Armillaria solidipes

8/10/2019 Armillaria solidipes

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Armillaria solidipes

Scientific classificationKingdom: FungiDivision: BasidiomycotaClass: Agaricomycetes

rder: AgaricalesFamily: !hysalacriaceae"enus: Armillaria#pecies: A. solidipes

Binomial name Armillaria solidipes

!eck $%&''(Synonyms Agaricus congregatus Bolton %)&% Armillaria mellea var*obscura "illet %+)

Armillariella ostoyae -omagn* %&)' Armillariella solidipes $!eck(.*J*Baroni %&+%

Armillaria solidipes $formerly Armillaria ostoyae ( is a species of fungus in the!hysalacriaceae family* /t is the most common variant in the 0estern 1*#*, of the group of

species that all used to share the name Armillaria mellea * Armillaria solidipes is 2uitecommon on 3othhard0ood andconifer 0ood in forests 0est of theCascade crest* .hemycelium attacks the sap0ood and is a3le to travel great distances under the 3ark or 3et0eentrees in the form of 3lackrhi4omorphs $5shoestrings5(*

/n most areas of 6orth America, Armillaria solidipes can 3e separated from other species 3yits physical features* /ts 3ro0n colors, fairly prominent scales featured on its cap, and the0ell7developed ring on its stem sets it apart from any Armillaria * $8erink, %&)9(

/t is kno0n to 3e one of thelargest living organisms, 0here scientists have estimated a singlespecimen found in alheur 6ational Forest in regon to have 3een gro0ing for some ;, ''years, covering 9* s2uare miles $+* km


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organism lies in the ground, out of sight* .herefore, the organism is not visi3le to anyonevie0ing from the surface* /t is only in the autumn 0hen this organism 0ill 3loom =honeymushrooms>, visi3le evidence of the organism lying 3eneath* ?o0 competition for land andnutrients have allo0ed this organism to gro0 so huge@ it possi3ly covers more geographicalarea than any other living organism*%

Contents

hide % .a onomy ; ?ife cycle

9 !athogenicity

"eography

Diagnosis E .reatment

) di3ility

+ #ee also

& -eferences

%' ternal links

Taxonomy[ edit ]

Armillaria solidipes

.he species 0as formerly kno0n as Armillaria ostoyae -omagn*, until a ;''+ pu3licationrevealed that the species had 3een descri3ed under the name Armillaria solidipes 3yCharles8orton !eck in %&'', ; long 3efore8enri -omagnesi had descri3ed it in %&)'*9

Life cycle[ edit ]

.his fungus, like most parasitic fungi, reproduces se ually* .he fungi 3egin their life as

spores, released into the environment 3y a mature mushroom* Armillaria solidipes has a0hite spore print* .here are t0o types of mating types for spores $not male and female 3ut
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Life_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Pathogenicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Edibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Peckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Peckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-Peck1900-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Romagnesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-Burdsall2008-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_printhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_printhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armillaria_ostoyae_MO.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Life_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Pathogenicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Edibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Peckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Peckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-Peck1900-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Romagnesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-Burdsall2008-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_print


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similar in effect(* .he spores can 3e dispersed 3y environment factors such as 0ind or theycan 3e redeposited 3y an animal* nce the spores are in a resting state, the single spore mustcome in contact 0ith a spore of an opposite mating type and of the same species* /f the singlespore isolates are from different species, the colonies 0ill not fuse together and they 0illremain separate* When t0o isolates of the same species 3ut different mating types fusetogether, they soon form coalesced colonies 0hich 3ecome dark 3ro0n and flat* With this particular fungus it 0ill producemycelial cords also kno0n as rhi4omorphs* .heserhi4omorphs allo0 the fungus to o3tain nutrients from long distances a0ay* .hese are also themain factors to its pathogenicity* As the fruiting 3ody continues to gro0 and o3tain nutrients,it forms into a mature mushroom* Armillaria solidipes in particular gro0s a 0ide and thinsheet7like plates radiating from the stem 0hich is kno0n as its gills* .he gills hold the sporesof a mature mushroom* .his is stained 0hite 0hen seen as aspore print* nce sporeformation is complete, this signifies a mature mushroom and no0 is a3le to spread its sporesto start a ne0 generation*

Pathogenicity[ edit ].he disease is of particular interest to forest managers, as the species is highly pathogenic toa num3er of commercial soft0oods, nota3lyDouglas7fir $ Pseudotsuga menziesii (, truefirs $ Abies spp. ( andWestern 8emlock $Tsuga heterophylla (* A commonly prescri3ed treatment isthe clear cutting of an infected stand follo0ed 3y planting 0ith more resistant species such asWestern redcedar $Thuja plicata ( or deciduous seedlings*

!athogenicity is seen to differ among trees of varying age and location* Gounger conifer treesat age %' and 3elo0 are more suscepti3le to infection leading to mortality, 0ith an increasedchance of survival against the fungus 0here mortality can 3ecome rare 3y age ;'* Whilemortality among older conifers is less likely to occur, this does happen, ho0ever, in forests0ith dryer climates*E

.he pathogenicity of Armillaria solidipes appears to 3e more common in interior stands, 3utits virulence is seen to 3e greater in coastal conifers* Although conifers along the coastalregions sho0 a lo0er rate of mortality against the root disease, infections can 3e much 0orse*Despite differences in ho0 infections occur 3et0een these t0o regions, infections aregenerally esta3lished 3y rhi4omorph strands, and pathogenicity is correlated to rhi4omorph production*

Geography[ edit ]Armillaria solidipes is mostly common in the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere* /n 6orth America, this fungus can 3e found on host coniferous trees located in the north0esternforests of the continent in British Colum3ia and the !acific 6orth0est* While Armillaria

solidipes is distri3uted throughout the different 3iogeoclimatic 4ones of British Colum3ia, theroot disease causes the greatest amount of pro3lem in the interior parts of the region in the/nterior Cedar 8emlock $/C8( 3iogeoclimatic 4one*) /t is 3oth present in the interior 0here itis more common as 0ell as along the coastal lines*

A mushroom of this type in the alheur 6ational Forest in the #tra03erry ountains ofeastern regon, 1*#* 0as found to 3e the largest fungal colony in the 0orld, spanning +*&s2uare kilometres $;,;'' acres( of area* .his organism is estimated to 3e ;, '' years old* .he
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelial_cordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_printhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas-firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas-firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_redcedarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_redcedarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelial_cordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_printhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas-firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_redcedarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-7


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fungus 0as 0ritten a3out in the April ;''9 issue of the Canadian Journal of Forest -esearch*While an accurate estimate has not 3een made, the total mass of the colony may 3e as muchas E' tons* /f this colony is considered a single organism, then it is the largest kno0norganism in the 0orld 3y area, and rivals the aspen grove 5!ando5 as the kno0n organism0ith the highest living 3iomass* /n %&&;, a relative of the #tra03erry ountains clone 0asdiscovered in south0est Washington state* /t covers a3out E s2uare kilometres $%, '' acres(*Another 5humongous fungus5 is a specimen of Armillaria gallica found at a site nearCrystalFalls, ichigan, 0hich covered '*% s2uare kilometres $9) acres(*

iagnosis[ edit ]

A tree is diagnosed 0ith this parasitic fungus once the follo0ing characteristics are identified:

-esin flo0 from tree 3ase Cro0n thinning or changing color to yello0 or red

Distress crop of cones

White mycelial fan under 3ark

Black rhi4omorphs penetrating root surfaces

8oney7colored mushrooms near 3ase of tree in fall

Affected trees often in groups or patches on the east side of the Cascades@ usuallykilled singly on the 0est side*

A. solidipes may 3e confused 0ith ottled rot $ Pholiota limonella (* /t has similarmushrooms, 3ut only if mycelial fans are not present* Dead and diseased trees usually occurin disease centers, 0hich appear as openings in the canopy* "!# tracking can aid in themonitoring of these areas* 8o0ever, sometimes distinct centers 0ill 3e a3sent and diseasedtrees are scattered throughout the stand* +

Treatment[ edit ]

Armillaria can remain via3le in stumps for ' years* Chemical treatments do not eradicate thefungus entirely, and they are not cost7effective* .he most fre2uent and effective approach to

managing root disease pro3lems is to attempt to control them at final harvest 3y replantingsite7suited tree species that are disease tolerant* /n eastern Washington that typically meansreplacingDouglas7fir or true fir stands 0ith ponderosa pine, 0estern larch, 0estern 0hite pine, lodgepole pine, 0estern red cedar , alder , or spruce* #pecies suscepti3ility variessome0hat from location to location* All trees in the disease center as 0ell as uninfected trees0ithin ' feet should 3e cut* 6o tree from a highly suscepti3le species should 3e planted0ithin %'' feet of a disease center*

.he use of another fungus, Hypholoma fasciculare has 3een sho0n in early e periments tocompetitively e clude Armillaria solidipes in 3oth field and la3oratory conditions, 3ut further e perimentation is re2uired to esta3lish the efficacy of this treatment*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_(tree)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_gallicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_gallicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Falls,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Falls,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Falls,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota_limonellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas-firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderosa_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderosa_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_larchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_white_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_white_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_white_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgepole_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_red_cedarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_red_cedarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprucehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypholoma_fascicularehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_(tree)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_gallicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Falls,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Falls,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota_limonellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas-firhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderosa_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_larchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_white_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_white_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgepole_pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_red_cedarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprucehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypholoma_fasciculare


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Another more e pensive alternative to changing species is to remove diseased stumps andtrees from the site 3y pushing them out 0ith a 3ulldo4er* .he air 0ill dry and kill the fungus*And any small roots left underground 0ill decay 3efore they can reinfect the ne0 seedlings,so it is not necessary to 3urn the stumps* After stump removal, any species may 3e planted*.he removal of stumps $stumping( has 3een used to prevent contact 3et0een infected stumpsand ne0er gro0th resulting in lo0er infection rates* 8o0ever, it is unkno0n if the lo0erinfection rates 0ill persist as roots of young trees e tend closer to the original inoculate fromthe preceding stand*

.he most important control measure after planting is to manage for reduced tree stress* .hisincludes regulating species composition, maintaining 3iological diversity, and reducing thechances for insect pest 3uildup* i ed7species forests are more resistant to insect defoliation,and also slo0 the spread of species7specific pests such as d0arf mistletoe, 0hich are 3oth predisposing agents for Armillaria *&

!di"ility[ edit ] Armillaria solidipes are considered edi3les*%'

See also[ edit ]

Fungi portal

?argest organisms ?ist of Armillaria species

?ist of 3ioluminescent fungi

#eferences[ edit ]

%* $ump up % 5Biggest ?iving .hing5* treme #cience* % Dec ;'%'*;* $ump up % !eck, C* 8* $%&''(* 56e0 species of Fungi5* Bulletin of the Torrey

Botanical Club &' $%;(: E'&HE%9*doi:%'*;9')I; ))&&+* J#. - ; ))&&+*

9* $ump up % Burdsall, 8* 8*@ olk, .* J* $;''+(*5 Armillaria solidipes , an oldername for the fungus called Armillaria ostoyae 5 $pdf(* North American Fungi ( $)(:;E%H;E)*doi:%'*; '&Inaf;''+*''9*'')%) *

* $ump up % Korhonen, K* $%&)+(* 5/nterfertility and Clonal #i4e in Armillariamellea Comple 5* arstenia )* : 9%H ;*

* $ump up % orrison, D* J*@ !ello0, K* W* $;'';(* 5 ariation in irulenceAmong /solates of Armillaria ostoyae 5* Forest Pathology (& $;(: &&H%')*doi:%'*%' EI *% 9&7'9;&*;'';*'';) **

E* $ump up % 8arington, .* C*@ Wingfield, * J* $;'''(* 5%&* Diseases and thecology of /ndigenous and otic !ines5* /n -ichardson, D* * !cology and

Biogeography of Pinus * Cam3ridge 1niversity !ress* p* 9+E*/#B6 &)+' ;%)+&%'9*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armillaria_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armillaria_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armillaria_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bioluminescent_fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-1http://www.extremescience.com/zoom/index.php/largest-living-thinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-Peck1900_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2477998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2477998http://www.jstor.org/stable/2477998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-Burdsall2008_3-0http://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdfhttp://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdfhttp://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdfhttp://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdfhttp://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdfhttp://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2509%2Fnaf2008.003.00717http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0329.2002.00275.xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521789103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521789103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Johanssvamp,_Iduns_kokbok.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armillaria_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bioluminescent_fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-1http://www.extremescience.com/zoom/index.php/largest-living-thinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-Peck1900_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2477998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2477998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-Burdsall2008_3-0http://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdfhttp://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2509%2Fnaf2008.003.00717http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0329.2002.00275.xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521789103


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)* $ump up % Cruickshank, * "*@ orrison, D* J*@ ?alumiere, A* $;''&(* 5.he/nteraction Bet0een Competition in Douglas7fir !lantation and Disease Caused 3y

Armillaria ostoyae in British Colum3ia5* Forest !cology and "anagement &+' $;(:9H ;*doi:%'*%'%EI *foreco*;''+*'&*'%9*

+* $ump up % 5C.D7-oot Disease: Armillaria -oot Disease5* ForestryDevelopment* %& arch ;''&* -etrieved ) Dec ;'%'*

&* $ump up % 5 Armillaria -oot -ot, #hoestring -oot -ot, 8oney ushroom5* Forest Health Notes * Washington #tate 1niversity 7 Department of 6atural -esource#cience tension* -etrieved ;'%97'E7%%*

%'* $ump up % regonLs monster mushroom is 0orldLs 3iggest living thing

!xternal lin,s[ edit ]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armillaria ostoyae * Beale, B* $%' April ;''9(*58umungous fungus: 0orldLs largest organismM5* ABC

nline*Archived from the original on 9% Decem3er ;''E* -etrieved ; January ;'')* Amos, J* $) August ;'''(*5Fantastic fungus find5* BBC 6e0s*

olk, .* $;'';(* 5.he 8umongous Fungus 7 .en Gears ?ater5* #noculum +( $;(: H+*

5 Armillaria -oot -ot, #hoestring -oot -ot, 8oney ushroom5* Forest Health Notes *Washington #tate 1niversity*

orrison, D*@ allett, K* $%&&E(*5#ilvicultural anagement of Armillaria -ootDisease in Western Canadian Forests5 $pdf(*Canadian $ournal of Plant Pathology )* $;(: %& H%&&*doi:%'*%'+'I')'E'EE&E'& ''E *

Chapman, B*@ Niao, "*@ yers, #* $;'' (* 5 arly -esults from Field .rials 1sing Hypholoma fasciculare to -educe Armillaria ostoyae -oot Disease5*Canadian $ournal of Botany *& $)(: &E;H&E&*doi:%'*%%9&I3' 7')+*

-etrieved from 5http:IIen*0ikipedia*orgI0Iinde *phpMtitleOArmillariaPsolidipesQoldidOE9' &%&)5

Categories: Armillaria Bioluminescent fungi

Fungi of urope

Fungi of 6orth America

6atural history of regon

6atural history of Washington $state(

Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2008.09.013http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-8http://www.forestry-dev.org/diseases/ctd/Group/Root/root1_e.htmlhttp://www.forestry-dev.org/diseases/ctd/Group/Root/root1_e.htmlhttp://www.forestry-dev.org/diseases/ctd/Group/Root/root1_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-9http://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htmhttp://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htmhttp://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-10http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/oregons-monster-mushroom-is-worlds-biggest-living-thing-710278.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=10http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_ostoyaehttp://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20061231042044/http:/www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20061231042044/http:/www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/869808.stmhttp://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/apr2002.htmlhttp://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htmhttp://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htmhttp://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htmhttp://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Morrison_Mallet_1996.pdfhttp://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Morrison_Mallet_1996.pdfhttp://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Morrison_Mallet_1996.pdfhttp://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Morrison_Mallet_1996.pdfhttp://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Morrison_Mallet_1996.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F07060669609500645http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1139%2Fb04-078http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&oldid=630459197http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&oldid=630459197http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Armillariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bioluminescent_fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungi_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungi_of_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Washington_(state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungal_tree_pathogens_and_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2008.09.013http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-8http://www.forestry-dev.org/diseases/ctd/Group/Root/root1_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-9http://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes#cite_ref-10http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/oregons-monster-mushroom-is-worlds-biggest-living-thing-710278.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&action=edit&section=10http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_ostoyaehttp://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20061231042044/http:/www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/869808.stmhttp://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/apr2002.htmlhttp://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htmhttp://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Morrison_Mallet_1996.pdfhttp://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Morrison_Mallet_1996.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F07060669609500645http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1139%2Fb04-078http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&oldid=630459197http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_solidipes&oldid=630459197http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Armillariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bioluminescent_fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungi_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungi_of_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Washington_(state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungal_tree_pathogens_and_diseases


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