BrianKing,NOC

IncludingmaterialfromNathalieZilberman,SIO

Argo–UpdateCLIVARCONCEPT-HEAT

Exeter,29Sep–1Oct2015

Argo’sEvoluPon

•  Greatergeographicalextent•  Deepsampling–atleast4000mandupto6000m

•  Newsensors–mainlybio-op>cal(notatopicfortoday)

EvoluPon:ADesignforGlobalArgo

•  Samemission–trackingtheslowmanifold-morespa>allycompleteandbeDersignaltonoise

•  DoublesamplinginWBCsandequatorialregions•  MarginalSeas:enhancedsampling-determinedbyregionalpartnerships•  SeasonalIcezone:normalsampling[Fasticezonerequiresdifferenttechnology]

~4200floatarray

NewMissionsDeepArgo

Requirements?•  closureofthesealevel,oceanmass,andenergybudgetsonregionalandglobalscales•  providenewinforma>ononoceancircula>onandwatermassforma>onandproper>es•  mi>gatethelackofobserva>onsbelow2000mforoceandataassimila>onmodeling•  WODhas<100kprofilesofT/Sdeeperthan3000m;DeepArgowilllikelydeliver30,000peryear

BoDomWaterwarmingfrom1990’sto2000’sPurkeyandJohnson(2010)

DeepArgoworkshop

May5-7th2015inHobartTasmania(hDp://www.argo.ucsd.edu/DAIW1report.pdf)

30par>cipants

6Countries(U.S,France,U.K,Australia,NewZealand,Japan)

Outlines

1.  Objec>vesoftheDeepArgoprogram

2.  DeepArgofloatcharacteris>csandCTDsensordevelopment

3.  DeepArgopilotarrays

4.  An>cipatedconfigura>onoftheDeepArgoarray

5.  Summary

DeepArgoReadiness?

DeepfloatsarebeingdevelopedandtestedbyseveralgroupsAnewCTDisunderparalleldevelopmentwithimprovedsensor

stabilityisneededforabyssalmeasurement

FieldtestsofhandfulsoffloatsareunderwayRegionalpilotsareunderwayto

1.  Provetechnologyandrefinethecostbasis2.  Informaglobalarraydesign,aspartofastrategyforthedeep

ocean

Thereare4typesofDeepArgofloatmodels

DeepNINJATSKCoLTD,JAMSTEC0–4000mSBE-41CTD50kg15deployedsofar

DeepARVORNKE,CNRS,Ifremer0–4000mSBE-41CTD26kg8deployed

DeepAPEXTWR,UW0–6000mSBE-61CTD43cmglasssphere2deployed

DeepSOLOSIO0–6000mSBE-61CTD25kg33cmglasssphere3deployed

Sea-BirdSBE61CTDaccuracy

!  Collabora>onofN.Z/U.S./Aus.ArgoandSeaBirdElectronics

!  9-daycruiseonR/VTangaroa-June16-25th2014

!  12RepeatCTDcaststo5600mwithwatersamples

!  3SBE-61CTDswereintegratedintheshipboardsystemtocompareSBE-61CTD(P,T,S)withshipboardCTD.

!  Temperatureismee>ngthe±0.001°Caccuracygoal

!  Salinityisapproachingthedesiredaccuracyof±0.002.Refinementsinpressureandconduc>vitymayyieldimprovement.

!  Pressureisapproachingthedesiredaccuracyof±3dbar.Furtherworkneededviamechanicaldesignworkandcalibra>onprocess.

±4.5dbar

±0.004

!  Flatabyssalplain(5000-6000m)w/substan>aldeepwarming,limitededdyac>vity

!  2015September:Successfulrecoveryof2DeepSOLOfloatsdeployedin06/2014(>110x2-6.5-daycycles)–RVKaharoa09/2015(US,NZ,Australia).RecoveryofDeepSOLOsisforCTDrecalibra>onandpossiblerecycling,andforassessmentofwearandtearonpump,glassball,etc.Willdeploy105conven>onalArgofloats.

!  2016Plantodeploy12DeepArgofloats:8DeepSOLO(US)and2DeepAPEX(US)in01-02/2016intheSWPacificonboardRVKaharoaand2DeepSOLOin02-03/2016at170°W(P15S)onboardRVInves>gator.

P15S

PilotarrayintheSouthwestPacificOceanDeepArgofloatdeploymentDeepArgofloatrecoveryCoreArgofloatdeployment

ScienPficGoal:Studydeepwatermasscharacteris>csandiden>fywatermasspathwaysintheSWPacificOceanwithgreaterdetail.

TwoDeepSOLOsintheSouthwestPacificOcean

TwoDeepSOLOsintheSouthwestPacificOcean

PilotarraysintheNorthPacific,SouthernOcean,andIndianOcean

!  15Deep(4000m)NINJA(Japan)deployedin2012-2014;3intheNorthPacificOcean(engineeringtes>ng)and12intheSouthernOcean(1southofNZ;5offtheAdeliecoast;6offtheBuddcoast).

3(possibly5?)DeepNINJAcurrentlyac>veunderseaice.

!  Plantodeploy3DeepNINJA(Japan)between11/2015and03/2016;1intheNorthPacificOceanand2intheIndianOcean

!  Plantodeploy8DeepSOLO(US)in06/2016intheSouthernOcean(possiblyAustralianBasin).

ScienPficGoal:Studywatermassforma>onanddeepMeridionalOverturningCircula>on

PilotarrayintheNorthAtlanPcOcean!  2IfremerDeepArvorprototypes(3500m)(1)09/12-01/13(71x2-3-daycycles);R/VThalassa(2)11/13-08/14(88x2-10-daycycles);R/VCotedelaManche

!  2industrialDeepArvorprototypes(4000m)(3)05/14-11/14(32x3-10-daycycles);R/VPourquoipas(4)05/14-03/15(142x2-daycycles);R/VPourquoipas

!  2015Plantodeploy11DeepArgofloats"4DeepArvor;1intheWestEuropeanBasinand3intheCharlie-GibbsFractureZone(France)in06-07/2015"2DeepArvorand2DeepAPEX–DeepwesternandeasternAtlan>cat26°N(UK)in12/2015-01/2016"2DeepArvor–MediterraneanSea(Italy)"1DeepArvor–CanaryIslands(Spain)

!  2016Plantodeploy12DeepArvor

!  2017Plantodeploy6DeepArvor;and8DeepSOLOin04/2017(US/UK)at26°N

1

2

3

4

ScienPficGoal:StudyNorthAtlan>cdeepwaterforma>onratesandcircula>onpathways

Lightbluecontouris5000m

DeepArgoStrawPlan

!  SampletotheoceanboDom(upto6000m)

!  5°x5°spacing:~1200floats

!  Resolveabyssaldecadalsignalslocally(notjustglobally)

!  Increasetheaccuracyofglobalheatbudgetandsealevelbudget

! Measurecircula>onchangesinthedeep-ocean

!  Startathighla>tudes(deep-oceanwarmingsignal)->equator->global

Johnsonetal.,2015

Deep Argo

2000m

Core Argo

4000m

DeepArgoSummary!  AWorkshopwasheldtodiscusstechnology

developmentsforDeepArgo,scien>ficandopera>onalra>onales,andplansforfuturework

!  4designsofDeepArgofloatshavebeendevelopedandtestedwithdepthrangesof4000mand6000m

!  ADeepArgoCTD(SBE61)hasbeendevelopedbySea-BirdElectronicsanddeployedinshipboardcastsandfloatprofiling,withencouragingresults

!  RegionalpilotarraysofDeepArgofloatshavebegunandwillcon>nuein2015-2017intheSouthernOcean,NorthPacific,SWPacific,IndianOcean,andNorthAtlan>c

!  AglobalDeepArgoarrayatabout5°resolu>onisrequiredtoresolvedecadalsignalsindeepoceantemperature,salinity,andcircula>on.Itcouldtake7to10yearstoputacompletearrayinplace.ThemostprovenfloatdesignistheScrippsDeepSOLOwithbothrecentprototypesreaching100cycles.Theirpresentproduc>oncapacityisorder20peryear.DeepArgomighteventuallyrequireorder300floatsperyeartobedeployed.