991.I should know the facts. I was in theunit from November 1987 to August

1991. I deployed with the first two detachments as noncommissioned officerin charge in February 1988 and was the1SG, Headquarters and HeadquartersTroop, 4-17th Cavalry when LTCSimpson assumed command. With respect, I hope you can publish an articleto give LTC Hughes, SGM Elzie, and1SGs Weese and Rowell the accoladesthey so richly deserve.SFC(P) 1.T. SmithKilleen, TXEditor:

As the Senior Air Force RepresentativetoFortRucker,AL,ImustpointoutU.S. Army Aviation Digest January/February 1993

some inaccuracy in the article by Captain (CPI) (P) Brian 1. Boquist, "Willthe Pentagon's Force Mix Meet theFuture 1hreat?" in your September/October 1992 issue. The text in questionfollows:

"Can armor and mechanized forcesbe projected to move 1,000 to 8,00Dmiles in a few days or weeks? No. Canarmor or mechanized forces be airliftedto the battlefield by the U.S. Air Force(USAF) or aircraft from the CivilianReserve AirAeet (CRAF)?No. Army'sAbrams tank and Bradley fighting vehicle are too large or heavy for theUSAF's C-130, C-141A, C-141B, andC-SA while CRAP aircraft face similarproblems. "In the interestof brevity, I will let thetwo relativistic questions, and their associated absolutist answers, slide ashyperbole; but, this is atleast the secondtime that I have recently seen the lastassertion (in part flat wrong) in an Armydocument, so I will respond directly to it.The main point is that the C-SA (andC-5B) can carry both the Abrams andBradley. While a realistic load of oneAbrams or a couple of Bradleys maynot seem like much, 50 or so sorties aday delivered to virtually any partof he

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world add up quickly. The pros and consof airlift versus sealift are well known.Q: Would you rather have an immediateand continuous stream of a few items ata time, or would you rather wait a coupleofweeks for it to arrive all at once? A: Itdepends! As the United States shifts itsthinkingfrom a monolithic Soviet threatto smaller less predictable scenarios, thetransportation method of choice probably will tend to move from the sealiftend of the spectrum to the airlift end

CPT (P) Boquist is completely correct about the Abrams and Bradley being too large and/or heavy for the CRAFand the C-130. The C-141 can call)' oneBradley, but I understand that it is a realpain to cram it in there, so it is probablynot a realistic load (All of the C-141sare now B models except for four aircraft, and they are not in an operationalstatus, so you can forget about the Amodels.)

One last point. The Army and AirForce worked hard together to makesure that the C-5 met Army needs; theyredoubled their joint efforts on the C-17,which is coming off the production linenow. I f the key word in the secondquestion was "battlefield," then you willbe glad to know that the C-17 candeliverC-5 sorts of loads to C-130 sorts ofairfields.

COL William D. Patton, USAFSenior Air Force RepresentativeFort Rucker, AL

Editor:I take issue with the article "Will thePentagon's Force Mix Meet the FutureThreat?" by Captain (CPT) (P) Brian J.Boquist in the September/October 1992issue. The article does not address theissue of "force mix," but instead usesinaccurate information to' sell" the needfor the National Guard and Reserveforces to have a larger role at the expenseof the Active Component The mix offorces between Active andReserveComponents must be based on a present orfuture threat, notparochialism. We mustlearn from our past mistakes on forcemix, and not pay for our parochialism4

with Americansoldiers'lives! Bothheavyand light forces are important! Heavyforces can be airlifted by C-5 Galaxyand C-141 Starlifter aircraft, but lightforces are a better use of these limitedairlift assets. The on-again, off-againarmored gun system for light forcesappears to be on again and promises togive lightforces the firepower necessaryto conduct a successful defense againstmechanized forces until heavy forcesarrive.The popularity of wheeled vehicleswith budget limited nations is the resultof their reduced initial costs, higher roadspeeds, and reduced maintenance complexity and costs, not combat qualities.Cross-country movement is wheretracked vehicles excel. Terrain that isslow-gofortrackedvehiclescross-country movement is generally no-go forwheeled vehicles.

The mission CPT(p) Boquist feelscould have been done by the antiarmorbattalions with Special Forces augmentation is right out ofField Manual 17-95and one of the types that U.S. cavalryunits habitually train for. The cavalrysquadrons are organized to perform themission and their habitual "slice" givesthem everything else that may be required Light division cavalry squadrons presently are outfitted with thesame equipmentas the antiarmor battalions. There has even been discussionwithin the U.S. armor community aboutthe need for a "light" cavalry regimenttodeploy with XVIII Airborne Corps.Raids against advancing Iraqi armoredforces were planned by bothxvrn Airborne Corps and U.S. Army ForcesCentral Command to delay and attritadvancing forces. The concept was touse multiple launch rocket system, AH-64 Apache, and U.S. Air Force aircraftto achieve the desired effects. Infantry ofthe 82dand IOlstwerenotgoingtohaveto fight alone. However, everyonebreathed a sigh of relief when the 24thMechanized Infantry Division and 3dArmored Cavalry Regiment arrived anddeployed forward.The issue of professionalism and readi-

ness is obviously emotional to both Active and Reserve Components. Whatdefines a professional versus a careeristis hotly debated by all concerned. Onething is certain, professionalism is notdetermined by how many weekends amonth or total months in the field theindividual spends away from their family. The issue of readiness is discussedthoroughly in CPT JosephE. Neilson IIarticle 'The Army's Mobilization ofNational Guard Units," (Sep/Oct 92issue). Nounit, Active, orReserve Component required 7 months' trainup. Itrequired 7 months for the political elements to come to a decision on a courseof action and to deploy sufficient forcesfor successful execution of that courseof action. To declare otherwise displaysa clear lack of understanding of thedecision-making process at theN ationalCommand Level.

The issue of what is the "militia" isanother controversial subject. It cannotbe dismissed with a simple comment Atthe time the Constitution was written,every able-bodied man was consideredto be a member of a local militia. Themilitia was organized and lead by themembers who were notpaid, clothed, orarmed by the state or local governments.The British-appointed"state"governorshad no physical control over the localmilitiaand could only ask for a evy fromthe local militia if the Crown forcesneeded more manpower. In fact, beforethe Revolution, the British authoritiesaround Boston sought to disarm thelocal militia by confiscating individualweapons. Arguments that the NationalGuard is not the "mili tia" specified in theConstitution are that they are controlledby the state government, therefore, notthe people themselves receive Federalfunds; and canbe Nationalized by Presidential Order.

The cost of the Revolution was stillfresh in the minds of the writers of theConstitution when they wrote the Bill ofRights. They wished to ensure that U.S.citizens in the future were guaranteedthe rights they had fought and paid sodearly for.

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In this time of reduced funding, allelements of the total force must lookrealistically at what future threats lieahead and whatforces willbe necessaryto defeat them. We must notfocus on thelast war but look ahead to the futurebattles. Three of the five countries identified as potential hot spots in the articlehave large armor and mechanized forcestructures. Other Third World nationsare using the breakup of the SovietUnion as an opportunity to buy modemweapons at rock-bottom prices.To defeat these nations' forces, theU.S. military must continue to upgradeour own weapons systems and forge theright mix ofcombatforces. We must notlet parochialism detennine the force mixor we will again suffer events like TaskForce SmithMAl William C. Barker, AviationU.S. ArmyFort Rucker, ALEditor:

I read the article "Aircraft Call Signs,"July/August1992,andcan'tresist commenting that what the author wrote wasabsolutely true; however, he didn't tellus how difficult and unlikely it is to geta suitable nontactical call sign.When we had to stop using our unauthorized Vietnam-error lineage call sign

in 1989, we immediately submitted arequest to use it according to the regulation only to discover that it and mostother good words were reselVed. TheU.S. Air Force (USAF) controls andreselVes all the tactical and nontacticalcall signs.Unless you are talking directly to theUSAF, you will probably send in yourcall sign requests according to the regulation to the U.S. Army AeronauticalSelVices Agency (USAASA) , Alexandria, VA, until you retire and never get asuitable nontactical call sign for yourunitAfter many iterations and disappointments, we calledthe USAF directly withUSAASA's permission, and the mastersergeant helped us find a call sign thatthe commander could stomach.

USAASA should get the USAF togive us someof he words they controlsoArmy units with a valid need can getdecent call signs. I believe some of theso-called reselVed words might notbe inuse anymore because of he draw-down.Itshouldn tbe so difficult to get whatweneed. Aim high!

CW4 Thomas M. ValentineA Co, 3d.MI BnUnit 15218, Box 409APOAP

Editor:~ U.S. Military Academy (USMA),Department of Social Sciences, WestPoint,NY,islookingforcompanygradeReselVe Officers' Training Corps andOfficer Candidate School officers interested in teaching political science oreconomics. I f you are from basic yeargroups 1986-90 and are interested incivilian graduate study followed by ateaching assignment at West Point,please contact us. We are consideringapplications of officers who might beavailable to start graduate study in thesummer of 1994 or later. For moreinformation write to Department ofSocial Sciences, USMA, ATIN: Personnel Officer, West Point, NY 10996.

CPr Dana M. Isaacoff, U.S. ArmyAssistant Professor and AssistantPersonnel OfficerUSMAWest Point, NYEditor:

The U.S. Army Aviation Center, FortRucker,AL,ReselVe ComponentCourseConfiguration (RC 3) Branch currentlyhas several aviation-related courses available for both officer and enlisted guardand reselVe personnel. A list of qualityexportable training material availableupon request follows: Aviation Officer Advanced CourseAirTraffic Control Officer Course(l5E)

Aviation Senior Warrant OfficerTraining Course Master Warrant Officer TrainingCourseu.s. ArmyAviation Digest January/February 1993

Aviation Accident and Mishap Prevention Course (enlisted additionalskill identifier A2) 68N10 Avionic Mechanic 93B 10 Aeroscout ()b;elVer 93C10 Air Traffic Control Operator 93PI0 Aviation Operations Specialist 68L30 (Basic NoncommissionedOfficer Course (BNCOC Phase IIAvionic Communication Repairer 68N30(BNCOC)PhaseIIAvionicLine SupelVisor 68Q30 (BNCOC)Phase II AvionicFlight Systems Repairer 68R30 (BNCOC) Phase ITAvionicRadar Repairer 93B30 (BNCOC) lliase II AeroscoutObselVer 93C30 (BN COC) Phase IT Ai rTraffic Control Operator 93D30 (BNCOC) Phase I I Ai rTraffic Control Equipment Repairer 93P30 (BNCOC) Phase T AviationOperations Specialist 68P40 (Advanced Noncommissioned Officer Course (ANCOCPhase II Avionic Maintenance SupelVisor 93C40 (ANCOC) Phase II AirTraffic Control SupelVisor 93D40 (ANCOC) Phase I I AirTraffic Control Equipment Maintenance SupelVisor 93P40 (ANCOC) Phase ITAviationOperations SupelVisorInformation concerning the requisition of course material can be obtainedfrom reading U.S. Army Training andDoctrine Command and U.S. ArmyForces Command Regulations 135-3.

Contact your unit training personnel ifyou are interested in any of he courses.Additional information or questionsmaybe directed to Directorate of Trainingand Doctrine, Total Force IntegrationDevelopment Branch (RC3) , FortRucker, AL. Those individuals seekingofficer course information call commercial205-255-5397/2452/4750 or DSN558-5397/2452/4750. Information onenlisted courses canbe obtained by call-

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ing commercial 205-255-4008/3602 orDSN 558-4008/3602.Editor:

This notice is for those who want toapply to the U.S. Anny EngineeringTest Pilot TrainingProgram (AETPfP)but feel they have no chance of beingaccepted.The AE1PfP-with its foundationrooted in math, physics, and engineering-is designed to train experiencedAnny aviators to become qualified engineering test pilots.

As newer aircraft roll off the production line and the Defense budget shrinks,there must be a pool of qualified engineering test pilots to field these pro-grams.

The II-month course is divided intoacademic andflightphases:academicaerodynamics, thermodynamics, staticand dynamic stability, aircraft and en-gine peIformance, and other aeronautical engineering subjects; flight-planning and flying engineering data flights,in a variety of fixed- and rotary-wingaircraft, and preparing technical reportson the test data obtained. Engineeringtest flights are conducted except forflights for aircraft familiarization, in-strument qualification, and night proficiency. Students make field trips to various government flight test facilities.

Department of tre Anny Circular (DACir) 351-90-1, "Army Aviation Engi-neeringTestPilotTrainingProgram,"available through your Personnel andAdministration Center, outlines the ap-plication procedure.Until this year, the Army selectedeight commissioned officers and onewarrant officer (WO) for the U.S.Naval Test Pilot School (NTPS) ,Patuxent River, MD. This unbalancedratio of commissioned officers to WOsprimarily was due to the readily available and, in most cases, previously obtained civilian education credentials ofthe commissioned officer, and the existing positions on the table of distributionandallowances(IDAs)attheU.S.AnnyAv iation Technical Test Center(ATIC),6

Fort Rucker, AL, and the U.S. ArmyAirworthiness Qualification Test Directorate (AQID), Edwards Air ForceBase (AFB), CA.Military Personnel (Mll..PER) Message 92-59 (Update One), 7 December1992, states 'Ths year's board willselect three commissioned and six war-

rant officers." The Army AcquisitionCorps (AAC) was set up in 1990 todevelop a dedicated pool ofhighl y qualified acquisition specialists to till designated critical acquisition managementpositions.One AAC goal is to provide the Annywith a highly competent group ofprofessionals efficient in developing and pro-curing dependable Army materiel. An-other goal is to provide career opportunities to meet future challenges throughprofessional development, education, andtraining.

Recently, the AE1PTP was movedfrom under the Aviation Plans and Pro-grams to the AAC to help set up a viablecareer track for test pilots, which previousl y had not existed; and to increase thepotential for promotion. With this decision, MILPER Message 92-59 mandated all "commissioned officeni selected to attend NTPS be automaticallyaccessed into the AAC where they willserve the remainder of their careers."

Upon graduation from the AE1PfP,commissioned officers now will be as-signed, by law, to approved AAC positions. Not all of the experimental testpilot positions at ATIC and AQID areAAC-approved. Becauseof his policy,coupled with the high percentage ofcommissioned officers graduating eachyear, some graduates would not be ableto be used in active test pilot positions.

Further, commissioned officers couldplan on onIyone touras a test pilot if heyexpected to attend required careerdevelopment schools, hold other key assign-ments,andeventuallybepromoted. Thisone-tour concept did not meet the needsof the Army to ensure an experiencebase and project continuity in the testcommunity.However, the WO is unaffected by

AAC, approved positions, and frequentmoves. The ratio of WOs entering theAE1YIP was increased and the IDApositions at the two test facilities havebeen changedto reflectWO billets.Thesemeasures willallow the WOtobe trainedand to function long term as an experienced engineering test pilot at EdwardsAFB or Fort Rucker. Current indications are this ratio of WOs to commissioned officer test pilots will remain thesame or increase over the next few years.The minimum prerequisites for theAETPfP (DA Cir 351-90-1) are-

Possess pilot status code 1. Have completed college algebra,calculus, and physics with above av-erage grades (B or higher). Completionofdifferential equations, althoughnot mandatory, is a highly desirable. Be dual rated with a minimum of1,000 hours of military flying time. Be able to pass the Navy swimqualification testThe circular states the flying requirements can be waived; however, as far asacademics are concerned, requirements

are firm; it states "a college degree in anengineering discipline is desirable, butnot required. The grades attained incollege mathematics and engineeringsubjects are very important and areweighed accordingly during the selection process."

Most commissioned officers who at-tend NlPS have completed a Master'sDegree in aerospace or aeronautical engineering. The WO applying to theAE1P1P often lacked the math andengineering prerequisites tocompetesuc-cessfull y at the board and in the school.At NlPS, calculus, differential equations, Laplace transforms, propulsion,thermodynamics, stability and control,subsonic aerodynamics, and helicopterperformance are studied daily.We want qualified WOs to apply tothe AE1YIP. With the WO Branch,steps are being taken to increase thechances for fully funded education forthose WOswiththepotentialtocompetesuccessfully for, and complete theAETPfP. IDA positions for WOs at

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ATIC and AQTD are being coded Advanced Education Requirements Study(AERS). A possible cooperative program for WOs, similar to the NavalPostgraduate School/NTPS Cooperative Program (DA Cir 351-90-1) forcommissioned officers, is beingstudied.These two actions should increase thechances for WO civilian educationthrough the military. I f you receive adegree on your own and intend to use itto fulfill NTPS requirements, make sureit has a concentration in math and engineering so you will notloseeligibili ty fora goverrunent-funded degree nor thecompetitive edge for the AETfYfP.MAl Patrick G. ForresterU.S. Army Technical Test CenterFort Rucker, AL

Editor:Anny noncommissioned officers(NCOs) (E-5 through E-8) looking for achallenging and rewarding career opportunity in over 80 countries worldwide are being sought for duty in thedefense attache system (DAS).The DAS is recruiting highly motivated and qualified NCOs seeking jointservice staff assigrunents within American embassies throughout the world.

NCOs selected are given the opportunity to represent the U.S. Army in diplomatic assigrunents within Europe; North,Central, and South America; Africa; theFar East; and the Middle East.According to Sergeant First Qass(SFC) John Currier, Enlisted AssignmentsCoordinator, "no other Armyprogram provides soldiers with the opportunity to live and wOlk in so manydifferent countries(from Austria to Zim-babwe' from Brazil to Finland, and fromCanada to Thrkey). These worldwidediplomatic assigrunents offer a challenge quite like no other."NCOs considering attache duty mustbe cleared for special intelligence, haveageneraltechnicalscoreof1150rhigher,a clerical aptitude area score of 120 orhigher, and a typing score of 40 wordsperminute or higher. Soldiers also musttest 100 or higher on the defense lan-

guage aptitude battery or be a skilledlinguist Computer (word processing)skills are helpful as well. Al l familymem bers must be U.S. citizens and meetthe medical standards for the countryofassigrunentPrerequisites, application procedures,and countries available within the program can be found in Army Regulation611-60.For more information, contact SFCCurrierat commercial41 0-677-2134 or7361, extension 2633; FAX 410-677-5352 or DSN 923-2134 or 7361, extension 2633; FAX 923-5352.Editor:

I f you flew helicopters in SoutheastAsia during the Vietnam War (1961-75), you are eligible to join the VietnamHelicopter Pilots Association (VHPA).VHPA is a nonpolitical, nonprofit, taxexempt, war veterans' organization. Itpublishes a regular newsletter featuringVHPA events, member letters,articles,and an annual directory of its members.The directory contains 7,000 names,addresses,presentoccupations ,dates ,andentries of each Vietnam tour and flightschool class number of each member.The directory also has a list of killed inaction or missing in action and thosewho have died after tour. As an example,I have located seven of the nine Scoutpilots from A Troop, 7-17th Air Cavalry, who I served with in Vietnam frominformation contained in the directoryand at the reunions.I f you are a Vietnam helicopter pilotand want to get acquainted with oldbuddies from flight school or your oldunit, don't miss the reunion on the 4 July1993 weekend. The 1993 10th AnnualReunion will be held at the RegistryResortand Scottsdale Plaza, Scottsdale,

AZ.To join 4,000 plus other Vietnamhelicopterpilots, contactVHPA, 7West7th Street, Suite 1990, Cincinnati, OH45202, commercial 513-721-VHPA,FAX 513-721-5315.Membership dues are $30.00 annually or $450.00 lifetime.U.S. Army Aviation Digest January/February 1993

COL Charles R. RaylState Army Aviation OfficerKansas Anny National GuardMember Executive CouncilVHPAEditor:The 11th Annored Cavalry Regiment (Blackhorse) will hold its Silver(25th) Annual Reunion at Fort Knox,KY, 18 and 19 June 1993. This reunionisopen to all BlackhorseTroopers(commissioned, warrant, and noncommissioned officers, or enlisted) from anyperiod of service.For more information write to BillSquires, Secretary, Blackhorse Association, P.O. Box 11, Fort Knox, KY40121, or call commercial 502-351-5738.Editor:The Air Cavalry Troop (Vietnam),11 th Armored Cavalry Regiment, willcelebrate its 9th Annual Reunion, 23through 27 June 1993 at Laurel, MD.

If you have questions or need additional infonnation contact JamesAngelini, 2512 Lower Hunters Trace,Louisville, KY 40216-1352 or phonecommercial 505-449-0296.Editor:P-47 Thunderbolt Pilots Association,Limited celebrates their 31st AnnualReunion, 2 through 7 June 1993.For information contact eitherGlennCrum, 14527 River Oaks Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80921-2841 at commercial719-488-2762, or BobRichards,P.O. Box 3299, Topsail Beach, NC28445-3299 at commercial 919-328-8781.Editor:TheAnny AviationBranchBallsponsored by the Mid-American Chapterofthe Army Aviation Association ofAmerica will be held 29 April 1993 atthe Houston Street Ballroom, Fort Riley ,KS.

Al l those interested, please call DSN856-8160orcommercial913-239-8160.7


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INTEGRATION OF ATfACK

Lieutenant Colonel Dale R. HannerU.S. Air ForceAir Liaison Officer18th Aviation Brigade, XVIII Airborne CorpsFort Bragg, NC

"The depth of th e battlefield is evolving. Modem capabilities afford the opportunity tostrike simultaneously indepth at enemy fonnations .. .with the evolution are a host ofunresolved issues."

Major General (MG) Wesley K. Clark

(Comments by MG Clark, former Deputy Chief of Staff fo r Concepts, Doctrine, and Developments,Headquarters, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, VA, Deserl StormConference Rep orl, Office of Public Mfairs, 3 March 1992, p. 14.)8 u.s. Army Aviation Digest January/February 1993


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T he advent of the AH -64 Apache attack helicopter has provided the U.S. Army with vastlyexpardx1 opportunities to impact the deep battle.The Apache's range and ordnance load gives it the abilityto operate in areas previously considered the sole domainoffixed-wing aircraft. Furthermore, the additionof Apacheunits to corps-level aviation brigades, at last, provides theorganizational structure to effectively focus the Apache'scapabilities on the deep battle and the destruction offollow-on forces. With this relatively new capability, aneed has arisen to take a fresh look at the integration andcoordination of deep attack operations within the U.S. AirForce interdiction campaign.

While the doctrinal question of Apaches operating inthe deep arena may be the subject of some discussion,certainly everyone must agree that the capability is there.This article does not define whether Anny Attack Aviationor the Air Force is best able to accomplish a certain deepmission. Instead, given that there are instances where itwill be to the corps commander's advantage to exploit hisApaches' "deep" capabilities, this article provides somegood reasons why integrating the deep battle into a jointeffort, while inherently difficult, is a smart way of doingbusiness.Why Coordinate?

The fire support coordination line (FSCL) is a "permissive" fire support measure. This means any fires short ofthis line must be coordinated with the Army groundcommander. Doctrinally, however, fires beyond this linedo not have to be coordinated with anyone. (In theory, atleast, the joint force commander can, and often does,specify certain coordination for deep fires must takeplace.) In any case, there are good reasons why it is to themutual advantage of both the Air Force and Army AttackAviation to have the interdiction campaign and Army deepoperations thoroughly and effectively coordinated. Hereare a few-

Target detection and acquisition. The integrationof Apaches and fixed-wing aircraft provides for increasedlethality by combining the best attributes of each to detect,acquire, and destroy hard-to-find targets. Air Force fastmovers can cover wide areas of the battlefield and bringmassive firepower to bear; however, they are limited intheir ability to see and react to small, camouflaged, orentrenched targets.

Conversely, the ability of the Apache to fly low andslow, combined with its outstanding target acquisitionsystems, gives it an excellent ability to find and fix targets.This is merely one area in which attack helicopters andfighter aircraft complement each other's capabilities;however, to be completely effective, these efforts must becoordinated. Coordinated Air Force and Army Apacheu.s. ArmyAviation Digest January/February 1993

operations might produce many synergistic advantages.Bomb damage assessment and threat reporting to eachservice might be improved, for example. The end resulta more effective "joint" fighting force.

Deep JAAT opportunities. Another advantage ofimproved coordination is the expanded opportunities forconducting "deep joint air attack team (JAAn" operations. One normally thinks of JAAT as being conductedwith close air support (CAS) aircraft in relatively closeproximity to the forward line of own troops, but this neednot necessarily be the case. Deep JAAT-that is, JAATconducted reycn1 theFSCL-provides an excellent way tobring multiple fires on enemy second-echelon forces. However, a deep JAA T operation in a high-threat environmentis fundamentally different from a normal CAS JAAT inone respect. How? Air Force assets don't merely flow totargets deep in enemy territory as they do in the case ofCAS. For maximum survivability, major elements of adeep mission, including routes, tactics, and time-on-target,must be precoordinated with all players before executionof the attack. In deep JAAToperations, this pIarming mustinclude both fighter and attack helicopters.

Realistic employment ofEW and SEAD assets. Everygood Apache mission pi arme r considers and integrates AirForce and U.S. Navy electronic warfare (EW) assets (EFIII Raven, EA-6B Prowler, andF-4G Phantom II) into theattack plan. In reality, however, there are simply notenoughof hese specialized assets to cover every Ai r Forceinterdiction package, much less individual Apache deepattacks. Certainly "special" deep attack missions will beprovided unlimited support. However, for day-to-day

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F-4G Phantom II

EA-68 Prowler

warfighting, the key to effective employment of limitedEW assets lies in our ability to consolidate operations toeffect maximum coverage from the few sorties available.This means that, if an Apache mission plarmer reallyexpects to get coverage from Air Force EW and suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD), he must be able topresent his requirements to the campaign pi armers , andtailor the attack plan to the available EW assets. In otherwords, he must make his inputs in conjunction with thedevelopment of the interdiction campaign, not after it hasbeen put together. Use of command and control assets. Airbornebattlefield command and control center (ABCCC) andairborne warning and control system (AWACS) are normally available to assist Army Attack Aviation operations.However, these command and control (C2) assets carmot beexpected to provide meaningful support without a solidunderstanding, on aday-to-day basis, ofAttack Aviation'splans and intentions. Decreased risk of ratricide. There are several waysto mort friendly aircraft in combat-midair, fragmentation, or accidentally being shot down. While the risk of amidair in combat is significant but relatively minor, fragdeconfliction is a serious concern. The potential of flyingthrough someone else's ordnance fan can be significant.The "see-and-avoid" principle doesn't work, and the fragments of a 2,000 pound bomb is almost a mile in diameter(for about 30 seconds, anyway). The best method of10

reducing this risk is by close, real-time coordination,deconfiicting attacks to the maximum extent possible.

Being shot down by "friendly" fighters also may be aserious threat. The ability of the fighter pilot to distinguisha friendly helicopter from an enemy one, either visually orelectronically, is limited. Short of the FSCL, this risk islessened because Air Force pilots are aware of the fratricide potential, and they are generally in radio contact withground forces. However, the potential increases dramatically as AH-64s fly deep, because Air Force plarmers andpilots may have a limited idea ofwhen and where Apachesare operating.

In Southwest Asia (SWA), restricted operating zonesoften were established over huge areas of potential interdiction territory, so there would be no possibility ofbombing or shooting at a friendly helicopter. This iscertain! ynot optimal. This methodofdeconfliction workedin SW A simply because the maximum application offirepower really was not required to defeat the enemy.The Problem

So fighting the deep/interdiction battle as a joint team isthe best, most efficient, and safest means of killing badguys. Yet, integrating Army Apache deep operations withthe Air Force air interdiction (AI) plarming process isabout as easy as splicing the chromosomes of an eagle tothoseofanodd-toed ungulate. (It's real hard,but ifit worksyou've got a rhinoceros that flies!)

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EF-111 Raven

Why is this little feat of genetic engineering so difficult?The basic building blocks of the Anny's warfightingmethodology are the "commander's intent." His intentdescribes to each lower echelon what will be accomplished, leaving the commander at that level to best determine how to achieve the task. Both execution and controlare exercised at the lowest level. In nearly all instances, the"chain of command" is sacred.The amino acids of an AI campaign are radically differ

ent. A land component commander (LCC) hardly evertasks a particular tank to attack a specific target. Not onlydoes the LCC not have the time or the staff to do so, butabout six echelons of command would have a seriousproblem with him if he tried.Yet in the Air Force, that is precisely what the aircomponent commander (ACC) does with each and everyaircraft in the theater. In the case of interdiction assets, theACC specifies exact "desired mean point of impact,"ordnance, fuel load, and time-on-target for every missionflown.The nucleus of this highly centralized campaign is the air

operations center (AOC) (previously the tactical air control center). In wartime, the AOC is a vast machine withintelligence people, photo interpreters, planners, and operations personnel who orchestrate and manage the war,both long range, and day-to-day.

The ACC receives guidance from the joint force commander and, through the efforts of the AOC, turns thatguidance directly into specific tasking for every flightleader who will fly amission that day. Individual units onlyconcern themselves with generating sorties and planningthe details of getting to and attacking the target. In otherwords, the Air Force campaign uses the principles ofcentralized control and decentralized execution.

Each system, in its own right, best serves its user. Butu.s. Army Aviation Digest January/February 1993

one doesn't have to be Gregor Mendel to see these essentially are dichotomous structures, polypeptides not easilyfonned into protein. One system coordinates directly fromthe highest level to the lowest, monitoring all operationsfrom one central location (the AOC). The other systemsimply defines more and more refined objectives for eachprogressively lower echelon, leaving the details to thatlevel.

So how does one integrate these two very differentnucleotides into a functioning double-helix? The first stepsimply is recognizing the problem-recognizing that theAnny has evolved in its capacity for affecting the longrange battle and now has an increased need to coordinateand integrate its Attack Aviation assets with the Air Forceinterdiction campaign.The Air Force has acknowledged this recently by autho

rizing tactical air control parties and air liaison officers(ALOs) for all aviation brigades. The ALO can play animportant role within the aviation brigade. Often, he is theonly Air Force person who is aware of the planning andsupport needs of Army Aviation units. He is in a positionto provide valuable infonnation to Air Force planners andleaders, as well as to his Anny counterparts. His physicalseparation from the AOC, however, severely limits hisability to be directly involved in air campaign planning.Genetic Engineering

Creating a new species of death-dealing winged mammals ma y be out of the question. I f so, here are a few genesplicing ideas atleast to begin the task of engineering ajointwarfighting monster.

Involvement in the air campaign planning process.Any effort to establish close, continuing coordinationbetween the AirForce and Arm y Aviation must begin at theAOC. The AOC contains a core of pennanentIy assigned

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mission plarmers. However, one vital key to the success ofthe air campaign in SW A was the augmentation of theAOC by mission planners from each wing. These indi-viduals were highly experienced pI arme rs , nonnally weap-ons and tactics officers. They perfonned long-rangepIarming, day-to-day mission plarming, and coordinatedlast minute changes. More importantly, they provided theAir Force leadership with direct infonnation and adviceabout how to best employ each aircraft. Every wingprovided at least one planner to the AOC, so that theresulting tasking bestfit that wing's capability to contribute to the war.For the Anny, this coordination is the job of he battlefieldcoordination element (BCE). However, in Attack Avia-tion, the BCE generally does not contain the direct contactsor the detailed knowledge of current events down in thebattalion to be able to energetically represent AttackAviation during air campaign plarming (besides perfonning all its other important liaison functions). 11lis can onlybe accomplished well by having knowledgeable, experienced, and energetic liaison officers from each AttackAviation brigade or group attached directly to the AOC,with the authority to represent the interests of lowerechelons directly to Air Force plarmers. Why the AOC(rather than corps)? Because a lot of big picture Annyplarming may go on at corps, but the nuts and bolts of theAir Force war (read interdiction and deep war) are plannedat the AOC. Real, direct interface only can occur there. Involvement in the A TO. Another area that should beaddressed is the involvement of Anny Attack Aviation inthe air tasking order (ATO) process. However, this is notto suggest that the ATO should task Anny Aviation. Oneof the great strengths of Attack Aviation is its flexibility,the ability of the Anny commander to quickly focusmassed firepower at the decisive point. On the other hand,Army involvement in the ATO is already significant, andnot merely in the targeting arena. Army fixed-wing assetsoften are included in the ATO to provide deconfliction. Airdefense procedures are included. Army airspace C2 re-quirements are included in the airspace control order(ACO), which is an armex to the ATO. Special instructions(SPINS) include com bat search and rescue procedures thatmay be pertinent if Army personnel or assets are involved.So while direct tasking by the ATO is generally neitherdesirable nor feasible for Anny Attack Aviation units,levels of participation and cooperation in the ATO processstill are potentially advantageous, without degrading theinherent flexibility of Attack Aviation. Publication in theATO each day of all known Attack Aviation activities,with the resulting flow of infonnation to plarmers at alllevels in both services, would certainly enhance our com-bat capability. Distribution of the ATO. Anny Aviation units have a12

demonstrated requirement to receive the ATO, ACO, andSPINS. The ATO, ACO, and SPINS are published dailyand cover all airspace and, to the extent possible, fixed-wing activity for a 24-hour period. Aviation units nowobtain the ATO by calling the friend of a cousinwho knowssomeone who can get a copy. A good test of individualinitiative, but clearly not an optimwn solution! The Annyis currently working on a method of distributing the ATOthrough the maneuver control system. I f actually imple-mented, this will be a significant improvement. An evenbetter solution would be to equip Anny Aviation brigadesor groups with a "contingency theateraircontrol system airplarming system." A follow-on to computer automatedforce management system (CAFMS), this system is essentiall y a local area network (LAN) using a SUN Sparc Twocomputer and existing communication links. More thansimply a method for distributing the ATO and ACO, LANallows users to interact with the AOC to sort through theATO, ACO, and SPINS; provide pIarming inputson a realtime basis; send and receive reports concerning activationof airspace, status of resources, etc. In essence, LAN is adirect link to the AOC plarmers.SummaryNow, more than ever before, the corps commanderownsorganic assets that influence the battlefield in-depth. Thiscapability, combined with the ever-present need to reducethe risks of fratricide, screams for improved coordinationbetween the Air Force and Anny Attack Aviation. Whilethis integration is inherently difficult becauseof he different C2 philosophies of the two services, better coordination and integration has the following advantages: Improved target detection and reaction.

More opportunities to conduct deep JAAToperations. Realistic employment ofAirForce EW and SEAD. Improved use ofAirForce C2 assets (ABCCC andAWACS). Reduced risk of fratricide by deconflicting deep

attacks.Some ideas for improving coordination include-increasing the ground commander'S involvement in the

air campaign planning process by assigning Army A via-tion planners directly to the AOC; publication ofArmyAttack A viation deep operation activities in the ATO;and organizational supportfor distribution of he ATOto aviation brigades and groups.These ideas are not represented as THE ANSWER to thegrowing needs of "joint" warfighting doctrine fo r deepattack. Most importantly, leaders and commanders atALL LEVELSmustRECOGNIZE andADDRESS the vital needforthe integration and coordination ofArmy deep attackoperations and the Air Force Al campaign.



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AH-G4 APAOUE PROGRAM UPDATE

Colonel David F. Saleu.s. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)System Manager for LongbowU.S. Army Aviation CenterFort Rucker, AL

Captain Gregory J. LundAssistant TRADOC Project Officer for AH-64A ApacheU.S. Army Aviation Center

BackgroundDuring the early stages of the

Vietnam War, the Anny definedthe need for a helicopter with thesole mission of delivering massedfire on an enemy. As a result of thatrequirement, the Anny obtainedthe AH 1 Cobra attack helicopter.Since that time, the Anny has continued to rely on the attack hellcopter to deliver effective fires onenemy forces.

The AH-64 Apache is the bestfielded helicopter in the world andperfonned superbly during combatoperations in South West Asia. Itsperfonnance highlighted the needfor an even more capable attackhelicopter.

The complete development of anew aircraft is time consuming andexpensive; upgrades of an existingaircraft are faster and more affordable. These requirements translateinto the Anny's Apache Modernization Plan (AMP) (figure I). Thisplan calls fo r incorporation ofleading edge technologies into thecurrent AH -64A, making i t theAH-64A+ and then the AH-64Cand AH-64D Longbow.

Fort Rucker, ALIntroduction

This article addresses the ongoingApache Modernization Programfrom the user's representative, TRAOOC, point of view. This program isdriven by Battlefield DevelopmentPlan (BDP) deficiences; and plannedenhancements to increase capabilityand emerging tactics, techniques, andprocedures to maximize the effectiveness of modernized Apaches.

The Anny team that manages theApache Modernization Program includes the TRAOOC system manager, the combat developer who setsthe requirements; the material development team-two program managers-Longbow and Air-to-GroundMissile-who are overseen by program executive officers, Aviation andTactical Missiles. 1be industry teamconsists ofMartin Marietta and Westinghouse, the joint venture team, andMcDonnell Douglas HelicopterCompany, the Longbow ApacheSystern integrator.Battlefield Development Plan

The need for the Apache Modernization Program is outlined inthe BDP. The major deficiences of

u.s. Anny Aviation Digest JanuarytFebruary 1993

Anny Aviation addressed by theApache Modernization Programa r e -

Adverse weather capability:Current fielded weapons systems are constrained by climatic conditions that reducevisibility

Multiple tareet eneaeement capability: To increase the effectiveness of the aircraft, i t mustbe able to successfully engagea large number of targets simultaneously.

Enemy air defense (AD) suppression: With the increasedsophistication of the availableantiaircraft weapons, th eApache must be able to suppress those weapons systemsautonomously. Battlefield survivability: Toachieve success on the battlefield, the Apache and its crewmust be able to perfonn increasingly dangerous missionsand return safely.

Air combat survivability: Withincreasing availability of hightech helicopters to third worldcountries, it is imperative the

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I PACHE MODERNIZATION ~ IAH-64A+ (811)

GP SHF RadiosSINCGARS RadiosAntenna Relocat ion

-=6AH-64C (684)

AH-&4A+ Improvements- Plus -AH-64D (227)AH-64C Improvements- P l u s -

701C EnginesFire Cont ro l Radar30mm Reliabil i ty ImprovementsEnhanced Fi re Cont ro l ComputerTADS/PNVS Rel iabi l ity Improve ments

Improved Data ModemVapor Cool ingMANPRINT CockpitNe w GeneratorsNew Weapons ProcessorsIn_rnal N AV

Radar Frequen cy Interferometer

MA Y 19931\

FE B 1993 OC T 1993... 4 1\AH-64 PRODUCTION28/39

EM I HardeningAir-to-Air Missiles (A Kits) MA Y 1997A H ~ 4 A + INTEGRATION 1\~ _ ...._;.;__ .,,.,..,..;J!.

MAY 1997 2013I \ AH -64 C/ O R E M A N U F A C T U ~

Army Aviation Warfighting Center - ~ -Figure 1. AH-64 Apache Modernization Plan

Apache be able to engage anddestroy those threats.

Fire and t a r ~ e t i n ~ capability:The control of friendly fires inthe engagement area is a mustto reduce fratricide and to distribute friendly fires evenly.

T a r ~ e t detection. classification. and prioritization: Once athreat is detected, it must beprocessed quickly so the pilotcan decide his courses of action.

The Army has committed itself toan extensive Apache ModernizationProgram to address these BDP deficiencies. 1b e program calls for theremanufacture of811 AH-64As (lessattrition) into 584 AH-64Cs and 227AH-64Ds.AH-64A+

The remanufacture is scheduled totake place from FY1994 to FY2012.This extended fielding plan will leave14

some AH-64s in the field for up to 20years after their original manufacture.Therefore, the Army identified a needto perform an interim update to theAH-64A that will result in an AH-64A+. The AH-64A+ will incorporate a number of modifications to theexisting aircraft to enhance it. 1besechanges are--

Global p o s i t i o n i n ~ system((ifSl: Before and more soduring Operation DesertShield/Storm, the number ofone priority from field units forthe Apache was to incorporatea GPS. This upgrade will dothis. It will interface with theaircraft's present doppler navigation system and the fire control system.

H i ~ h - f r e g u e n c y (HF) radio:During deep attack missions,the current radios on board theApache do not possess a longrange capabi lity. This resul ts in

the crew's being unable to receive needed update information once a mission begins. Theextended range capability ofthe HF radio will solve thatproblem.

SINCGARS ( s i n ~ l e channel~ r o u n d and air radio system)radios: The future radio of theground commander will be theSINCGARS. To maintain secure communication with him,the Apache needs this radio.

N ap-of-the-earth (NOE) communications: The Apache hassuffered from the inability tocommunicate with groundcommanders while flying in anNOE mode. Boosters for theradio along with relocating antennas will solve this problem.

30mm reliability and accuracy improvements: Enhancements to the current feeder assembly for the M230 cannon

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will reduce the nwnber of stoppages that occur while firing.Also, software changes will bemade to increase the accuracyof the 3Omm. Up2rade the fIre control computer (FCC): To enable the accuracy upgrade for the 3Omm,the memory and throughput capability of the FCC must beincreased.

These improvements will bemade in a programmatic way so asnot to interfere with the Longbowconversion to AH-64C.AH-64CIDThe AH-64A+ will help improvesome of the capabilities of theApache; however, it does not solve allthe BDP deficiencies. The AH-64C/D Longbow conversion does.Figure 2 identifies the major modernized components of the AH-64D

Longbow. To take full advantage ofthe Longbow system, the Army willremanufacture some of he AH-64Asand A+'s into the AH-64CID. Theadded modifications will include-

Lon2bow fire control radar(ECR).: The new FCR providesthe AD-64D with many newoperational capabilities. Theseinclude the ability to rapidlyscan a target area, identify andclassify targets, then engagethose targets under visibilityconditions that would be prohibiti ve for the current Apache.Also, the FCR can be used toaid the crew in terrain avoidance while en route to a targetarea. The air mode of operations allows the aircraft to seekout any air threats also. Finally,incorporated into the FCR is aradar frequency interferometer(RH) that detects and identi-

fies threat AD systems, whichenable the Longbow to rapidlyengage those systems. Improved weapons processors:All of he weapons systems and

sensors are linked togetherThis allows rapid interfaceamong all the components toincrease the lethality of theLongbow.

MANPRINT (manpower andpersonnel inte2ration) cockpit(Glass cockpit): The originalAH-64A used old technologyswitches and guages to relayinformation and accept inputfrom the pilot and gunner. Inthe AH-64C/D, these antiquated techniques have beenreplaced by state of the artmultifunction displays and a singlekeyboard entry pad.

Improved data modem: Thismodem is well advanced over

Improved Navigation WithGlobal Positioning SystemDigital

Communications

MANPRINT Crewstation

DOD Standard Computer andProgramming Language

LongbowFire ControlRadar

Improved Cooling

ExpandedForward Avionics Bay

Air-to-Air Capabilities

Fire and ForgetRF HELLFIRE Missile

Enhanced Fault Detection Location SystemData Transfer/Recording

Figure 2. AH-64D Apache LongbowU.s. Anny Aviation Digest January/February 1993 15


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16

the airborne target handoff system (ATHS) currently in service. Triservice compatibilityallows rapid exchange of nformation with virtually any aircraft, artillery battery, or command center injam-proof "databursts." Four channel simultaneous data transmissions areeasily accommodated. Combined with the high accuracy ofthe GPSlINU (inertial naviation unit), precise targeting andattack coordination information, including accurate prediction of target behavior, can beexchanged quickly while minimizing crew workload. Rapidcoordinated target engagements are the result. Improved navh:ation system:In the original AH-64A, theaircraft used a gyro-controlledheading and atti tude referencesystem (HARS); the AH-64c/D will use a ring laser gyrofor inertial navigation alongwith an embedded GPS to provide constant updating.

Increased electrical power:Wi th the increase in electricalrequirements, the AH-64C/Dwill have two 45 kilovoltampere (kVA), 115 volt, 400 hertz(Hz), 3-phase generators tosupply alternating current(AC) power. Direct current(DC) power is provided by a24-volt battery.,

Reduction of electrical wirin&:The entire wiring of the AH-64C/D is being redesigned using lessons learned from theAH-64A. Improved wire routing, connectors, and testingpoints are all being designed tomake the AH-64C/D moremaintainable.

Improved c o o l i n ~ : The environmental control system forthe Longbow is a vapor cyclesystem that will use the auxiliary power unit (APU) or main

engine bleed air instead of theintegrated pressurized air subsystem (IPAS). This will eliminate the need for the shaftdriven compressor that hasbeen a contributing factor inserveral aircraft fires. 70IC e n ~ i n e s : The incorporation of the 701 C engine in theLongbow will provide theadded power required to maintain the air vehicle performance requirements. In the high,hot environment, 4,000-ft pressure altitude and 95 degreesFahrenheit (F), the Longbowcan obtain a verticle rate ofclimb that exceeds 450 feet perminute.

The AH-64C will be the same aircraft as the AH-64D except that it willnot have the 70IC engines, FCR, andits associated RFI and their supporting line replaceable units (LRUs).Tactic, Techniques, andProceduresAlong with the technology improvements made in the AH-64C/D, the correct tactics alsomust be developed to maximizethe effectiveness of the system.During force development testingconducted at McDonnell DouglasHelicopter Company from October to November 1992, These basic tactics were developed.

The Longbow's FCR enablesthe aircraft to detect, classify (Le.,tracked, wheeled, AD, hovering,flying), and engage those targetswith radar frequency (RF) HELLFIRE missiles. Since visual line ofsight to the target is not mandatory,Longbow Apache crews can employ the RF missile during periodsof poor visibility when laser, optical, and forward-looking infrared(FLIR) sensors are degraded.

Since funding will not allow allAH-64s to be converted to the AH-64D, present plans call for for amix of AH-64Cs and AH-64Ds.

Studies are under way to determinethe most effecti ve ratio. With thisin mind, it becomes apparent thateach attack helicopter companywill have to task-organize into twoteams, AH-64Ds and AH-64Cs.From this basic principle, tacticswere developed. With all aircraftequipped with both the RF and laserHELLFIRE missile, the AH-64D canscan the engagement area with itsFCR, then prioritize all targets andhand them off to the other AH-64Cs.With this completed, the aircraft canstart engaging all of the targets at thesame time. TIle actual time betweeninitial acquisition of he targets by theAH-64D and the starting of fires isshort.

Also, with the one aircraft assigning targets for everyone, thereis virtually no chance of any targetbeing shot at twice. Thus, the entire time the AH-64D Longbowmust remain on station to destroyits target is greatly reduced. This,in turn, enhances the survivabilityof the aircraft and its crew.The RFI on board the Longbowalso the system to identify accurately specific AD threats to thepilot and allow him to engagethose threats before the AD unitcan complete an engagement sequence. This capability alsogreatly enhances the survivabilityof the aircraft.

These techniques of engagement can be applied wi thin all theparameters of the modern battlefield, which includes deep, close,and rear area operations.Conclusion

The Army is taking full advantage in leading-edge technologiesand applying them to both the AH-64C and AH-64D. These changeswill mark the end of the AMP.With these advances, Army Aviation will continue to be a viableforce on the battlefield well intothe 21 st century. 0

u.s. Anny Aviation Digest JanuarylFebruary 1993


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I { A ~ ~ O

HELicoPTERu.s.Anny Aviation Digest January/February 1993 17


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I

Hol(UM

CW4 Charles T. RobbinsStandardization Instructor PilotDetachment 1

Western ARNG Aviation Training Site (WAATS)Eagle, CO

An impromptu fly-by at anaviation exhibition outside Moscow in August

1992 marked the first public viewof what the West knows as the Hokum helicopter (figure 1). That example of the Kamov Design Bureau's new KA-50 was a flight testvehicle and no close inspectionwas possible. However, a monthlater, at the Famborough Airshow

mation for this article came fromthese sources.Named the "Werewolf' by theRussians, the KA-50 recently wonthe competition against the MilMi-28 Havoc as the primaryfighter/attack helicopter to replacethe Mi-24 Hind series in RussianArmy aviation (figure 3). Statedmissions for the new KA-50 areclose air support, antitank and ar-

Army was in 1991, and initial deployment and operational testswere in 1992.

The most notable features of thisaircraft are the co-axial, counterrotating rotor system; the single-pilot configuration; and, for the firsttime on any helicopter, a pilotejection system.The co-axial rotor system, atrademark of the Kamov Design

TilE "WEREWolf" REplACES TilE HiNd. in England in September 1992, aproduction standard Hokum forthe Russian Army was on staticdisplay for all to inspect (figure 2).

Also available to answer questions were representati ves of theKamov Helicopter Scientific andTechnology Company and PeterG. Hunter of Group Vector, a company based in Alexandria, V A,with the rights to market the KA-50 in the Middle East, South Africa, Greece, Italy, Spain, and theUnited States. Much of the infor-18

mored vehicle support, and air-toair combat. Operations are intended using night vision devicesin an all weather environment.

The KA-50 was designed initially in 1977 and the first flightwas on 27 July 1992. Five prototypes were produced, four in single-pilot configuration and onetandem two-seat trainer. In addition, at least one KA-32 Helix-Cwas rebuilt into an early KA-50test vehicle. The first standard production batch for the Russian

Bureau, has seen extensive Russian Naval Aviation service withthe KA-25 Hormone antisubmarine helicopter in service since1961 and later with the improvedKA-27 Helix. Coupled with theautopilot, the KA-27 is very stableand can perform a fully automaticattack mission from take-off to torpedo delivery, requiring only onepilot. The upgraded KA-32 HelixC with improved autopilot has demonstated normal flight with nocrew in the cockpit.

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u.s. AnnyAviation Digest January/February 1993

Figure 1.A flighttest vehicle overZhukovskyAirbaseoutsideMoscowmarkedthe firstpublicview ofaHokum.

Figure 2.Sportingthe Russiannationalflag, theKA-50 wasa star attraction ofthe FarnboroughA rshow.

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Figure 3. The Werewolf emblem leaves no doubt as towhat the Russians want this aircraft to be called.

The KA-50 uses a highly modified KA-32 rotor system plus upgraded autopilot features. The twomain rotor disks, mounted oneabove the other, rotate in oppositedirections. Each disk has threecomposite rotor blades mountedwith elastomeric bearings to a titanium hub and mounted to a titanium mask.

Since no power is required foranti torque or heading control, 100percent of available power can beused for lift. Also the no tail rotorrequirement results in safer napof-the-earth (NOE) flight. Loss oftail rotor effectiveness (LTE) isnot a factor for the KA-50.Recently, the maximum sideward flight limitation has been

raised to 180 kilometers (km) perhour (97 knots), updating the tabulated data supplied by Kamov. Thelack of a tail rotor also increasescombat survivability. In one test ofan air vehicle, the tail section,which provides for streamliningand forward flight, was shot offand the aircraft was able to landunder control.The main transmission to airframe connection uses "nodalbeam" vibration dampning similarto the Bell Longranger and Bell214 helicopters.Traditionally, the Mil DesignBureau produced th e SovietArmy's helicopters, while theKamov Design Bureau producedthe Soviet Navy's helicopters.With that, many expected the MilMi-28 to be the lead contender forthe Army's requirements. However, the stability and autoflight features of th e Kamov designconvinced the Army that pilotworkload could be reduced lowenough to allow single-pilot operation of the attack helicopter.This was a major factor in theArmy's selection of the KA-50 instead of the Mi-28, although a fewHavocs probably will still enterservice.Unique in the helicopter worldis the KA-50's Zvenda K-37 pilotejection system (figure 4). Operation is by pulling one of two redhandles between the pilot's seatand the cyclic. Explosive blade retaining bolts allow separation ofthe six main rotor blades as the topof the canopy is simultaneouslyjettisoned. One third of a second(sec) later, a rocket motor mountedjust aft and above the pilot's seat,is ignited and pulls the pilot vertically out of the cockpit by his parachute risers and harness into whichhe is normally strapped. The seatremains in the helicopter. I f allgoes well, 2.2 sec are required toclear the helicopter once the han-

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Figure 4. The Zvenda K-37 pilot ejection system. Thewhite rocket above and behind seat pulls pilot outthrough the jettisoned canopy top.dIe is pulled, or 6.0 sec total for thepilot to land on the ground if thehelicopter were on the ground athandle pull.

The main structural member ofthe fuselage is a 1 meter by 1 metersquare tube of graphite/kevlarcomposite material, running thelength of the fuselage, to whichpowertrain and loadbearing components are attached. Thirty-five

percent of total airframe weight isof composite material.Three hundred and fifty kilograms of steel armor is used forprotection of pilot and critical areas of the transmission and hydraulics. Original specificationscalled for protection against U.S.20 millimeter (mm) cannon, butonly 23mm cannons were available for testing purposes so that

U.S. AnnyAviation Digest JanuarylFebruary 1993

standard was used for armor protection. Production KA-50s havecomplete canopy glass protectionto 12.7mm (figure 5). The cockpitis over-pressurized, and the nuclear, biological, and chemical filtration equipment is locatedbehind the pilot in the accessoryarea, which is also shielded against23mm.The primary mission equipmentis the new tube-launched, supersonic, laser beamriding Vikhr missile. Each Vikhr contains twowarheads, a point detonatingshaped charge for antiarmor useand a proximity fused high explosive (HE) for antiaircraft use. Thepilot selects warhead primacy according to the target. Missile rangeis 10 lan, but target acquisition isaccurate only to 8 km. Armorpenetration is up to 900mm. A total of 12 missiles can be carried(figure 6). (Other reports stating16 missiles are incorrect.)

The 2A42 30mm cannonmounted on the right side of thefuselage is the same gun used onthe BMP-2 armored personnel carrier (figure 7). Equipped with adual-feed mechanism, the pilot canselect from 250 rounds (rd) of HE,or 250 rd of armor-piercing according to the target. Gun elevation is 12 degrees; depression is 30degrees. Azimuth control is by thehelicopter's heading. Maximumeffective range is 3 km with suppressive capability out to 4 km.Up to 80 unguided 80mm rockets can be carried in four rocketpods mounted under the wings.Each of the four underwing pylonsis plumbed for use by underwingfuel tanks. The windtip pods carrychaff/flare dispensers. Some aerodynamic lift is provided by the 24-foot span wings in forward flight.Contained in the nose section isthe low-light TV (LLTV) (figure8) (preferred by the Russians instead of a forward looking infrared

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Figure 5.Pilot ac-

cess intothe well-

armoredcockpit.Steel armorresisted23mm at100 metersin tests.Canopy

glass is bul-let proof to12.7mm.

Figure 6.Six tube-launched,laser beam

riding, anti-armor/anti-

aircraft mis-siles aremountedon each

outboardpylon. Thewingtip

pod con-tains

chaff/flaredispensers.

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u.s. Atmy Aviation Digest January/February 1993

Figure 7.The2A4230mm cannon, thesame as onthe BMP-2armored vehicle,carries 500rounds ofammuni-tion. TwoUVBOmmrocketlaunchers,a total of BOrockets canbe carried.

Figure B.The low-l ight TVand lasersare housedunder thenose. Airdata sen-sor probesprotrudeout thenose. Thepilot'spanoramicrear viewmirror isabove thecanopy.

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system), the laser to control theVikhr missiles, and another laserfor target designating. Targetinginformation is presented on the pilof s heads-up-display (HUD) andhelmet-sighting system (figure 9).

Targeting information can alsobe sent to, or received from, otheraircraft or ground stations via data-link. The integrated navigationsystem includes Doppler navigation, radar altimeter, inertial navigation (INS), and eventually theGLONASS System, the Russianequivalent of the U.S. military'sglobal positioning system (GPS),expected for completion by 1996-97.

Navigation information is presented on the HUD and on a mov-

ing map display located just to theright of the LLTV screen, whichholds center position on the pilof sinstrument panel.

Data-link also provides for helicopter control from another aircraft orground station. With this autoflightand targeting capability, the aircraftcan fly from homebase to a target,engage target, and return home without pilot input, a concept used byRussian intercepter aircraft for decades. I f during a mission the pilot iswounded but still able to press oneemergency button, the aircraft can return home automatically, navigatingof f the INS. A pilot is needed, however, to start the aircraft, pick it up toa hover, land from a hover, and shutit down. At a hover, the semi-retract-

able tricycle landing gear can bemanually extended by personnel onthe ground should that need arise.

Data-link is limited by line-of-sighttransmission and, if used, would tendto keep the KA-50 higher than NOEmodes of flight. This would be consistent with the Soviet/Russian phi-1osophy ofusing attack helicopters inhigher and faster flight modes. Thus,the incentive to try to make them im-pervious to hostile fire, as they wouldbe more visible than helicopters employing U.S. tactics.

The KA-50 is powered by twoKlimov TV3-117V turboshaft engines of 2,225 horsepower each;the same engine pack on the Mi-28Havoc (figure 10). The widelyseparated engines common on

Figure 9. The KA-SO's HUD is at top center, below is the low-light TV screen,and the moving map display to its right. Handles are for ejection system. Thehandle on the cyclic is a manual release for the wing stores.

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CrewEnginesFuselage lengthTotal length,rotors turningRotor diameterHeightWing spanMax speed in ashallow dive(VNE)Verticle rate ofclimb at 2500mHover ceiling OGESideward flightRearward flightStd T/O WtMax T/O WtMax Load FactorWeapons Systems

49.2 f t

62.6 f t

(1) pilot(2) x TV3-117v @ 2,200 shp each15.0m (49.2 ft)16.0m (52.5 ft)14.5m (47.6 ft)4.93m (16.2 ft)7.34m (24.1 ft)

350 km/h (189 kts)10m per sec (1,960 ftlmin at 8,200 ft)4,000m (13,120 ft)80 km/h (43.2 kts)90 km/h (48.6 kts)9,800 Kg (21,610 Ibs)10,800 Kg (23,814 Ibs)3 GsPrimary: (12) "Vikhu" supersonic, laser beamriding, antiarmor/antiaircraft missiles, plus(40) 80mm rockets.Alternate: Up to (80) 80mm unguided rockets.Plus (I) 30mm cannon with 500 roundsammunition.

CNui,..

111124.1 I t

Figure 10. KA-50 Specifications, Kamov Helicopter, Scientific and Technology Company, Lubertsy Moscow Region, Russian Federation 14007

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most newer attack helicopter designs increase survivability fromcombat damage. An internal auxiliary unit provides all ground electrical and hydraulic requirements(figure 11).

Aircraft systems malfunctions trigger prerecorded voice instructionstelling the pilot what procedures totake. A "sexy" female voice is used asRussian research indicates that sexy

26

female voices are those most attendedto by pilots. Written instructions arealso presented on the HUD.

Arriving at Farnborough wasnot only Kamov, with the neverbefore-seen Hokum, but 20 moreaircraft of the latest Soviet/Russian design, including the latestversion of the Backfire bomber.All these aircraft are up for sale orpossibly available for modi fica-

Figure 11. KA-50 Hokum

tion to Western standards-avionics, engines, weapons, and servicesupport.The stated price for the KA-50

in a Russian Army configurationwas $13 million per copy. However, it is possible for the next Hokum to be seen ou tsi de Russia tohave Western up-grades and perhaps sporting a Middle Eastern desert paint scheme. 0



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Answers to the last A viation Digest Crossword PuzzleHere are the answers forthe Crossword Puzzle inthe last issue of the Avia-tion Digest.That puzzle and theseanswers relate to subjects

asked on annual proficiency and readiness tests.If you forgot to work thatpuzzle, which was the firstone published in this seriesof puzzles, you may find iton page 36 of the Novem-ber/December 1992 issueof the A viation Digest.Puzzle information willremind you about importantArmy Aviation subjects.More puzzles will appearin future issues of the Avia-tion Digest. We hope youenjoy them.And Good Luck!

u.s. Anny Aviation Digest JanuaryJ1=ebruary 1993 27


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Aviation Digest1992

Subject IndexAH-1 COBRA ALAT May/Jun

Gunfighters Jan/Feb Engine Support Center Jul/AugHelicopter Maintenance Through

The Years Sep/Oct AWARDSEllis D. Parker Award Mar/AprA H ~ A P A C H E

Gunfighters Jan/Feb BATTLEFIELD AIR SUPPORTOperation Provide Comfort Nov/Dec Deep Attack and Counterartillery Battle JantFebSudden Thunder JuVAugTraining for Night JAAT Sep/Oct BATTLE LABSArmy Aviation's Role in Future Nov/Dec

A H ~ LONGBOW APACHE U.S. Army Aviators SupportThe ARMY Mar/Apr Dismounted Battle Labs Nov/Dec

AIRCREW TRAINING PROGRAM CH-47 CHINOOKASET II Mar/Apr DES Revises CH-47D Operator'sCommander's Task List Mar/Apr Manual and -CL Nov/DecMaintenance Test Pilot Standardization Mar/AprNew Direction for Aircrew Training Mar/Apr COMANCHE (RAH-66)Nonrated Crewmember Standardization Mar/Apr Comanche Deploys May/Jun(see TC 1-210) Comanche Early OperationalCapability Unit May/Jun

ARMY REPROGRAMMING COMANCHE-Restructuring toANALYSIS TEAM Jul/Aug Meet Requirement May/JunSupportability May/Jun

ATC FOCUS* The ARMY Mar/AprATNAVICS is on Way! Jan/Feb TRADOC System Manager forMaintenance AMF to AMSF Mar/Apr COMANCHE-FORWARD May/JunATS L-Series TOE May/Jun Training for Night JAAT Sep/OctMystery or Magic? JuVAug T800 Engine Update May/JunArea Maintenance and Supply

Facility Reimbursable Operations Sep/Oct COMMANDING GENERAL PAGES*U.S. Army's ATC Facility of Year Nov/Dec Let's Exchange Ideas Jan/.FebAircrew Coordination Mar/Apr

AUTHORS' GUIDE Jan/Feb 50th Anniversary of Army Aviation May/JunArmy Aviation's Role inAVSCOM* Counterdrug Operations Jul/Aug

Human Factors in Aircraft Total Force Sep/OctMaintenance and Inspection Jan/Feb Army Aviation's Role in the Future,Army Oil Analysis Program in Wartime Mar/Apr Defined Through Battle Labs Nov/Dec

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COMPUTERS Total Force Partnership Sep/OctASET II Mar/AprDistributed Training Program JuVAug FM 100-5Tactical Army Computer Jan/Feb A Paradigm for Adaptation JuVAug

COMMAND AND CONTROL FORCE DESIGNArmy Aviation in Level III Rear Operations Sep/Oct Design for Tempo, Part 4: Army AviationArmy Aviation's Role in the Future Nov/Dec and Counterfire Mission Jarv'FebDeep Attack and Counterartillery Battle Jan/FebOperation Provide Comfort Nov/Dec FORCE STRUCTUREReserve Forces--A New Beginning SeplOct Will Pentagon's Force MixMeet Future Threat? Sep/Oct

CONTESTSAir Assault Challenge Jan/Feb HISTORYFort Rucker Holds First Air Army Aviation Between WWIIAssault Challenge Jan/Feb and Korean Conflict Sep/Oct

Gunfighters Jan/Feb Army Aviation: A Branch FoundedHowze Helicopter Gunnery by Dreamers and Doers Jan/FebCompetition Jan/Feb Cargo Helicopters in KoreanUSAAVNC Hosts 2d Annual Conflict, Part I Nov/DecAir Assault Challenge Nov/Dec Helicopter Maintenance Throughout Years Sep/OctHenry Post Army Airfield May/Jun

DESERT STORM Organic Army Aviation in WWII May/JunApache Armed Reconnaissance Part I

Operations Jan-Feb Organic Army Aviation in WWII Jul/AugArmy's Mobilization of National Guard Units Sep/Oct Part IIAttack Troop in Gul f War Nov/Dec Parker, Ellis D. Jan/FebAviation Logistics Mobility Mar/Apr Women in Army Aviation May-JunCG Page One-Aircrew Coordination Mar/Apr 50th Anniversary of Army Aviation Mar/AprDesign for Tempo, Part 4:

Army Aviation and Counterfire Mission Jan/Feb HOWZE, HAMILTON, GENHow Do NSYlspapers Report Army Aviation Gunfighters Jan/FebAircraft Mishaps? Sep/OctTotal Force Partnership Sep/Oct JUST CAUSE OPERATIONWarriors at Sea Nov/Dec Design for Tempo, Part 4:Women in Army Aviation-- Army Aviation and Counterfire Mission Jan/FebChanging Paradigms Nov/Dec

LEADERSHIPDES REPORT TO FIELD* Leader Development in the 1990s Sep/OctDES Trends Affect Aviation Medicine May/Jun

Equivalency Evaluations Sep/Oct LIGHT INFANTRY DIVISIONMission, Process, and Product NovlDec Deep Attack and Counterartillery Battle Jan/FebELECTRONIC WARFARE LOGISTICS*Deep Attack and Counterartillery Battle Jan/Feb Flight Line Maintenance Jan/FebAviation Logistics Mobility Mar/Apr

EXERCISES Aircraft Armament MaintenanceCope Thunder Jan/Feb Technician Course May/JunDeep Attack and Counterartillery Battle Jan/Feb OH-58D Kiowa Warrior Training Sep/OctKey Points on Total Force Sep/Oct New Breed Nov/Dec

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MAINTENANCE Aviation Supply Support for OperationHelicopter Maintenance Through The Years Sep/Oct Provide Comfort Nov/Dec

Combat Search and Rescue:MANEUVERS (see Operations) Whose Responsibility? Nov/Dec

Warriors at Sea Nov/DecMEDICINE Operations in Desert: A Postscript Nov/DecFlying High Jul/Aug

PEARL'S*MEDICINE REPORT* Survival Tip: Dry Feet; Western Region

Diet for Enhanced Aviator Performance JarvFeb Survival School Jan/FebDustoff Black Hawk-The UH-6OQ Mar/Apr Proper Food Preparation; Hypothermia;

Air Bathing Mar/AprMETT-T Need for a HEED; Now Heed the Need May/June

Deep Attack and Counterartillery Battle Jan/Feb Who Is Responsible? Sep/OctNBC PERSONNEL NOTES*

NBC Decontamination JuVAug Army Aviation Personnel Plan;Green Tabs; Revisions for MOSs

NATIONAL GUARD 93C and 93D Jan/FebArmy's Mobilization of NG Units Sep/Oct Aviation Drawdown Mar/Apr

Enlisted Aviation Personnel StructureNIGHT VISION DEVICES Beyond 2000 May/June

Deep Attack and Counterartillery Battle Jan/Feb Aviation Branch Insignia JuVAugHow Do Newspapers Report Army Aviation AWO Utiliization Sep/OctAircraft Mishaps? SepOct Dual Tracking Nov/Dec

NVG Training Update Mar/AprTraining for Night JAAT Sep/Oct PROTOTYPESWarriors at Sea Nov/Dec The ARMY Mar/AprWhat is SPH-4B? Mar/Apr RISK MANAGEMENT

OH-58 KIOWA Risk-Us Assessment andThe ARMY Mar/Apr Management Jan/FebCapabilities and Expectations JuVAugWarriors at Sea Nov/Dec SAFElY

Anatomy of an Air C r ~ h Sap/OctOPERATlONS/TACTICS/MANEUVERS Big Picture On Human Error May/JunApache Armed Recomaissance How Do Newspapers Report ArmyOperations Jan/Feb Aviation Aircraft Mishaps? Sep/OctArmy Aviation in Level III Rear Soldiers' Spotlight Jan/FebOperatiOns Sep/Oct Taking Safety to Heart Nov/DecCON PLAN BUGLE Nov/DecDeep Attack and Counterartillery Battle Jan/Feb SIMULATORSDesert Storm (see Desert Storm Operation) Design for Tempo, Par t 4:Design for Tempo. Part 4: Army Aviation and Counterfire Mission Jan/FebArmy Aviation and Counterfire Mission Jaf)'Feb Simulation and Training Jul/AugFM 100-5 Jul/Aug Simulators Make Me Sick JuVAugHurricane Andrew-A Most

Devastating Disaster Nov/Dec SOLDIERS' SPOTUGHT*Just Cause (see Just Cause Operation) Safety Jan/FebOperation Prime Chance and Provide Comfort Arming AH-1 S Cobra Mar/Apr30 U.S. ArmyAviation Digest January/February 1993


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Personnel Management During Deep Attack and Counterartillery Battle JarVFebArmy DrawdONn May/Jun Dustoff Black Hawk-The UH-6OQ Mar/Apr

AreWe Really Qualified? JuVAug Nonrated Crewmember Standardization Mar/AprWhat's in FLturefor ANCOC CMF 67? Sep'OctChange of Custodianship Nov/Dec UNIFORM

Aircrew Battle Dress Uniform JuVAugTACTICS (see Operations) USAASASEZ*TEXCOM* Military Training Routes JarVFeb

Heavy Equipment Transporters Jan/Feb Improving FLIP Mar/AprMATTAX Mar/Apr How Is Your Happy Home? May/JunTesting by Simulation May/Jun Aircraft Call Signs JuVAug

Test Community Celebrates MAMS Sep/OctAviation Anniversary JuVAug Airspace Reclassification Process Nov/DecUAV Sep/OctFratricide Nov/Dec VIETNAMArmy Aviation--Branch Founded by

THREAT Dreamers and Doers JantFebWill Pentagon's Force Mix Design for Tempo, Part 4: Army AviationMeet Future Threat? Sep/Oct and Counterfire Mission JarVFeb

TOTAL FORCE WARFIGHTINGArmy's Mobilization of National Design for Tempo,Guard Units Sep/Oct Part 4: JarVFebCG Page One-Total Force Sep'Oct Warfighting 91 JarVFebKey Points on Total Force Sep/OctReserve Forces-A New Beginning Sep/Oct WOMEN AVIATORS

Will Pentagon's Force Mix Women in Army Aviation May/JunMeet Future Threat? Sep/Oct Women in Army Aviation- Nov/DecReshaping An Army May/Jun Changing Paradigms

Total Force Partnership Sep/Oct LudONese, Jill Cornell, CPTU.S. Army Aviators Support Dismounted Murphy, Sally, LTCBattle Labs Nov/Dec

TRAINING * DepartmentsAircrew Training Mar/AprAviation CSS at NTC Sep/OctJRTC Uses Soviet Built Helicopter Nov/DecNew Direction for ATP Mar/AprOH-58D Kiowa Warrior Training Sep/OctTraining for Night JAAT Sep/OctTraining Scenarios Mar/Apr

UH-1 IROQUOIS (HUEY)Deep Attack and Counterartillery

Battle JarVFebHelicoJXer Maintenance ThroughTheYears Sep/Oct

UH-60 BLACK HAWKCapabilities and Expectations JuVAug

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BATTAUONEVALUATIONPACKAGECONTENTSPARTlAdminfitrationTAB AContentsTABBCategoryTABCEndorsementsTABD

POC InformationPART 2Evaluation Are .TAB AMission StatementTABBCommander's IntentTABCSafetyTABDLeadershipTABETrainingTABFMaintenanceTABGCost versus SavingsTABH "Innovations

PART 3Additional Information

ARMY CHIEF OELLIS D

Lieutenant Colonel Gerard HartPublic Affairs OfficerU.S. Army Aviation CenterFort Rucker, AL

Army Chief of Staff, General Gordon R. Sullivan, approved the Lieutenant General (LTG) Ellis D. Parker Awardfor 1993 in a briefing 29 January 1993. General Sullivan haddirected the creationof he Parker Award to honor the top aviationbattalion in the Army during LTG Parker 's retirement ceremony31 January 1992.

The Parker Award recognizes excellence throughout ArmyAviation. The selection process is designed to enhance readinessand improve efficiency among aviation units. The Parker Awardsupplements awards already availab Ie in the Arm y and the privatesector by focusing on the aviation battalion as the primarywarfighting Army Aviation force.The CSA will presen

Army Aviation Digest - Jan 1993

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