HMAS WELCOME

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ARMED SLOOP WELCOME CREW TRAINING MANUAL

Discovery Center ~ Great Lakes 13268 S. West Bayshore Drive Traverse City, Michigan 49684

231-946-2647 info@MaritimeHeritageAlliance.org

(c) Maritime Heritage Alliance 2011

1770's WELCOME

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History of the 1770's British Armed Sloop, WELCOME About mid 1700’s John Askin came over from Ireland to fight for the British in the American Colonies during the French and Indian War (in Europe known as the Seven Years War). When the war ended he had an opportunity to go back to Ireland, but stayed here and set up his own business. He and a partner formed a trading company that eventually went bankrupt and Askin spent over 10 years paying off his debt. He then formed a new company called the Southwest Fur Trading Company; his territory was from Montreal on the east to Minnesota on the west including all of the Northern Great Lakes. He had three boats built: Welcome, Felicity and Archange. Welcome is believed to be the first vessel he had constructed for his fur trade. Felicity and Archange were named after his daughter and wife. The origin of Welcome’s name is not known. He had two wives, a European wife in Detroit and an Indian wife up in the Straits. His wife in Detroit knew about the Indian wife and had accepted this and in turn she also made sure that all the children of his Indian wife received schooling. Felicity married a man by the name of Brush (Brush Street in Detroit is named after him). John Askin eventually became the largest fur trader in North America. He sold his Southwest Fur Trade Company to John Jacob Astor. Astor renamed it the Northwest Fur Trading Company. The American Revolution profoundly affected life at Michilimackinac. Each year John Askin and his fellow traders struggled to import sufficient goods to meet Indian demands. Except for declines in 1776 and 1779, trade flourished throughout the war. In 1778 128 canoes brought over 2,100 kegs of rum and brandy; 1,500 muskets; 28 tons of gunpowder; 35 tons of shot ball and hundreds of bales of trade goods to be exchanged for furs. In addition Welcome, Felicity and Archange carried provisions from Detroit. Thousands of pelts were sent back to Montreal for export to Europe. Around 1778 Askin sold Welcome for 900 pounds to Major Arent Schuyler DePeyster who was the British governor of the area at the time. DePeyster converted Welcome from a cargo vessel into a Sloop of War and armed her with swivel guns and perhaps some small decks as well. During this time Welcome generally carried a crew of 12 soldiers and 12 sailors. Later she took part in the moving of Fort Michilimackinac to Mackinac Island. The British made this move in anticipation of better defending the fort during the wars with her American Colonies. Welcome was not known to have taken part in any battles on the lakes. During the American Revolution George Rogers Clarke, who had a company of approximately 400 men in Chicago, spread a rumor that he would attack Fort Detroit by way of St. Joseph, Michigan. DePeyster sent Welcome with her compliment of 24 men to intercept Clarke who would be coming by canoe from the area known as Chicago today. When Welcome arrived and did not find the invading force, she returned to the Straits. Welcome would bring supplies for Fort Michilimackinac up from Fort Detroit. She also transported furs from the Northern Lakes to Fort Detroit. When Patrick Sinclair relieved DePeyster in October of 1779, he had already decided to move the community to Mackinac Island. If George Rodgers Clarke launched a naval assault from Lake Michigan, the wooden stockade could not withstand cannon fire. Even more threatening, the Ottawa and Chippewa were showing contempt for the English and the memory of 1763 still lingered. Although the French inhabitants remained loyal to the British Crown, British officers worried the Indians might embrace the rebels because France in 1778 became an official ally of the fledgling United States. Mackinac Island possessed a fine natural harbor. On the mainland, ships had to drop anchor several hundred yards away from shore to unload passengers and cargo into a bateaux. In the winter of 1779-80, the residents of Michilimackinac dismantled their church, transported the logs over the ice and re-erected it on the Island. On the Island, the civilian community was separated from the fort. St. Anne’s church and all private houses were located along the shoreline beneath the bluff where the fort stood 150 feet above the water. For the next few years, the move continued. Welcome ferried over inhabitants and their possessions. Sinclair employed voyagers to assist his soldiers in constructing Fort Mackinac. Among the fort’s buildings were the barracks, guardhouse and provisions storehouse which were brought over from Michilimackinac. Welcome was seriously damaged in winter storms in 1781-1782 during her winter layup. By the summer of 1782 Welcome was declared unfit for further service and no longer appears in British maritime records. Her final resting place is not known, but her reincarnation lives on at the Maritime Heritage Alliance.

21st Century WELCOME

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Chronology of the Armed Sloop WELCOME A Michigan Tall Ship

In preparing for the Bi-Centennial in 1976 the State of Michigan decided to build a reconstruction of WELCOME at the request of and under the leadership of Dr. David Armour, Deputy Director of Mackinac State Historic Parks. In 1971 a feasibility study was conducted which showed that construction of a working shipyard by the Mackinaw Bridge would be a major success. WELCOME was to be the shipyard’s first project. WELCOME was designed by naval architect Fredrick Ford of Detroit, Michigan and constructed by Ted McCutcheon of Charlevoix, Michigan. Ford in consultation with Howard Chappell and using research by David Armour determined a final design. David Armour is considered the father of the project. On July 3rd 1973 near the Mackinac Bridge and the restored Fort Michilimackinac located in Mackinaw City, Michigan the keel of the new WELCOME was laid. This is also the area in which the original WELCOME was built. The reconstructed WELCOME is 56 feet in length; a beam of 16 feet; a gross hull tonnage of 45 tons; depth of hull from deck to keel is 7 feet and she displaces approximately 60 tons. The boat’s frames were made of Douglas Fir from Washington State and Cedar planking from the Commonwealth of Virginia. WELCOME was constructed for the Mackinac Island State Park Commission to be a part of the 1976 Bi-Centennial celebrations. Though not finished, WELCOME was dedicated at Mackinaw City. Finally in 1980, Welcome was finished after seven years of construction and launched. Upon completion, Welcome was certified as a dockside attraction by the Coast Guard. The construction cost of $200,000.00 was far less than other comparable tall ships being built at the time. An estimated yearly visitor attendance at the construction site of 50,000/year, turned out to be on average 200,000/year during the seven years it took to finish her. The construction was entirely paid for by donations and visitors' fees. The State of Michigan operated WELCOME for ten years until the Coast Guard deemed her not sea worthy unless repaired. In 1990, she is dry-docked at Walstrom Marine, in Cheboygan, Michigan. In 1991 the Mackinac Island State Park Commission offered WELCOME to the Maritime Heritage Alliance to refurbish. WELCOME is trucked to Traverse City on Monday, December 7th via a flatbed trailer by Jonassen Trucking Co. In 1992 MHA started reconstruction of the vessel behind the Maritime Academy, thanks to the generosity of Commander John Tanner. As we got deeply involved in the project we found very serious problems, far more than anticipated. This necessitated nearly a complete rebuild of the vessel. Most of the Douglas Fir was replaced with Michigan White Oak. She was then triple framed rather than doubled framed as done by the builder McCucheon. Lag bolts replaced the trunnels that were used. Lead was used for ballast replacing the rocks that were there. Greater emphasis was given to crew comfort. In 2001 Welcome is moved to the Traverse City, Power and Light Harbor. In 2003 she is given a tree by the Menominee Indian tribe of Wisconsin for her mast, she is launched by MHA on June 25, 2005, her mast is stepped on June 28, 2006, and ownership transferred to MHA by the State of Michigan on September 22, 2006. Over 40,000 volunteer hours have been spent over the approximately years it took to refurbish Welcome. We would be amiss if we didn’t pay special gratitude to the hundreds of individuals, including school children who have donated to her reconstruction. Of special interest, we want to thank the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin for a donation of a 150-foot pine tree, from their reservation, for Welcome’s main mast and the Michigan Society, Children of the American Revolution, who donated a ship’s bell to Welcome.

WELCOME Deck Layout

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The Armed Sloop WELCOME Below Deck

1. Engines 7. Galley 2. Fuel Tanks 8. Great Cabin 3. Sewage Tank 9. Engine Room 4. AC Panel 10. Fo'c'sle 5. DC Panel 11. Collision Bulk Head 6. Head 12. Bunks (10 total)

1. Cathead 8. Binnacle 2. Bow Sprit 9. Cannon 3. Crew Quarters Hatch 10. Fife Rail 4. Cargo Hatch 11. Belaying Pin Rack 5. Captain's Quarters 12. Mast 6. Poop Deck 13. Winch 7. Steering Tiller

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13 12 11 10 9

8 7

6 5

4 3 1

Deck Layout

WELCOME Main Deck Safety Gear

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ARMED SLOOP WELCOME Fore Deck Fire Extinguisher Locations and Sizes ( 1 ) X Life Jacket Locations Exit ( 24 ) In Deck Box Life Ring Hatch #1 Life Rings ( 2 ) Safety Locker Contains 1 – 12 volt Search Light 1 – Black Powder Box 4 - Child Life Jackets 1 – Flare Kit 1 – Man Overboard Gear Emg. 1 – First Aid Kit Hatch 1 - Horn 24 Adult (O) Ships Bell Life Jackets Main Cargo Hatch Main Deck (O) Ships Bell Entrance Safety Life Ring Door Locker #2 Ext. #6 Size BI Operators Console Flares & Horn Quarter Deck

WELCOME Below Deck Safety Gear

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ARMED SLOOP WELCOME Ext. #1 Size BII Fire Extinguisher Locations and Sizes ( 7 ) X Crew Life Jacket Locations Fo’c’sle ( 10 ) X X X X Head * Ships Radio Ext. #2 Size BII Engine Room Ext. #3 Size BII Ext. #4 Size BI Main Cabin Ext. #7 X X Size BII X X * Ships radio Ext. #5 Size BI Great Cabin X X

WELCOME Sail Configuration

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WELCOME Historic Ship Billets

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SHIP BILLETS

• Ships Captain* (Min. 50 Ton License) • Ships 1st Officer of the Line* • Ships 2nd Officer of the Line* • Ships 3rd Officer of the Line* • Ships Safety & Medical Officer • Ships Chief Boatswain (Bos'n)* • Boatswain Mates* • Coxswain (Cox'n) • Ships Chief Gunner (NMLRA Artillery Certified) ^ • Gunner Mates / Gun Captains (NMLRA Artillery Certified) ^ • Gun Crew (NMLRA Artillery Certified) • Ships Chief Rigger • Rigging Mates • Ships Chief Carpenter • Carpenter Mates • Ships Chief Engineer • Assistant Engineers • Ships Chief Cook • Assistant Cooks • Ships Purser • Ships Crew AB / Topman - (Able Bodied Seaman) • AB / Deck - (Able Bodied Seaman) • OS / Deck - (Ordinary Seaman - very little experience) • Landsmen - (Deckhand - no experience first time onboard) • Ships Leading Cadet • Cadet AB • Cadet OS • Cadet • Ships Leading Powder Monkey (Safety Training by Certified Gunner) • Powder Monkey Deck Guns (Safety Training by Certified Gunner) • Powder Monkey Swivel Guns (Safety Training by Certified Gunner)

* Officers of the Line & Boatswain, by rank, are supposed to be able to take

command of the ship when the Captain is disabled and unable to command the vessel.

/\ NMLRA (National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association) Membership Recommended.

CAPTAIN'S DUTIES and RESPONSIBILITIES

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1. Follow MHA Operations Policies and Standing Orders.

2. Take and have Full Command of the Vessel and her Crew.

3. Serve as Incident Spokesman / Incident Procedure / MHA Contact List.

4. See to the monitoring of Fluid levels, Batteries, Adjustments and Supplies.

5. For Voyages:

Implement Dock Side Emergency Preparedness (Station Bill &

Procedures) Assign Food and Transportation Coordinators

Assign Merchandise Coordinators

Share in Food Preparation and Expenses

Assign Sales and Expense Cash Box Personal

Serve as MHA Contact in Port, Administer Contracts and Collect Fees

Communicate Voyage Status to MHA Office

Communicate Information for Office Publicity

6. Assign Steward's Responsibility if not Already done by the First Officer.

7. Promote ACT Logbook, and continued Skill Training for the Crew.

8. Manage Crew Relations and Foster Positive Crew Morale as needed.

9. Maintain up to date entries in the Ship's Log Book.

10. Before leaving the ship insure that the Officers & Mates have secured the vessel.

OFFICERS / MATES DUTIES and RESPONSIBILITIES

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First Officer/Sailing Master:

1. With the approval of the Captain, oversee all ship's operations below deck, on deck and aloft. Assign berthing spaces, stowage of gear, supplies and any cargo.

2. Obtain any specific instructions from the Captain. 3. Review crew list for any special skills needed. 4. Review cursing itinerary. 5. Verify that all crew are onboard and introduced to each other. 6. Review or assign crew to the underway station bill and have it posted. 7. Report to the Captain and obtain permission to make ship ready for sea. 8. If not given by the Captain, review safety procedures for crew and passengers. 9. Check that ships radio and that all navigational equipment is on and operational. 10. See that all life rings and the MOB pole are in place. 11. See that all lines are singled up and that shore power is disconnected. 12. See that all engine checks are made and with the Captain's

permission start engines. 13. Verify that the ship's crew manifest or cursing plan is on shore. 14. Verify that ship's boarding ladder is not hanging over the side. 15. When in homeport check to see that the gate is closed before casting off all lines. 16. Serve as ship's Engineer if no such rate is aboard. 17. Oversee the training and assignments of any OIT' s/MIT' s aboard. 18. Ship's station while underway and on watch is amidships. 19. After getting underway check that the other Officers and Crew have

properly stowed all lines and gear. 20. Verify that the Station Bill has been posted and the underway watch has been set. 21. As First Officer/Sailing Master you are second in command under the Captain.

You are responsible for the day to day safe operations of the vessel; Station Bill assignments; Duty assignments, crew training; navigation; maintenance of the vessel underway and reporting the daily condition of the vessel to the Captain.

OFFICERS / MATES DUTIES and RESPONSIBILITIES

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Second Officer/Mate

1. Obtain any specific instructions from the First Officer prior to getting underway

2. Check the Station Bill for Crew assigned to your Watch.

3. Your Station Bill assignment while underway or on watch is the Fo'c's'l.

4. See to it that all gear, lines, sails, assigned spaces, etc. are ready for sea.

5. While Docking you are responsible for Line #1 (bow line) and the Breast

Line on either Port (Larboard) or Starboard side. Line #2 will be handled by the amidships crew.

6. Verify that Shore Power is disconnected or connected as required.

7. See to the handling of all the Headsails; line handling; mooring

lines; forward fenders and anchoring details.

8. Set the Anchor Light, Radar reflector and under sail only signals when call for.

9. See to it that the area forward of the Main Mast, on deck and below are maintained, kept clear of unneeded gear and cleaned daily.

10. While underway, bedding and clothing in the forward spaces will be

aired once a week. Verify with the First Officer who will obtain permission from the Captain.

11. Under the Captain and First Officer the Second Officer is in command of the

Foredeck.

12. Before leaving the vessel insure that all gear is properly stowed; headsails have gaskets passed; all lines are made up, secured and in their proper location.

13. Assign a forward lookout while at quarters during casting off

or docking procedures.

14. Verify that the Station Bill has a forward lookout assigned for all watches.

OFFICERS / MATES DUTIES and RESPONSIBILITIES

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Third Officer/Mate

1. Obtain any specific instructions from the First Officer prior to getting underway.

2. Check the Station Bill for Crew assigned to your Watch.

3 . Your Station Bill assignment while underway or on watch is the Quarterdeck.

4. See to it that all gear, lines, sails, assigned spaces, etc. are ready for sea.

5. While Docking you are responsible for Line #4 and the Breast Line on either Port ( Larboard) or Starboard side. Line #4 will be handled by the amidships crew.

6. See to the handling of the Mainsails; line handling; mooring

lines; quarter fenders; mainsheets; tiller and Dinghy detail.

7. See to it that the Quarterdeck area on deck is maintained, kept clear of unneeded gear and cleaned daily.

8. See to it that the Main Cabin/Galley area is cleaned daily and the

crew have stowed any lose gear.

9. While underway, bedding and clothing in the main cabin spaces will be aired once a week. Verify with the First Officer who will obtain permission from the Captain.

10. Under the Captain and First Officer the Third Officer is in command of the

Quarterdeck.

11. Before leaving the vessel insure that all gear is properly stowed; Mainsails have gaskets passed; all lines are made up, secured and in their proper location.

12. Before leaving the vessel insure that ships radio is turned off; aft life

ring stowed away; dinghy is secured and if the engines are not running secure the operators console.

OFFICERS / MATES DUTIES and RESPONSIBILITIES

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Engineering Officer/Mate 1. Your Station Bill Assignment while underway or on watch is the Engine Room. 2. Verify that all bilge pumps are operating and the bilge water is at an acceptable level. 3. Check fuel level in tanks; fresh water supply; holding tank level. 4. Inspect the vessel's mechanical and electrical systems while underway once daily and weekly while at mooring. 5. Inspect the vessel's shaft logs for leaking while underway once daily and weekly while at mooring. 6. While underway check the operational status of the navigation lights one hour prior to sundown. 7. Prior to getting underway check the amount of fuel onboard; engine oil level of both engines; transmission oil level of both transmissions; engine drip pans for any fluids and the coolant level for both engines. 8. Open ALL fuel line shutoffs; open the water intakes of both engines. 9. Inspect the operation of the head sinks for water flow and discharge. 10. Verify that all below deck lighting is operational, both AC and DC. 11. Verify that all lose gear in the Engine room and Main hold is stowed and secured for sea. 12. When all is ready report to the First Officer/Mate and obtain permission to start engines. (The Keys are hanging in the DC control cabinet). 13. When each starts verify that cooling water is passing through the engine; while the engines are warming up check for any and all fluid leaks in the engine room; disconnect AC shore power and stow the cable below decks; when engines reach operating temperature (170 degrees) report to the First Officer, "Engineering Ready for Sea". 14. Before securing the engines let them run a few minutes before shutting down. 15. Connect AC shore power while engines are idling. Verify that AC power is on and battery chargers and lights are operational before shutting down engines. 16. After shutting down engines check for any fluid leaks on both engines and shaft logs. 17. Close all fuel shutoffs and thru hull water valves to engine and head when no one will be staying aboard. 18. Verify that no combustible material has been left near the hot engines.

WELCOME UNDERWAY WATCH and STATION BILL

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SLOOP WELCOME - UNDERWAY WATCH and STATION BILL 01/12/2012

CREW ASSIGNMENT SAIL STATION MOORING STATION FIRE MAN OVERBOARD ABANDON SHIP

STATION DUTIES STATION DUTIES STATION DUTIES

Captain Helm Helm Helm In Command of Vessel

Helm In Command of Vessel

Quarterdeck MAYDAY, EPIRB, Ships Boat

First Officer Main Mast Mid-Ship, Spring Lines #2 & 3

To Fire Location

Command Fire Team Ext. #4

Ships Boat, Rescue Harness

Command Ships Boat, Rescue

Raft #1 Starboard

Command Raft #1

AB-l Main Mast Bow Spring Main Mast Below Ext. #2

Strike Sail, Fire Team Ships Boat, Harness

First Aid Kit, Assist 1st Officer

Raft #1 Starboard

First Aid Kit,

Assist 1st Officer OS-l Main Mast Quarter Spring Main Mast

Below Ext. #3 Strike Sail Fire Team

Ships Boat, Harness

Rescue Harness Assist 1st Officer

Raft #1 Starboard

Assist 1st Officer

2nd Officer Headsails Forward Lines Main Deck Strike All Sail as Directed

Main Deck Command Lookouts

Raft #2 Port

Command Raft #2

AB-2 Headsails Bow/Breast Line #1 Foredeck Strike Sail, Ext. #1 Forward Lookout

Sail Handling, Defibrillator

Raft #2 Port

Get Flares Assist 2

nd Officer OS-2 Headsails Fender #2 Foredeck Strike Sail as

Directed Mid-Ship Lookout

Sail Handling Raft #2 Port

Assist 2nd Officer

3rd Officer Quarterdeck, Stern Lines Navigation Station

Fix Position, Contact Authorities

Navigation Station

Fix Position, Contact Authorities

'Helm VHF, Assist Captain

AB-3 Main Sheet Line #4 Ships Bell Ext. #5, Ring Ships Bell

Stern Stern Lookout, Lower Boat

Raft #1 Starboard

Assist 1st Officer

OS-3 Main Sheet Fender #4 Quarterdeck Ext. #6 Stern Stern Lookout, Lower Boat

Raft #2 Port

Assist 2nd Officer

Landsman - l On Deck Fender #3 On Deck Fire Team Lookout Assist Raft #1 Assist 1st Officer Landsman - 2 On Deck On Deck On Deck Assist Lookout Assist Raft #2 Assist 2

nd Officer

WELCOME CREW TURNOVER

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Procedures for Crew Turnover

The Captain and Crew in residence will always have possession and command of the vessel until they pass command unto the Relief Crew.

1. Relieving Crew shall not place or cause to be placed onboard any equipment or personal belongings until so directed by the Captain and Crew in residence.

2. Relieving Crew shall not remove or cause to be removed any equipment or personal

belongings from the vessel until so directed by the Captain and Crew in residence.

3. To reduce costs and waste of food stores onboard, the Relieving Ship's Cook shall always review Galley Supplies with the Cook in residence. Then food stores that are not needed may be removed and only then may the relieving crew's supplies be taken aboard.

4. Ship's storage and location of equipment, even temporarily during a cruise, will not be

changed or relocated by any crew without Welcome Committee approval. These areas include galley, engine room, first aid, life jackets, fire extinguishers, repair material, equipment and tools.

5. The crew in residence shall leave all running rigging secured on their correct pin/cleat

location before turning ship over to the relieving crew.

6. The crew in residence shall leave all ship's spaces, including the head and galley, in Bristol Fashion before turning ship over to the relieving crew.

7. The crew in residence shall have the decks washed down and all trash receptacles emptied

on the pier.

8. Ship's Chief Gunner in residence shall have all guns, cartridges, and other black powder stores secured before handing over command to the relief Chief Gunner. If no relief gunner is onboard, then the relief Captain will receive command of the guns.

9. It is the responsibility of the Relief Crew and Captain to inform the Crew and Captain

in residence of their arrival time within two hours to insure a smooth transition of crew turnovers.

WELCOME GLOSSARY

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HISTORIC GLOSSARY OF RIGGING TERMS AVAST – To stop; “Avast heaving!”. AYE – Yes; and is always used in lieu thereof at sea, as “Aye, aye, sir,” meaning “I understand.” BAIL – To bail a boat, is to throw water out of her. (Also bale). BALLAST – Heavy material, as iron, lead, or stone, placed in the bottom of the hold, to keep a vessel steady. BEATING – Going toward the direction of the wind by alternate tacks. BECALM – To intercept the wind. A vessel to windward is said to becalm another. A highland has the same effect. (A vessel becalmed is one which has no wind filling its sails.) BECKETS – Short ropes used in several parts of a ship, to confine large ropes, or to hang up the weather sheets and lee tacks of the main and fore-sail to the foremost main and fore shrouds. The noose made at the breast of a block, to make fast the standing part of a fall to, is also called a Becket. BEFORE THE WIND – Said of a sailing vessel when the wind is coming from aft, over the stern. BELAY – To make a rope or line fast by turns around a pin or coil, without hitching or sizing it. BELOW – Beneath, or under, the deck. One goes below when going down into the cabin. BERTH – The place where a vessel lies. The place in which a person sleeps. BILGE – That part of the floor of a ship upon which she would rest if aground; being the part near the keel which is more in a horizontal than a perpendicular. BITTS – Perpendicular pieces of timber going through the deck, to secure ropes to. The cables are fastened to them, if there is no windless. There are also bitts to secure the windless, and on each side of the heel of the bowsprit. BITTER, or BITTER-END – The inboard end of an anchor cable secured to the bitt, or below decks to some strong structural member. Also the end of a rope or line not attached to something that is being used. BLOCK – A piece of wood with sheaves, or wheels, through which the running rigging passes, to and to the purchase. BOAT-HOOK – An iron hook with a long staff. BOATSWAIN – ( Bo’ son ) A ship’s officer who has charge of the rigging and who calls the crew to duty. BOB-STAY – Stays used to confine the bowsprit down upon the stem, and counteract the force of the stays, which draw it upwards. BOOBY HATCH – A raised small hatch. BOLT–ROPE – A rope to which the edges of a sail are sewed, in order to strengthen and prevent them from splitting. That part of a bolt-rope which is on the sides of a square – sail is called the leech- rope; that at the top, the head-rope; and that at the bottom, the foot-rope. Stay-sails have no head-rope. BOWSING – Hauling or pulling upon a rope or fall of a tackle, to remove a body or increase the tension. BOWLINES – The ropes fastened to the bowline-bridles on the leech or sides of the square-sails. They are used, when the wind is unfavorable, to extend the windward edges of the sails tight forward and steady; without which, they would be all shivering, and rendered useless. A vessel is said to be on a bowline, or on a taut bowline, when she is close-hauled. Also a knot tied in the end of a line to form a loop that will not slip. BOWLINE-TACKLE – The tackle used to bowse out the main bowline, when the ship is upon the wind. BOWSPRIT – A large boom, or mast, projecting from the stem, to carry sail forward, in order to govern the fore part of the ship, and counteract the force of the after-sails. It is otherwise of great use, in being the principal support of the foremast, which is secured to it. BRACE – A rope, to turn the yards and sails horizontally about the masts, when necessary. In the merchant-service they are used in blowing weather, and led as most convenient. (Preventer Brace – A rope used in ships-of-war, to supply the place of a brace, should that be shot away, or damaged). To brace a yard, is to turn it about horizontally. To brace up, is to lay the yard more fore-and aft. To brace in, is to lay the yard nearer square. To brace to, is to brace the head yards a little aback, in tacking or wearing. BREASTWORK – The rails and stanchions on the foremost end of the quarter-deck and poop.

WELCOME GLOSSARY

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BREECHING – A rope used to secure the cannon, and to prevent them from recoiling too much in time of battle. BRIDLES – Short ropes, or legs, which fasten to the cringles on the leeches of the sails, and to which the bowlines are fixed. BULKHEAD – Strong partitions in the hold of a vessel at regular lengths, to prevent water filling all parts of the vessel in case of accident. BULWARKS – Wood work around a vessel above deck, fastened to stanchions. BUM-BOATS – Boats which lie alongside a vessel in port with provisions, fruit, etc., to sell. BUNK – A bed on board ship. BUNT – The middle of a sail. BUNTLINES – are ropes rove through certain blocks above the yards , whence, passing downwards on the forepart of the sail, they are fastened to the lower edge in several places of the bolt-rope, where cringles are worked. They are used for hauling up the body of a sail. CABLE – A large, strong rope, made fast by the anchor, by which the vessel is secured. A cable is usually 120 fathoms in length ( 720 feet ). CAPS – Short thick blocks of wood, with two holes in them – one square, the other round – used to confine the masts together. To Cap a Rope – to cover the end with canvas. CAPSIZE – To upset, or turn over; as, Capsize that coil of rope. CAPSTAN or CAPSTERN – A machine for heaving up anchors, or to effect other great strains. This machine is placed perpendicularly on the deck. CARDINAL POINTS – The four main points of the compass ( N…E…S….W..). To Box a Compass is to name all 32 points of the compass. CARRY – AWAY – To break a spar, or part of a rope. CARRY ON – To carry all sail possible. CATFALL – The rope that forms the tackle for heaving up the anchor from the water’s edge to the bow. CATHEADS – Two strong beams of timber, projecting almost horizontally over the ship’s bows, being like two radii, which extend from a centre taken in the direction of the bowsprit. The catheads rest upon the forecastle, and are securely bolted to the beams; the outer end has two, three, or four sheaves of brass, or strong wood, through which the catfall passes, and communicates with the cat-block. The catheads also serve to suspend the anchor clear of the bows, when it is necessary to let it go. CAULK – To fill the seams of a vessel with oakum or caulking cotton, etc. CEILING – The inside sheathing of a vessel. CHAFE – To rubbing of one surface against another. Chafing-gear is the stuff put upon rigging, spars, etc. to prevent chafing. CHAIN-PLATES – Plates of iron bolted to the side of a ship, to which the chains and dead-eyes of the lower rigging are connected. CHANNELS - Broad pieces of plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel. Used in narrow vessels for spreading the lower rigging. CHEEKS – The projections on each side of a mast, upon which the trestle-trees rest. Also, the sides of the shell of a block. CHIPS – Nickname for the ship’s carpenter. CHESTREES – Pieces of oak, fitted and bolted to the topsides of vessels abaft the fore channels, with a sheave in the upper end. They confine the clues of the main-sail, by hauling home the main tack through the sheaves. CLEAT – A piece of wood used in different parts of a vessel to belay ropes to. CLOSE-HAULED – When a vessel is sailing as close to the wind as she will go. CLOSE-REEFED – When all the reefs are taken in. CLUE of a SAIL – (Also Clew); The lower corner of the square-sails, but the aftermost only of stay-sails, the other lower corner being called the tack, and the outer lower corner of studding-sails. CLUE-LINES – are for the same purpose as clue-garnets, only that the latter term is solely appropriated to the courses; while the word clue-lines is applied to those ropes on all the other square-sails. COAMINGS - Raised work around the hatches, to prevent water going into the hold.

WELCOME GLOSSARY

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COAT – A piece of canvas nailed round that part of the masts and bowsprit which joins the deck, or lies over the stem. Its use is to prevent the water running down between the decks. There is also a coat for the rudder, nailed round the hole where the rudder traverses in the ship’s counter. COIL – The manner in which all ropes are disposed on board ships, for convenience of stowage. Coiling is a sort of surpentine winding the ropes, by which they occupy a small space, and not liable to be entangled one amongst the other in working the sails. Each winding of this sort in a cable is called a fake. COIN or QUOIN – is the wedge laid under the breech of a gun, for the purpose of elevating or depressing it at pleasure. Quoins (besides those used to elevate or depress the gun) are tapered pieces of wood, like wedges, that are thrust under the trucks of carriages, and there kept, by being nailed to the deck; they are used in keeping the gun securely housed in very bad weather. Guns are housed or secured by taking out the quoins, and lowering the breech, so that the muzzle may take the upper part of the port; when thus placed, the two sides of the breeching are frapped under the gun at the muzzle, near the breast part of the carriage. The muzzle of the gun is confined by several turns of a rope or gasket made fast to it, and the eye-bolts that are fixed in the ship’s side, over the midships of the port. The lower-deck guns are usually kept housed and secured when at sea. COMPANION – A wooden covering over the staircase to a cabin. Companion-way, the staircase to the cabin. Companion ladder, Leading from the poop to the main deck. CORDAGE – is a general term for the running rigging of a ship, or all that part of her rigging which is employed to extend, contract, or traverse the sails; as also for the rope which is kept in reserve to supply the place of such as may be rendered unserviceable. COURSES – The common term for the sails that hang from a ships lower yards. The foresail is called the fore course and the mainsail the main course. COXSWAIN – ( Cox’ son) The person who steers a ship’s boat and has charge of her. CRINGLES – Small loops made on the bolt-rope of a sail, used to fasten different ropes to, hook the reef- tackles to, for drawing the sail up to its yard, to fasten the bridles of the bowlines to, and to extend the leech of the sail. CROSSTREES – Pieces of oak supported by the cheeks and trestle-trees at the mast- heads, to sustain the tops on the lower mast, and spread the rigging at the topmast-head. The cross-trees lie athwart on the trestle-trees. CRUTCH – A support for the main-boom of a sloop, brig, or cutter, and for the spanker-boom of a ship, when their respective sails are furled. DAVY JONES – The Sprit of the sea. Davy Jones’ Locker is the bottom of the sea. DEAD-EYES – Wooden blocks, with flat sides, having three or four holes, instead of sheaves, through which the laniards reeve when setting up the shrouds or stays. The power gained by the dead-eyes is as the number of parts of the laniards rove through them; but if the laniards be not well greased, the power will be greatly lost by friction; so that they are never applied as purchases, but merely for the better keeping the quantity gained of any shroud or stay when set up, and are much stronger than blocks with sheaves, the strain not lying on a single pin. DECK – The planked floor of a vessel, resting upon the beams. DISMANTLE – is to unrig a ship, and take out all her guns, stores, etc., in readiness for being laid up in ordinary, or for any other purpose. DOG-WATCHES – Half watches of two hours each, from 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 P.M. DOUSE – To lower suddenly. DOWN-HAULLER – A rope which hauls down the stay-sails, studding-sails, and jibs, to shorten sail. DOWN –HAUL TACKLE – A tackle employed to haul down the top-sail yards in severe blowing weather, in order to reef the sails, when the violence of the wind prevents the weight of the yard from having its natural effect in descending, when the ropes by which it is suspended are slackened. DRAFT – The depth of water which a vessel requires to float her. DRAW – A sail draws when it is filled by the wind. EARINGS – Small ropes employed to fasten the upper corners of sails. EASE-OFF, or VEER-AWAY – To slacken a rope gradually.

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EVEN-KEEL – The position of a vessel when she is so trimmed that she sits evenly upon the water, neither end being down more than the other. EYE of a SHROUD – The upper part which is formed into a sort of collar, to go over the mast-heads. EYELET –HOLES – The holes made in the heads and reefs of sails. FAG; FAG-END of a ROPE – The end of any rope which has become untwisted by frequent use; to prevent which, the ends are wound with pieces of twine: this operation is called whipping. FAKE – One of the turns of a rope when stowed away, or coiled. To fake (or flake) down is to coil a line down with ends overlapping so it will run freely without fouling. FALL – The rope that connects the blocks of a tackle: but the fall sometimes implies only the loose part which is pulled upon, to produce the desired effect. FENDERS – Pieces of wood or old cable, bags of old rope-yarn, shakings, cork, or other materials, hung by a lanyard over the vessel’s side, to prevent her being damaged. FATHOM – A measure, of six feet, used to regulate the length of the cables and rigging. Lead-lines are marked off in fathoms. FID – A square bar of iron or wood, driven through a hole in the heel of a top-mast, when raised at the head of a lower-mast; it rests on the trestle-trees, and supports the top-masts. Top-gallant and royal-masts are secured in the same manner at the head of the top-mast. FIDS likewise are round tapering pins made of iron or hard wood, and used for splicing cordage. FIFE-RAIL – The rail around a mast. This rail may contain belaying pins for securing the ships running rigging. (Received its name from the playing of the Fife instrument onboard a ship of war, at this rail or rack of pins.) FLEETING – Changing the situation of a tackle, by placing the blocks farther asunder, the force being destroyed by the blocks meeting, called block-and-block. FLEMISH-HORSE – An additional foot-rope at the ends of top-sail yards. FLYING of SAILS – Setting them in a loose manner; as royal-sails without lifts or sheets, the clues being lashed to the top-gallant yards; jibs without stays, and studding-sails without booms. FORE BRACES – are ropes rove through blocks at the fore-yard arms, to change the position of the fore- sail, as necessary. FOOT-ROPE – A rope upon which to stand when reefing or furling sail. FORECASTLE – (Fighting Castle) That part of the upper deck forward of the fore channels. Also, the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, where the sailors live. (Often abbreviated to Fo’c’s’l and pronounced that way) FRAPPING – Take several turns round the middle of a lashing, or any number of ropes, and drawing the several parts tight together. FULL-AND-BY – Sailing close-hauled on the wind. The order given to keep the sails full and at the same time close to the wind. FURLING – Wrapping or rolling a sail close up to its yard, mast, or stay, and fastening it up with gaskets. FUTTOCK SHROUD – A great improvement adopted by the Royal Navy and merchant-service for gaining the top-mast shrouds from the lower shrouds. GAFF – A spar, to which the head of a fore-and-aft sail is bent GALLEY – The place where the cooking is done. GANGWAY – is that part of a ship’s side, both within and without, by which persons enter and depart; it is provided with a sufficient number of steps, or cleats, nailed on the ship’s side, nearly as low as the surface of the water. Gangway also implies a thoroughfare , or narrow passage, of any kind. GASKETS – Braided cordage, used to confine the sail to the yard, when furled. Arm Gaskets are those used at the extremities of the yards. Bunt Gaskets are used in the middle of the yards. Quarter Gaskets are those used between the middle and extremities of the yards. GIRTLINE – is a rope rove through a single block, occasionally lashed to the mast and sheer-heads, to hoist up rigging. Also known as a gantline. GRATING – Open lattice work of wood. Used principally to cover hatches in good weather; also to let in air and light. GRIPES – are ropes used to secure the boats and booms upon the deck, to prevent them breaking adrift, by the labouring of a vessel, in heavy weather.

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GROMMET – A kind of ring, or small wreath, formed of a strand of rope, laid thrice round, and used to fasten the upper edge of a sail to its respective stay in different places; by means of which the sail is accordingly hoisted or lowered. GROUND-TACKLE – A general name given to all sorts of rope and furniture belonging to the anchors, or which are employed in securing a ship in a harbour, as cables, hawsers, towlines, warps, etc. GUNWALE – (Gunnel) The upper rail of a boat or vessel. GYBE – To change the position of the sails of a fore-and-aft vessel from one side to the other without going in stays. HAGS TEETH – Those parts of pointing, matting, or the like, which are intertwisted with the rest, in an irregular manner, so as to spoil the uniformity of the work. HALLIARDS – Ropes or tackles employed to hoist or lower yards, sails, and flags upon the masts, yards, stays, etc. HANDSOMELY – signifies moderately; as, Lower away handsomely; Heave in Handsomely, etc. HANDSPIKE – A wooden bar, used as a lever, to heave about the windless, in order to draw up the anchor from the bottom, particularly in merchant-ships. It is also employed as a lever on many other occasions, as stowing the anchors, provisions, or cargo in the ships hold. HANKS – are wooden or iron rings, fixed upon the stays, to confine the stay-sails thereto, at different distances. They are used in lieu of grommets. To HAUL – An expression peculiar to seaman, implying to pull a single rope; as Haul in; Haul down; Haul aft; Haul altogether, etc. HEAD-ROPES – are the ropes sewed along the upper edge of sails, to strengthen them; when applied to flags, are termed Head-lines. HEART – A peculiar sort of dead-eye, resembling a heart; it has one large hole in the middle to contain the lanyard, by which the stays or shrouds are extended. HEAVE-TO – To put a vessel in the position of lying to. HEAVING – The act of turning about a capstan, or windless, by means of bars, or handspikes. HELM – The helm is usually composed of three parts: the rudder, the tiller, and the wheel, except in small vessels, where the wheel is unnecessary. HOLY-STONE – A large stone, used for cleaning a ship’s deck. HOOPS – Wooden hoops are those which encircle masts, and to which the fore leech of some sails are bent. HORNS – The jaws, or semicircular inner ends of booms and gaffs. HORSES – Bowsprit horses, or Man-ropes, are made fast at the ends, at a parallel height from the bowsprit, and serve as rails for the men to hold by when going out upon the bowsprit. Flemish horses are small horses under the yards, without cleats. Jib horses hang under the jib-boom, and are knotted at certain distances, to prevent the men’s feet from slipping. Traverse horses, or Jack- stays, are of rope or iron, for sails to traverse on, the one of rope is extended up and down the mast, on the fore side; it is for hoisting or lowering the square-sail, of which yard is attached to the horse by a traveler, and slides up and down occasionally. Yard-Horses are ropes depending from the yards, for the men to stand upon in loosing, reefing, or furling the sails. JAWS – Two cheeks, forming a semicircle, which enclose the after part of the mast, so as to confine, by the help of the parral, the inner end of the boom, or gaff. JEERS – Tackles by which the lower yards of a ship are hoisted up along the mast to their usual station, or lowered from thence as occasion requires; the former operation is called swaying, and the latter, striking. JUNK – Unserviceable cables and ropes, used for making mats, rope-bands, points, gaskets, oakum, fenders, etc. KEEL-HAUL – To haul a man under a vessel’s bottom, by ropes at the yard-arms on each side. Formerly practiced as a punishment in ships of war. KEVELS – (Cavil) Two crooked pieces of timber, whose lower ends rest in a step, or foot, nailed to the ship’s sides; the head branches out like horns, to belay the ropes to. KINK – A twist in a rope. KNIGHT-HEADS – The timbers next to the stem on each side, and continued high enough to form a support for the bowsprit.

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KNOT – A large knot formed on the extremity of a rope, generally by unlaying the ends thereof, and interweaving them regularly amongst each other. There are several sorts of knots, which differ materially in form, size, and name, according to the uses for which they are designed; as bowline- knot, buoy-rope-knot, diamond-knot, reef-knot, etc. LACING – Fastening the head of a sail to a mast, yard, gaff, etc., by a line turned spirally round them, and rove through the eyelet-holes in the sail. LABOR – A vessel is said to labor when she rolls or pitches heavily. LAND-HO! – The cry used when land is first seen when coming from sea. LARBOARD – The old term for the port or left-hand side of a vessel LANIARDS – (Lanyards) Pieces of rope applied for various purposes; as the laniards to the port, the laniard of the buoy, the laniard of the stoppers, etc. The principal laniards used in a ship are those employed to extend the shrouds and stays of the masts, by their communication with the dead-eyes and hearts, so as to form a sort of mechanical power, resembling a tackle. LASHING – denotes a piece of rope used to fasten or secure any movable body in a ship, or about her masts, sails, and rigging. LAUNCH-HO! – The order to let go the top rope after any mast is fidded. LEADING-PART – That part of a tackle which is hauled upon. LEECH LINES – are ropes used to truss up the leeches of the courses. LEECH ROPE – (See Bolt Rope). LIE-TO – is to stop the progress of a vessel at sea, either by counter-bracing the yards, or by reducing sail so that she will make little way or no headway, but will merely come to and fall off by the counteraction of the sails and helm. LIFTS – Certain ropes descending from the cap and mast-head to the extremities of the yard immediately under; they are used to keep the yard horizontal, or to pull one of its extremities higher than the other, if occasion requires, but particularly to support the weight of it when a number of seaman are employed thereon, to furl or reef the sail. LINES – Cordage, smaller than ropes, and formed by two or more fine strands of hemp; as houseline, made of three strands, used to size blocks into their straps and the clues of sails, and to marl the skirts of sails to their bolt-ropes, etc., log-line, made of three or more strands, and used for the log; marline, made of two strands, and used for the same purposes as houseline. LIZARD – An iron thimble, spliced into the main bowlines, and pointed over to hook a tackle to; or any thimble with a sail spliced into it. LOOSE-FOOTED – A sail (fore and aft) not secured along the foot to a boom. LOOSING The SAILS – Unfurling them for setting, or for drying, when wet. LUBBER – A greenhorn aboard ship. LUBBER-LINE - The fore-and-aft line of a compass. LUFF TACKLE – A name given to any large tackle that is not destined for a particular place, but may be variously employed as occasion requires; it generally consists of a double and a single block, but sometimes of two double blocks. MAIN TACKLE – a large strong tackle, hooked occasionally upon the main pendent, and used for various purposes, particularly in securing the mast, setting up the rigging, stays, etc. MAN-ROPES – A general name given to the small sets of ropes, used for ascending or descending a ship’s side, hatchway, etc. Bowsprit horses are also called man-ropes. MARLINE SPIKE – A tapered iron pin, used to make openings between the strands of rope, for introducing the ends of others through them; it is sometimes used as a lever, to strain tight seizings, etc. MARTINGALE – The name of the rope extending downwards from the jib-boom end to the dolphin striker; its use is to confine the jib-boom down in the same manner as the bobstays retain the bowsprit. MESSENGER – A large rope or chain, used to unmoor, or heave up anchors, by transmitting the efforts of the capstan to the cable. This operation is performed by fasting one part of the messenger to the cable in several places, by a particular kind of rope, called nippers, and by winding another part thereof three or four times about the capstan, which answers the same purpose as if the cable itself were in that manner wound round the capstan; and the messenger being much lighter and more pliant, it is infinitely more convenient. The rope messenger has an eye spliced at each end, through which several turns of a strong lashing are passed; and the chain has a shackle to connect its ends,

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thereby forming a continuation whereby a quantity passes forward on one side equal to what is hove in on the other. MISS-STAYS – To fail in going about from one tack to another. MOP – A cloth broom used on board vessels. MOUSING A HOOK – Taking several turns of spunyarn round the back and point of a hook, and fastening it, to prevent its unhooking. NORMAN – A short wooden bar, with a head, used in one of the holes of the windless, when there is little strain on the cable, to stopper it. It is sometimes used in the capstan holes when at sea, to belay the fore-braces to. OAKUM – The substance into which old ropes are reduced, when they are untwisted, loosened, and drawn asunder. It is principally used in calking the seams of vessels. OVERHAUL – Is to extend the several parts of a tackle, or other assemblage of ropes, communicating with blocks, or dead-eyes, so that they may be again placed in a state of action. OUTHAULER – A rope made fast to the traveler of a jib, to haul it out by. PAINTER – A rope secured to the stem of a boat, to make her fast with. PARCELLING – A name given to long narrow slips of tarred canvas, and bound about a rope, in the manner of bandages, previous to its being sewed. It is laid in spiral turns, as smoothly upon the surface as possible, that the rope may not become uneven and full of ridges. PARRAL – A sort of collar, by which the yards are fastened at the slings to the masts, so that they may be hoisted or lowered with facility. PARRAL TRUCKS - [ See Trucks ] PASSAREE – Any rope fastened round the cat-head and the fore-tack, to keep tight the leech of the sail in light winds. To PAY OUT – To let a cable or other rope run out of the vessel. PEAK HALLIARDS – The ropes by which the outer end of a gaff or yard that hangs obliquely to a mast that is hoisted. PINS – For belaying ropes to, are wooden or metal, with a shoulder near the middle; the small end is driven through racks of plank made on purpose. Pins for blocks are wood or iron, driven through the shell, and form the axis on which the sheaves turn. PRAYER BOOK – A small, flat holystone used in narrow places. PREVENTER – An additional rope, employed sometimes to support, or answer the purpose of, another that has a great strain upon it, or is injured: such as the preventer braces, shrouds, stays, etc. PURCHASE – Tackles frequently employed in fixing or extending the rigging of a ship. They are also used to remove or raise heavy bodies, with the assistance of other mechanical powers; such as the capstan, windless, screw, handspike. QUARTER TACKLES – are used to hoist water, provisions, etc., in or out of the ship. QUARTER-BLOCK – A block fitted under the quarters of a yard on each side of the slings, for the clewlines and sheets to reeve through. RACKING A TACKLE – Fastening together the fall of a tackle, or any two ropes, by passing two or more cross-turns with rope-yarn round each part, and as many round-turns above them, making fast the ends with a reef-knot. RATLINES or RATLINGS – Small ropes which cross the shrouds horizontally, at equal distances, from the deck upwards, forming ladders to go up or down from the mast-heads. REEF – That portion of a sail contained between the head or foot, and a row of eyelet-holes parallel thereto; which portion is taken up to reduce the surface of the sail, when the wind increases. Sails according to their sizes, have from one to four reefs. Bag Reef is the fourth or lower reef of a top- sail. Balance Reef crosses the boom-main-sails diagonally from the nock to the end of the upper reef band, on the after leech. REEF TACKLE – A rope which passes from the deck through a block in the top-mast rigging, and thence through a sheave-hole in the top-sail-yard-arm, and is afterwards attached to a cringle a little below the lowest reef, and used to draw the leeches of the sail up to the extremities of the yard, in order to lighten the sail at the time of reefing.

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ROPES – All cordage in general, above one inch in circumference, which bear different names, according to their various uses. Ex. Bolt Rope; Buoy Rope; Breast Rope; Davit Rope; Entering Ropes; Guest Rope; Heel Rope; Tiller Rope; Ring Ropes. ROUGH-TREE RAIL – A rail breast high, along the sides of the poop and quarter deck. RUNNING-RIGGING – is that which is fitted for the purpose of arranging the sails, by passing through various blocks, in different places about the masts, yards, shrouds, etc.; as the braces, sheets, halliards, etc. SCUD – To drive before a gale, with no sail, or only enough to steady the vessel. SCUPPERS – Holes cut in the water-ways for the water to run from the decks. SCUTTLE-BUTT – A cask with a hole cut in its bilge, and kept on deck to hold water. Also meaning the verbal passing of shipboard rumors, news, gossip, etc., by the crew. This information being usually being talked about by the men at the water cask or scuttle-butt. SEIZING – Joining two ropes, or the ends of one rope, together, by taking several close turns of small rope, line, or spunyarn round them. End Seizing is a round seizing on the end of a rope. Throat Seizing is the first seizing clapped on where a rope or ropes cross each other. Middle Seizing is a seizing between a throat and end seizing. Eye Seizing is a round seizing, next to the eye of a shroud. SERVICE – A term given to all sorts of stuff, weather of old canvas, mat, plat, hide, parceling, spunyarn, etc., when put round the cables, or other ropes, in order to preserve from being chafed. SETTING THE SAILS – Loosing and expanding them. SETTING UP – Increasing the tension of the shrouds, stays, and back-stays, to secure the masts by tackles, laniards, etc. SHACKLES – are made of iron, with a bolt and pin, and are used to connect the different lengths of a chain cable; there are several sorts of shackles. SHARP UP – Yards when braced as near fore-and-aft as possible. SHEAVE – A solid cylindrical wheel, fitted in blocks, and movable about an axis, called the pin. SHEET – A rope or tackle fastened to one or both the lower corners of a sail, to extend and retain it in a perpendicular direction. The square-sails have two sheets. The stay-sails and studding-sails have only one tack and one sheet each. The stay-sail tacks are always fastened forward, and the sheet drawn aft; but the studding-sail tacks draw the outer clue of the sail to the extremity of the boom, while the sheet is employed to extend the inmost. SHIP – A vessel with three or four masts, with tops and yards. To enter on board a vessel. To fix anything in its proper place, such as ship shape. SHIVER – To shake the wind out of a sail by bracing it so that the wind strikes upon the leech. SHROUDS – A range of large ropes, extended from the mast-head to the port and starboard sides of the vessel, to support the masts. The shrouds are denominated from the places to which they belong; thus, the fore, main and mizzen shrouds; fore, main, and mizzen top-mast shrouds. Bowsprit Shrouds are those which support the bowsprit. Futtock Shrouds are shrouds which connect the efforts of the top-mast shrouds to the lower shrouds or masts. SLABLINE – is a rope used to trice up the foot of courses occasionally. SLACK – implies a decrease in tension of a rope; as, Slacken the laniards of the lower rigging. SLOPS – A name given to ready-made clothing supplied by the captain. SO! – An order to stop hauling upon anything when it has come to its right position. SOUND – To get the depth of the water by a lead and line. The pumps are sounded by an iron rod sounding rod, marked with a scale of feet and inches. SPLICING – Joining one rope to another, by interweaving the ends, or uniting the end of a rope into another part of it. There are different sorts of splices. SPUNYARN – A small line or cord, formed of two or three rope-yarns twisted together by a winch. The yarns are usually drawn out of the strands of old cables, knotted together, and tarred. It is employed for several purposes, particularly for seizing; to fasten one rope to another; to seize blocks to the shrouds; and to serve ropes which are liable to be chafed. SQUARE – Yards are squared when they are horizontal and at right angles with the keel. Squaring by the lifts makes them horizontal; and by the braces, makes them at right angles with the vessel’s line. To square a yard, means to bring it in square by the braces.

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SQUARE-RIGGED – A term applied to those ships which have yards at right angles with the length of the keel and lower-mast; it is thence used in contra-distinction to those vessels whose sails are extended by stays between yards. STAND BY! – To be prepared to act at once. STANDING-RIGGING – is that which is employed to sustain the masts, and which remains in a fixed position; as the shrouds, stays, and backstays. STATION BILL – A list showing the station of every man, in case of accident. STAYS – Strong ropes, to support the masts forward, which extend from their upper part, at the mast-head, toward the fore part of the ship. Stays are denominated from the masts; as, lower stays, top-mast stays, top-gallant stays, or royal stays. STEADY! – To keep the helm as it is. STIRRUPS – Short ropes, which have an eye in their upper ends; which eye is put over an eye-bolt in the yards. Eyes are made in their lower ends, through which the horses are rove, to keep them parallel to the yards. STOOLS – Small channels fixed to the ships sides, to contain the dead-eyes for the backstays. STRAPS – Wreaths of rope, spliced round blocks, or encircling a yard, or any large rope, by which tackles, etc., may be connected to them, as in setting up the rigging where one hook of the tackle is fixed in a strap, applied to the particular shroud, and the other to the laniard. SWAB – A large bunch of old junk, or ropeyarns, seized round at the bight or upper end, and used to clean the decks, as a sort of mop. SWAGGING-OFF – Pulling upon the middle of a tight rope that is made fast at both ends. To SWAY – implies to hoist, and is particularly applied to the lower yards, top-masts, top-sail-yards, and top-gallant-masts and yards; as, Sway up the lower yards, top-masts, etc. TACK – A rope used to confine the foremost lower corners of the courses and stay-sails in a fixed position, when the wind crosses the ship’s course obliquely. The same name is also given to the rope employed to pull out the lower corner of a studding-sail to the extremity of the boom. The courses are furnished with a tack on each side, formed of a thick rope tapering to the end, and rove through a block in the clue of the sail; the tack therefore extends the sail to windward, whilst the sheet extends it to leeward. Tack is also applied by analogy to that part of any sail to which the tack is fastened. TACKLE – A machine formed by the connection of a rope or fall, with an assemblage of blocks. TAFFRAIL – The rail around a ship’s stern. TAIL ON! – To take hold of a rope and pull and/or hold fast ; to take hold of a rope, line, haliard ,etc. and make ready to haul upon. Up on the Tail!, to release or drop the rope being pulled upon. TAUT – Tight, snug. THIMBLES – A kind of iron rings, the outsides of which are grooved, to receive ropes of different sizes. They are fixed to the rigging for blocks to be hooked to, and for ropes to reeve through. THROAT – A name given to the end of a gaff, which is next to the mast. THROAT-HALLIARDS – are ropes or tackles applied to hoist the inner end of the gaff. THOLE-PINS – Pins in the gunwale of a boat, between which an oar is held when pulling. THWARTS – The seats going across a boat, upon which the oarmen sit. TOPPING-LIFT – A rope to suspend, or top, the outer end of a gaff, boom, etc. TRESTLE-TREES – Two strong pieces of oak, bolted to the sides of the lower-mast-heads, to support the crosstrees top and weight of the top-mast; and to the top-mast-heads, to support the top-gallant- masts. TRICING-LINE – A small rope, generally passed through a block or thimble, and used to hoist up any object to a higher station, in order to render it less inconvenient; such as the tricing lines to the yard-tackles, booms, etc. TRUCKS – Small pieces of wood, of various shapes, used for different purposes. Parral Trucks are round balls of elm or other wood, and have a hole through the middle, through which a rope is rove to form the parrals. WARE or WEAR – To turn a vessel around, so that, from having the wind on one side, the wind will be on the other side, carrying her stern around by the wind. In tacking, the same result is produced by carrying a vessels head around by the wind.

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WHIP – A small single tackle, formed by connecting the fall to a single block; it is used to hoist light bodies out of the hold. WHIPT – The end of a rope is said to be whipt when several turns of twine, or ropeyarns, etc., have been taken upon it, to prevent its unraveling. WINDLESS – A machine used in most merchant-ships to answer the purpose of a capstan. A Spanish windless is formed of a handspike, which is hove round by a woolder, that acts as a lever for turning it round. It is used to set up rigging, etc. YARDS – Long cylindrical pieces of fir timber, hung to the masts of ships. to expand the sails to the wind. The Lower Yards, to which the courses are bent, are the largest; such are the main, fore, cross- jack, and spritsail yard, which hang to the masts at right angles with the ship’s length. YARD-ARM – The extremities of a yard. YARN – In rope-making, signifies one of the threads of which a rope is composed.

REFERENCES: Architectura Navals Mercatoria, by: Fredrik Henrik AF Chapman (1768) The Lore of Ships, by: Holt, Rinehart & Winston Seamanship In The Age of Sail, by: John Harland The Ashley Book of Knots, by: Clifford W. Ashley Tall Ships of The World, by: C. Keith Wilbur The Complete Riggers Apprentice, by: Brion Toss The Marlinespike Sailor, by: Hervey Garrett Smith A Treatise on Practical Seamanship, by: William Hutchinson (1777) The Art of Rigging, by: Capt. George Biddlecombe, R.N. (1925; 1990) The Elements and Practice of Rigging and Seamanship, by; David Steel (1794) Piloting Seamanship and Small Boat Handling, by: Charles F. Chapman The Young Sea Officers Sheet Anchor, by: Darcy Lever (1819) The Rigging of Ships, 1600-1720 by: R.C. Anderson Origins of Sea Terms, by: John G. Rogers Eagle Seamanship, A Manual for Square-Rigger Sailing, by: Lt. Edwin H. Daniels, Jr., USCG At The Crossroads, by: David A. Armour & Keith R. Widder Warships of The Great Lakes, by: Robert Malcomson NOTES: The spellings of certain terms are as they appeared in the 17th and 18th century.