Argument and Methods

Argument and MethodsAnalyzing SpeechesSPI 3001.6.5 Synthesize information across two or more informational or technical texts Unit Essential QuestionsHow do three different leaders across time imagine solutions to reach racial equality? What methods do these speakers use to build and support their arguments?

Text 1I Have a Dream Martin Luther King, Jr. August 28, 1963

1.1 Prior Knowledge & Build Background:

Who is Martin Luther King, Jr.? What do you know about him? What do you know about his famous speech, I Have a Dream? Record you answers individuallyShare with your group/then whole class discussionTeacher records responses on boardPrimary and Secondary sources graphic organizer/use device to finish completing this activity.Lets share any new information.

Read Speech silently p. 269Please write down at least 10 vocabulary words you do not know. Create Word Wall 1.2 Comprehension:

What is an argument?Argument - a statement, reason, or fact for or against a point: What is a claim? Claim a claim is an arguable statement or assertion made by the author.Lets watch the I Have a Dream speech.Complete the Accounting for an Authors Claim w.s using your speechWhat is Kings argument? Cite evidence supporting your answer. Complete the Analyzing the Authors Evidence w.s.Who is his audience and what does he want them to do?Complete the Authors Purpose w.s. refer to the word list describing the authors tone on the backGroup discussion (discuss Accountable Talk)1.3 StructureHow does King organize his speech? How does each section advance his argument?Chronological Past Present ends the speech with a future vision

1.4 Authors Methods:

What does it mean to be compelling?Compelling - to have a powerful and irresistible effect, influence, etc. The next 3 methods we will be discussing are what the author uses to build and support his/her argument.What are methods?Methods are the strategies that authors use to develop their arguments in ways that are appropriate for their audience. Examples: anecdotes, figurative language, rhetorical questions, allusions, words and phrases that clarify relationships between and among claims, counterclaims, reasons, evidence, etc.

Figurative LanguageLanguage that is not meant to be taken literally and uses figures of speech, to get across a point. Figurative language can be expressed through similes, metaphors, onomatopoeias, personification, hyperbole, understatement, allusions, etc.Example #1: The trees danced in the wind is an example of personification because trees cannot literally dance. Personification is an example of a figure of speech. Example #3: Separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand is an example of a figure of speech as a simile in The Atlanta Compromise Address (Washington).Authors Methods:What is a metaphor and simile? Lets watch a Video clip on Similes and MetaphorsWrite your own definition of a simile and metaphor.Simile Comparing 2 unlike things using like or as.For example This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames withering injustice.Metaphor - Comparing 2 unlike things not using like or asFor example, when King compared the Emancipation Proclamation to a great beacon of hope and to a joyous daybreak, he was making the point that just as a beacon or daybreak can bring light and hope, the Emancipation Proclamation brought enlightenment and hope to millions of slaves.

Extended MetaphorExtended Metaphor - An extended metaphor is a metaphor that extended to be longer than a sentence or phrase. An extended metaphor could also be the use of a single metaphor that occurs frequently throughout the text. Review extended metaphor together.You try! Look through MLK speech and locate one example of a simile. Write in table on back of notes.Complete metaphor w.s in groups. Be read to share your analysis of the metaphors.

Writing AssessmentUsing your notes, write a complete paragraph for one metaphor answering the following two statements:Identify the metaphor that you find most compelling to Kings argument. Explain that metaphor and what you find most compelling about it given Kings argument, purpose, and audience.

Alliteration and PersonificationAlliteration the repetition of initial consonant sounds. Example What a world of merriment their melody foretells! (The Bells poem by Edgar Allan Poe)You try! Look through MLK speech and locate one example of alliteration. Write in table.Personification is a figure of speech in which an animal, a thing, a force of nature, or an idea is described as if it were human or is given human characteristics.Example Dawn spread out her finger tips of rose. (In The Odyssey, Homer personifies dawn by giving it hands.You try! Look through MLK speech and locate the example of personification. Write in table.

What is the difference between illusion and allusion?Let watch a couple of video clips of each and discuss the differences. Illusion - A mirage, hallucination, or a magic trick is an illusion.Allusion - An allusion is a reference, something you allude (to refer casually or indirectly) to.1.5 Authors Methods: Allusion:

What is an allusion?An allusion is a reference to an artifact, be it a person, place, thing, event, or quote. It must be well known and identified by a large group of people, and it is often a proper noun.Allusions draw upon the Bible, historical documents, current events, patriotic songs, and spirituals.Why is it important?Allusion connects the content of a text with the larger world. Allusion calls to mind the ideas and emotions associated with a well-known event or published work. Those ideas and emotions then contribute to what the author conveys. Lets look at a few examples in a mini-lesson.

Lets Practice Identifying Examples of AllusionIt has rained so long, it seems as though it has rained for 40 days and nights. Harriet Tubman was called the Moses of her time.To act or not to act, that was Maria's dilemma.Sue did not want to endure Eve's curse, so she opted for the epidural. The killer wore a mark of Cain as he stalked his brother. "The girl's love of sweets was her Achilles heel," http://blog.flocabulary.com/allusion/Lets watch a quick video that gives allusions used in the original Willy Wonka and the Chocolate FactoryReferences to Famous Words & Historical Figures & EventsIn I Have a Dream SpeechEmancipation ProclamationGettysburg AddressAmerica by Samuel F. SmithFree at Last traditional Negro spiritual

Declaration of IndependenceBible

References to Famous Words & Historical Figures & EventsSlaveryGovernor of Alabama, George Wallace

States RightsInterposition: Refers to an asserted right of U.S. states to protect their individual interests from federal violation or any abridgement of states' rights deemed by those states to be dangerous or unconstitutional

Nullification: U.S. State has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional Group ResearchEach group will be assigned a paragraph that contains an allusion in the I Have a Dream speech. You will be given a graphic organizer to record you answer.Once you are finished be ready to present your findings to the class.Instructions:Identify the allusion in your paragraph.Raise your hand when you find it so I can check your answer.Use your device or the computer to research your allusion. What is MLK referencing?Discuss as a group why MLK used this allusion in his speech. Write down your answer on your graphic organizer.

Allusions justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a might streamWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,governor having his lips dripping with the nullification,every valley shall be exalted together,My country tis of thee ring,fivescore years ago alluding to Lincolns Four score and seven years ago.The opening sentence of Martin Luther King Jr.s speech is an allusion to Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address. He opens up the same way as the address (4 score and 7 years ago) and talks about President Lincoln in the rest of the sentence as well. He does this to show that the same problem that was discussed in the time is still going on today.1.5 Authors Methods: Allusion:

Independent Practice:Complete Allusion W.S. for homework.

Extended Writing:Write a one paragraph response to the following research statement.King makes several allusions in this speech. What was your favorite allusion King uses and explain its role in his argument.

Rhetorical Devices (refer to speech notes)Rhetorical devices are techniques used by speakers to achieve a particular effect, especially to persuade or influence.There are 3 common types of rhetorical devices.1. Parallelism2. Repetition3. Rhetorical Questions

ParallelismParallelism is used when a writer emphasizes the equal value or weight of two or more ideas by expressing them in the same grammatical form.Example: on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of obligations, on faithful protection, on unselfish performance (Roosevelt 506).Watch BrainPOP on Parallel Structure

Parallelism If you ever want to jazz up a crowd, use some parallelism in your sentences. It will make people ready to fightpeacefully, of course. It also makes the lines memorable, and perhaps represents the equality of the people fighting together.Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.Lets PracticeParallelismBasically, you want to balance a noun with a noun, a phrase with a phrase, and a clause with a clause. Examples p. 461 in Holt HandbookNot parallelI am not much of an athlete, but I like softball, soccer, and playing hockey. (two nouns and a phrase)What is unbalanced? ParallelI am not much of an athlete, but I like softball, soccer, and hockey. (three nouns)

Lets PracticeParallelismExample:Not ParallelDominic does not have enough time to play soccer, join the debating team, and band. (two phrases and a noun)What is unbalanced?

ParallelDominic does not have enough time to play soccer, to join the debating team, and to participate in the band. (three phrases)

Lets PracticeParallelismExample:Not ParallelHe said that he would meet you at the soccer field and not to be late. (clause and phrase)What is unbalanced?

ParallelHe said that he would meet you at the soccer field and that you should not be late. (two clauses)You turn!P. 462 1-10 Holt HandbookBring balance to the following sentences by putting the ideas in parallel form. Rewrite the sentence with the correction. You may need to add or delete some words. If a sentence is already correct, write C. Hint: there are only 2 correct sentences.Lets practice the first one together. You will have 10 minutes to complete this activity.Rhetorical QuestionRhetorical Question this kind of question is asked for effect, but is not meant to be answered. Gets the audience thinkingSee example on p. 267 "When will you be satisfied?"

RepetitionRepetition is a writers intentional reuse of a sound, word, phrase, or sentence. Writers often use repetition to emphasize ideas.

If you have an important point to make,dont try to be subtle or clever. Use apile driver. Hit the point once. Thencome back and hit it again. Then hit it athird time a tremendous whack.Winston Churchill

In other words.say it loud and clearand again and again and.yes, again.

Notice how in his I Have a Dream speech, Martin Luther King Jr. uses both parallelism and repetition:"But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition." Identify the Repetition As you watch Kings speech, underline the words and phrases that King repeats. Then, analyze how King uses repetition by discussing the questions below. Take notes on your conversation so that you are prepared to share their ideas during the whole group discussion. What do you notice about the words and phrases that King repeats? How do those words and phrases relate or link to Kings argument and purpose?

Group PresentationsEach group will share one paragraph that contains repetition. The group shares the words and phrases that they identified What they noticed/discussed about the words/phrases that King repeats How those word/phrases link to Kings argument and purpose.

1.6 Authors Methods: Repetition

Write a short one page essay answering the following questions.

Study Kings use of repetition.

What does he repeat and for what purposes? How does his use of repetition link to and advance his argument?

Watch SpeechSPI 3001.2.6 Determine the most effective methods of engaging an audience during an oral presentation (e.g., making eye contact, adjusting speaking rate).

Look for the effective methods King uses for engaging his audience. Complete the worksheets.

Text 2 SpeechRemarks to the Convocation of the Church of God in Christ William J. Clinton November 13, 1993

Prior KnowledgeWho is William J. Clinton? What do you know about him? Read TextMark the text using the strategies weve discussedPlease write down at least 10 vocabulary words you do not know.

Read the text aloud. What is a thesis statement? Lets do a mini-lesson on how to identify and write a thesis statement.

Antithesis (Rhetorical Device) Antithesis, literal meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence for achieving a contrasting effect.Rhetoric a. the placing of a sentence or one of its parts against another to whichit is opposed to form a balanced contrast of ideas, as in Give me libertyor give me death. b. the second sentence or part thus setin opposition, as or give me death.

Antithesis exampleExample:Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind.Contrasting ideas of a small step and a giant step are used in the sentence above to emphasize the significance of one of the biggest landmarks of human history.

Common examples of Antithesis

To err is human; to forgive, divine. (Pope)It is easier for a father to have children than for children to have a real father. (Pope)Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.Man proposes, God disposes.Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.Speech is silver, but Silence is Gold.Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit.Money is the root of all evils: poverty is the fruit of all goodness.You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart.Anecdote (Rhetorical Device)A very short story (usually a paragraph) used to illustrate a point. Usually contains action & dialogue and is longer than an example. Often used in expository essays to develop an idea. Used in persuasive essays as one method of developing pathos (emotional appeal). It can also be used as a "hook" to draw a reader into a story.

2.1 Comprehension

Write a summary of Clintons speech. Include his argument, the specific claims and counterclaims he makes, and who his audience is.

2.2 Relationship Among Ideas:

Identify and explain the claims you find most significant to Clintons argument. How does he support each claim? What is the relationship among the claims and between the claims and counterclaims?

2.3 Authors Methods:

What methods does Clinton use to build and support his argument? How does each advance his argument?

2.4 Drawing an Inference:

What do you see as the main goal of Clintons speech? Write an argument using claims and counterclaims that are grounded in evidence from the speech to support what you see as the main goal of his speech.

Watch the speechSPI 3001.2.6 Determine the most effective methods of engaging an audience during an oral presentation (e.g., making eye contact, adjusting speaking rate).

Look for the effective methods Clinton uses for engaging his audience.Text 3 SpeechEnding Racial Inequality George W. Bush NAACP Annual Convention July 10, 2000

Prior Knowledge:

Who is George W. Bush? What do you know about him? What is the NAACP?

Read TextMark the text using the strategies weve discussedPlease write down at least 10 vocabulary words you do not know.

3.1 Comprehension:

Write a summary of Bushs speech. Include the specific claims and counterclaims he makes, who his audience is, and what he wants them to do.

3.2 Structure:

How does Bush organize his speech? How does each section advance his argument?

3.3 Authors Methods:

Compare two methods that Bush and another speaker use. Explain how each uses these methods and argue for which you find more effective given the speakers argument, purpose, and audience.

3.4 Language:

Reread paragraph 5. What is Bush saying and doing in this paragraph? Imitate Bushs writing by writing a paragraph like this one using your own ideas.

Watch Speech - Engaging the AudienceSPI 3001.2.6 Determine the most effective methods of engaging an audience during an oral presentation (e.g., making eye contact, adjusting speaking rate).

Look for the effective methods Bush uses for engaging his audience.

SPI 3001.6.5 Synthesize information across two or more informational or technical texts 4.1 Comparing Texts:

Speaking almost 40 years after King, Bush says, Discrimination is still a reality, even when it takes different forms. Compare the inequities or forms of discrimination that each of the three speakers is speaking about. What evidence and methods does each speaker use to convince his audience of these inequities?

4.2 Comparing Texts:King, Clinton, and Bush all argue for ending racial inequality.

Compare their solutions and the claims, reasoning, and methods they use for those solutions.