Ario Damar TROPICAL COASTAL AND MARINE · PDF filecoastal reclamation absence of integrated...
Transcript of Ario Damar TROPICAL COASTAL AND MARINE · PDF filecoastal reclamation absence of integrated...
TROPICAL COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS :
DYNAMICS OF JAKARTA BAY BIODIVERSITY
Response to Climate Change ?
Dr. Ario Damar
Centre for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies - Bogor Agricultural University - Indonesia
For
Spring School
Littoral méditerranéen et vulnérabilité au changement global
Aix Marseille Universite – A*MIDEX
June 2015
Outline of presentation :
- Tropical coastal estuaries : Indonesia
- Problems and challenges of Indonesia Coastal Estuaries
- Jakarta Bay Estuary : Complex Ecosystem
- Phytoplankton and Eutrophication
- Coral Reef Ecosystem
- Mangrove Ecosystem
TROPICAL COASTAL AREA :
- A Transition zone between land and sea
- Productive area
- Ecologically complex area
- Pollution risk
- Economically Attractive area
- High accessibility
Ecological functions of coastal ecosystems
• Bio Natural resources and biodiversity
• Fisheries
• Mangrove
• Coral reef
• Life supporting services
• Source of clean water
• Culture area
• Transportation
• Amenity services
• Recreational places
• Tourism development
• Waste disposal area
• Both from marine and rivers (land)
TROPICAL COASTAL AREA
- Located : 23.5 N - 23.5 S
- Sun is available across the year
- No 4 seasons : only moonsonal seasons rain and dry
- Temperature average > 20oC
- No big temporal fluctuation
TROPIC
TROPICAL COASTAL ECOSYSTEM :
HIGH BIODIVERSITY
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
18.0
21.0
24.0
27.0
30.0
33.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
air
tem
pe
ratu
re o C Jakarta, Indonesia
Büsum, Germany
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
tota
l da
ily P
AR
(µ
mo
l pho
ton
m-2
s-1
)
Jakarta, Indonesia
Buesum, Germany
(6oS)
Büsum, Germany (55oN)
(6oS)
(55oN)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
A
B
DAMAR, 2003
Issues related to coastal degradation
1. Surface mining
2. Underground mining
3. Industries
4. Agriculture
5. Transportation
6. Settlements
7. Domestic waste
8. Coastal tourisms
9. Termal plant
10. Man made lake
11. Agriculture
12. Slash and burn
13. Road construction
14. Forest plantation
15. Irrigation and draination
16. Agrocultural wastes
17. Water recreation
18. Gravel mining
JAKARTA BAY
Coastal Aquatic Pollution and Eutrophication
Coastal Aquatic Pollution and Eutrophication (nutrient and plankton)
Coastal Aquatic Pollution and Eutrophication
Coastal Aquatic Pollution and Eutrophication
Eutrophication states of
Jakarta Bay
Indonesia
The Jakarta Bay
J A K A R T A B A Y
INTERNATIONAL HARBOUR
TRADITIONAL AND FISHING HARBOUR
INDUSTRIES
INDUSTRIES
INDUSTRIES
DOMESTIC
DOMESTIC
DOMESTIC
SOURCES OF
POLLUTION
End of 13 river mouths :
-input of 21000 t/y DIN
-Input of 5700 t/y P
-Input of 14 ton solid waste/y
ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
HYPER-EUTROPHIC 503 g C m-2 y-1
Heavy metal contamination
Mass mortality of fish : dissolved
oxygen 0.14 – 0.80 mg/l
Heavy metal contaminated
green mussels
FLOOD
FLOOD
Ecological Problems
J A K A R T A B A Y
CONFLICT BETWEEN
FISHING AND DEVELOPER
SOCIAL EKONOMI
CONFLICT BETWEEN
MUSSEL FARMERS AND
SEA TRANSPORTATION
HIGH RATE OF
URBANISATION
HIGH RATE OF
CRIMES
UN-HYGIENE
ENVIRONMENT
UN
COASTAL RECLAMATION
ABSENCE OF INTEGRATED SEA-LAND USE ZONNING
Social Problems
UN-HYGIENE
ENVIRONMENT UN-HYGIENE
ENVIRONMENT
JAKARTA BEKASI
BOGOR
TANGERANG
INTER-ADMINISTRATIVE
JURISDICTION AREA
End of 13 river mouths :
-input of 21000 t/y DIN
-Input of 5700 t/y P
-Input of 14 ton solid
waste/y
ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
INTERNATIONAL HARBOUR
TRADITIONAL AND FISHING HARBOUR
INDUSTRIES
INDUSTRIES
INDUSTRIES
DOMESTIC
DOMESTIC
DOMESTIC
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
J A K A R T A B A Y
Cd in the sediment
Heavy metal contamination
Profile Horisontal Oksigen Terlarut (DO)- Dasar
Dissolved oxygen
MESOTROPHIC
EUTROPHIC
HYPER-
EUTROPHIC
HYPER-
EUTROPHIC
EUTROPHICATION
STATUS
EUTROPHIC
503 g C m-2 y-1
118 g C m-2 y-1
45 g C m-2 y-1
mean Chl a (µg l-1
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jakarta Lampung Semangka Johor Singapore Guanabara Büsum
Organic pollution (Damar et al., 2013)
Kerang
hijau
Mass mortality of fish :
dissolved oxygen 0.14 – 0.80
mg/l
Heavy metal contaminated
green mussels
FLOOD FLOOD
FLOOD FLOOD
Algae bloom
KAMAL
COASTAL RECLAMATION
SEA TRANSPORTATION
MAL
HARMFUL PRODUCT
DECREASE PRODUCTION
GREEN MUSSEL PROBLEMS
Phytoplankton and Eutrophication
End of 13 river mouths :
-input of 21000 t/y DIN
-Input of 5700 t/y P
-Input of 14 ton solid
waste/y
Phytoplankton and Eutrophication
Kus Prasetyahadi, 2008
Sources of sea-based pollution
Results : Jakarta Bay Parameters related to underwater irradiance : Zmix:Zeu
Euphotic depth (Zeu)
Mixing depth (Zmix)
Euphotic depth
(Zeu)
Mixing depth
(Zmix)
Euphotic depth (Zeu)
Mixing depth (Zmix)
A. Zmix : Zeu > 1
unfavourable light supply
A. Zmix : Zeu = 1
reduced light supply
A. Zmix : Zeu < 1
intensed light supply
DIN
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
time
DIN
load
(t m
onth
-1)
Phosphate
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
time
phos
phat
e lo
ad (t
mon
th-1)
Silicate
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
time
silic
ate
load
(t m
onth
-1)
annual load
21 260 ton DIN year-1
annual load
6 741 ton PO4 year-1
annual load
52 416 ton Si year-1
DIN
phosphate silicate
< The Elbe river load :
110 000 ton DIN year-1
average values
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A P
stations
Z mix:Z eu
average values
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
11 Dec 00 23 Feb 01 24 Apr 01 9 July 01 20 Sept 01 20 Nov 01
stations
Z mix:Z eu
inshore offshore
Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations
DIN : ammonium dominates
river mouth and inshore
waters
phosphate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Dec 00 Feb 01 Apr 01 Jul 01 Sep 01 Nov 01
µM
silicate
0
50
100
150
200
250
Dec 00 Feb 01 Apr 01 Jul 01 Sep 01 Nov 01
µM
DIN
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Dec 00 Feb 01 Apr 01 Jul 01 Sep 01 Nov 01
µM
river DIN
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
M A Pstations
µM
DIN
0
5
10
15
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12stations
µMriver phosphate
0
10
20
30
40
M A P
stations
µM
Phosphate
0
1
2
3
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12
stations
µM
river silicate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
M A P
µM
silicate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12
stations
µM
phosphate
DIN
silicate
inshore offshore
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A Pstation
nitrite
nitrate
ammonium
Nutrient loads
vs
Nutrient concentrations
Phosphate
y = 0.0292x + 4.2584
R2 = 0.64
y = 0.0004x + 0.0595
R2 = 0.22
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600phosphate load (t month-1)
phos
phat
e co
ncen
tratio
n (µ
M)
DIN
y = 0.0833x + 15.616
R2 = 0.51
y = -0.0044x + 4.0664
R2 = 0.22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700DIN load (t month-1)
DIN
con
cent
ratio
n (µ
M)
Silicate
y = 0.0407x + 12.32
R2 = 0.94
y = 0.0006x + 3.243
R2 = 0.21
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
silicate load (t month-1
)
silic
ate
conc
entra
tion
(µM
)
phosphate
silicate
DIN
inshore waters
offshore waters
Phytoplankton biomass and algae pigments
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A P
µg l-1
Zeaxanthinß CaroteneLuteinDiadinoxanthinFucoxanthinPeridininChl-cChl-b
diatoms Skeletonema costatum
Chaetoceros debilis
Pseudonitzschia spp.
cyanophyceae Trichodesmium sp.
chlorophyceae cf. Scenedesmus
dinoflagellates Ceratium furca
Dinophysis caudata
Chlorophyll a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A P
stations
µg l-1
to offshore river
Chlorophyll a
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dec 00 Feb 01 Apr 01 Jul 01 Sep 01 Nov 01sampling time
ug l-1
rainy dry rainy
N/P and N/Si ratio
Fig. 3.22. Molar ratios of DIN:P (above) and DIN:Si (below) at each station in Jakarta Bay.
Horizontal lines indicate where DIN:P is 15 (above) and DIN:Si is 1 (below) (note the logarithmic
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
0
15
N:P
ra
tio
s
0.0
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
stations
N:S
i ra
tio
s
M=Marunda river mouth
A=Angke river mouth
P=Priok river mouth
N/P and N/Si ratio
The light and nutrient resources limitation maps for phytoplankton growth in
December 2000
54
286
7
131191012AP M
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'
DIN
N'
February 2001
10 9 452678
1
3
12
11PAM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'
DIN
N'
April 2001
1051
4
62
1211 7
8
93AM P
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'
DIN
N'
July 2001
94
57
6
10
8
23
11
112
M AP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'
DIN
N'
September 2001
1567
8910
23
4
1112
A M P
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'
DIN
N'
November 2001
12 78 4569
3
1211 10A PM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'
DIN
N'
Light or nutrient
limited ? (Cloern,
1999)
- river mouths, plume
and inner part of the bay :
light limited
- middle and outer parts :
nutrient limited
Phytoplankton primary production
14C incubation P-E curve method
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800µ mol photons m-2 s-1
stat. 1; July 2001 PBmax
Tanjung Priok Angke River
Marunda River
JAKARTA
106 50’ Eo
6 00’ So
05
10
5
10
20
Jakarta Bay
Java
107 00’ Eo106 40’ E
o
Priok
Rive
r
1
2
4
7
58
69
3 10
11
Sampling Station
107 00’ Eo
6 00’ So
106 50’ Eo
0 4 km2
Karawang Cape
Gembong
Ancol
Angke
Cilincing
Kapuk
Tanjung PasirPondok Tengah
Untung Jawa Island
Rambut Island
Damar Island
Wanara Island
Tawar
Kamal
Java Sea
12
1
5
10
0
5
10
15
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500µ mol photons m-2 s-1
stat. 10 ; July 2001
PB = a (1-e-bE)e-cE
PBmax
a Ek
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 200 400 600 800 1000
µ mol photons m-2 s-1
stat. 5 ; July 2001 PB
max
Annual phytoplankton primary production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113
129
145
161
177
193
209
225
241
257
273
289
305
321
337
353
daily
prod
. (mg C
m-2
d-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 19 37 55 73 91 109
127
145
163
181
199
217
235
253
271
289
307
325
343
361
daily
pro
d. (m
g C
m-2 d
-1 ) 47 g C m-2 y-1
119 g C m-2 y-1
503 g C m-2 y-1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
station 10
station 5
station 1
Intercomparison of abiotic growth resources (Damar et al., 2013) Zmix:Zeu
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Jakarta Lampung Semangka
Zmix:Zeu
average phosphate
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Jakarta Lampung Semangka
µM P
O 4-P
phosphate load t y-1
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jakarta Lampung Semangka
average DIN
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
Jakarta Lampung Semangka
µM D
IN
average silicate
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
Jakarta Lampung Semangka
µM S
iO4
DIN load t y-1
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Jakarta Lampung Semangka
silicate load t y-1
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Jakarta Lampung Semangka
1
0.2 0.1
1
0.2
0.1
1
0.3 0.3
1
0.5
0.1
1 0.7
0.2
1 0.9
0.6
phosphate
load
(t y-1)
silicate
load
(t y-1)
DIN
load
(t y-1)
phosphate
concentration
(µM)
silicate
concentration
(µM)
DIN
concentration
(µM)
Intercomparison of biomass levels (Chl a) and comparison
to other coastal systems (Damar et al., 2013)
Johor and Singapore (Gin et al, 2000)
Guanabara Bay (Ribeiro and Kjerfve, 2002)
Büsum (Tillmann et al, 2000)
mean Chl a (µg l-1
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jakarta Lampung Semangka Johor Singapore Guanabara Büsum
annual phytoplankton primary production (g C m-2
y -1
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jakarta Lampung Semangka Büsum
1
0.4
0.1
1
0.4
0.1
mesotrophic
eutrophic
hyper-eutrophichyper-eutrophic
Trophical index for marine system (TRIX) (Vollenweider et
al,1998) : DIN, phosphate, Chl a and oxygen saturation.
n
TRIX = k/n å ((logM-logL)/( logU-logL))
i=1 k = 10 (scaling factor) ; n = number of the variables (4) ; U = upper limit; L= lower limit
M= value of a variable
Jakarta Bay
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A Pstation
TRIX
Jakarta Bay
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Dec 00 Feb 01 Apr 01 Jul 01 Sep 01 Nov 01time of measurement
TRIX
river offshore
rainy rainy dry
hypereutrophic
eutrophic
mesotrophic
oligotrophic
eutrophic
mesotrophic
(Damar et al., 2013)
ß caroteneN totalattenuation
lutein
zeaxanthin
I aver.
N:Si
ZeuN:P
Zmix:Zeu
NitrateNitrite
Silicate
Ammonium
Chlorophyll a
Phosphate
secchi depth
O2
pH
salinity temp.
Peridinin
diadinoxanthin
turbidity
fucoxanthin
Phytoplankton
chl-c
chl-b
26
9
58
471
10
311
12
Angke
Marunda
Priok
factor 2
fac
tor
1
A
PCA Analysis of Jakarta Bay
PROBLEM OF ESTUARY :
EUTROPHICATION
THE CAUSE OF :
- BLOOMING OF ALGAE
- BLOOMING OF TOXIC ALGAE
- OXYGEN DEPLETION : HYPOXIA
- MASS MORTALITY OF MARINE BIOTA
- NOXIOUS FOR HUMAN
TOXIC ALGAE (Damar et al., 2013)
Protoperidinium claudicans
Dinophysis caudata
Ceratium tripos
DISEASES RELATED TO TOXIC
ALGAE
- AMNESIC SHELLFISH POISONING (ASP)
nerves system disorder. Pseudonitzschia
- CIGUATERA FISH POISONING (CFP)
nerves and cardiac. Gambierdiscus
- DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH POISONING (DSP)
stomach. Prorocentrum dan Dinophysis
- NEUROTIC SHELLFISH POISONING (NSP)
nerves and respiratory. Gymnodinium,
Fibrocapsa, Heterosigma
- PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING (PSP)
trmebling and acute respiratory. Alexandrium
CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM
CORAL REEF
•Formed by massice calcium carbonate (CaCO3), produced by coral
organism reef building organisms (hermatipic) from the phylum of
Cnidaria, ordo Scleractinia which live in symbiotic form with zooxantellae,
and other organisms and coraline algae secreting calcium carbonate
•The coral animals live in colony and each coral animal live in small plate
called coralite.
CORAL REEF
•Formed by massice calcium carbonate (CaCO3), produced by coral
organism reef building organisms (hermatipic) from the phylum of
Cnidaria, ordo Scleractinia which live in symbiotic form with zooxantellae,
and other organisms and coraline algae secreting calcium carbonate
•The coral animals live in colony and each coral animal live in small plate
called coralite.
D. Coral Reef
•In gastrodermis there are
microscopics single cell
organisms called
zooxantellae living
symbiotically with coral animal
Zooxantellae produce organic
materials trough
photosynthethic and used by
coral animals as food.
Types of coral reefs • fringing reef
• barrier reef
• atoll
Life coral distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)
Living coral
Death coral
Macro algae
Biotic
Abiotic
Coral fish density distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)
Coral fish family distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)
Coral fish density distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)
Seriatopora sp.
Acropora sp.
Porites sp.
Millepora sp.
Pavona sp.
Fungia sp.
Acropora sp.
Goniastrea sp.
Lobophyllia sp.
Montipora sp.
Asterospicularia sp.
Montipora sp.
Hydnopora sp.
Sarcophyton sp.
Goniopora sp.
Sinularia sp. Rubble
Coral reef distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)
Coral reef distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)
Coral reef distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)
TANTANGAN TEMATIK PESISIR DAN LAUT
Threats for Coral Reef :
- Coral minning
- Hot water waste disposal
- Deforestration
- High sedimentation
- Dredging
- Tourism
- Organic waste (EUTROPHICATION)
- Reclamation
- Destructive fishing practices (poisson, explotion)
- GLOBAL WARMING and ACANTHASTHER
Threats for Coral Reef :
- Coral minning
- Hot water waste disposal
- Deforestration
- High sedimentation
- Dredging
- Tourism
- Organic waste (EUTROPHICATION)
- Reclamation
- Destructive fishing practices (poisson, explotion)
- GLOBAL WARMING and ACANTHASTHER
Land reclamation
Land reclamation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Survival Rate
karya
kelapa
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Chart Title
Panjang
Tinggi
Transplanted coral growth
10
2
1
6
1
2
1
3
1
11
8
1 1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
growth
growth
cm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
April 2010 June 2010 Sept 2010 Dec 2010 May 2011
Chart Title
Fam-Kar
Spe-Kar
Fam-Kel
Spe-Kel
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Genus
Chart Title
Kelapa
Karya
Coral fishes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
September 2010 Desember 2010 Mei 2011
0
10
20
30
40
September 2010 Desember 2010 Mei 2011
Chart Title
Acropora Caulastrea Chyphastrea Heliopora
Hydnopora Montipora Pavona Platygyra
Pocillopora Porites Stylopora Echinopora
Stylocoeniella
MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS :
- Typical of tropical ecosystems
- Terrestrial plant but able to tolerate salty
environment
- Muddy substrate
- Regular supply of fresh water
- Organic contents
Ecological function of MANGROVE :
- NURSERY, SPAWNING, and FEEDING GROUND
- Marine biota HABITAT
- Coastal protection
- Sediment trap
- Detritus export
- Education and tourism
- Wodd (carcoal, construction, etc.)
Division 3: Kepulauan Seribu
Dua, Nyamplung, and Penjaliran Island
The thickness of the coastline: 50 m
Density: <1000 trees/ha
Utilization: coast border and tourism
Status: protected (Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Parks)
Position: 5°25'17.28"S; 106°29'31.34"E
Species: Rhizophora sp.
Substrate: sand rocky
Species: Rhizophora sp.
Substrate: sand rocky
Genteng, Kelapa, Kotok, Pramuka
The thickness of the coastline: 5 m
Density: <1000 trees/ha
Utilization: coast border and tourism
Status: protected (Kepulauan Seribu national Parks)
Position: 5°37'46.74"S; 106°33'26.60"E
Species: Rhizophora sp.
Substrate: sand rocky
Species: Rhizophora sp. (planting)
Substrate: sandy
Tidung, Pari, Rambut and Untung Jawa Island
The thickness of the coastline: 150 m
Density: <1000 trees/ha and spread uneven (F<75%)
Utilization: coast/river border
Status: protected (Rambut Island Natural Reserve)
Species: Rhizophora sp. (planting)
Substrate: sandy
Tidung, Pari, Rambut and Untung Jawa Island
The thickness of the coastline: 150 m
Density: <1000 trees/ha and spread uneven (F<75%)
Utilization: coast/river border
Status: protected (Rambut Island Natural Reserve)
Position: 5°51'11.36"S; 106°37'33.34"E
Species: Rhizophora sp.
Substrate: sand rocky
Species: Avicennia sp., Rhizophora sp.
Substrate: sandy
Unit of analysis 13: Muara Bendera – Tanjung Sedari
Location : Tanjung Wetan – Tanjung Bungin
The thickness of the coastline: 50 m
Density: <1000 - 1500 trees/ha, and spread uneven (F <75%)
Utilization: coast/river border and water bird
Position: 5°56'10.77"S; 107° 5'44.45"E
Species: Avicennia sp.
Substrate: mud sandy
Species: Avicennia sp. Rhizophora sp.
Substrate: mud sandy
Species: Avicennia sp., Rhizophora sp.
Substrate: sandy
Location Tanjung Pakis–Sedari Beach
Species: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba,
Lumnitzera racemosa
The thickness of the coastline: 5 m
Wide: 18.34 ha
Density: <1500 trees/ha, and spread uneven (F < 75%)
Utilization: coast/river border
Position: 5°57'22.77"S; 107°17'42.49"E
Species: Avicennia sp.
Substrate: sandy
Unit of analysis 12: Marunda Port – Muara Bendera
Location : Muara Gembong (Muara Bendera)
The thickness of the coastline: 250 m
Density: <1000 - 1500 trees/ha, and spread evenly (F = 75%)
Utilization: coast/river border, mangrove tourism, as habitat of water bird, macaque
Status: Local protected
Position: 5°56'35.82"S; 106°59'25.31"E
Species: Avicennia sp.
Substrate: muddy
Species: Avicennia sp. Rhizophora,
Sonneratia sp., Acanthus ilicifolius
Substrate: muddy
Species: Avicennia sp.
Substrate: mud sandy
Threats for MANGROVE :
- Logging
- Changes of river flows and fresh water supply
- Converted into other landuses
- Liquid waste disposal
- Solid waste disposal
- Oil pollution
- Minning
- Land Reclamation
Threats for pelagic estuary :
- Reclamation
- Organic waste
- Pollution
- Solid waste pollution
- ALLIEN SPECIES
Thanks to :
Dr. Franck TORRE
Dr. Agung Dhamar Syakti
Dr. Luky Adrianto
I Nyoman Adi
Dr. Budhi H Iskandar
Husnileili
Novit Ricardi
MERCI BEAUCOUP
Dr. Ario Damar
Coastal Ecologist
CCMRS IPB
Bogor Agricultural University
Indonesia
Email: [email protected]