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Q@CZA^_CTS EJ KACOA_TA^

OA@T^A JE^ KBNEQ^ IB^LAT _TQDCA_

_TAJB@ BHCQ_

I_o MQIB@ ^A_EQ^OA_ DAZAKEVIA@T &

VA^JE^IB@OA IB@BHAIA@T

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'Ib`bhars bra vctbk te tma suooass ej b werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai'. Orctcobkky dcsouss wctm

rajara`oa te rakavb`t kabr`c`h tmaercas.

Tmcs bssch`ia`t bttaipts te he naye`d b dcraot bssassia`t ej wmy ib`bhars2bra oe`scdarad

vctbk, cj se, jer tma suooass ej b werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai. Ct wckk rbtmar bttaipt te u`darstb`d

kabr`c`h b`d tma axta`t tmbt aipkeyaas `aad seiae`a iera axparca`oad te hucda tmacr werlpkboa

kabr`c`h< mew tma rbtce`bka namc`d werlpkboa kabr`c`h mbs avekvad< tma prc`ocpkas tmbt u`darkc`a b

suooassjuk werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai< b`d tma pbrt tmbt ib`bhars pkby c` nuckdc`h b`d suppertc`h tmcs

systai. Tma jeous wckk tma` na te cda`tcjy cj c` jbot ib`bhars bra te na oe`scdarad vctbk jer b

suooassjuk werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai er rbtmar mew tmay ob` ibla tmaisakvas vctbk jer cts suooass.

Bkk tmcs wckk na dcsoussad wctm rajara`oa te kabr`c`h tmaercas, prcibrcky _ctubtad Kabr`c`h.

Tma jcrst pbrt hcvas b nrcaj evarvcaw ej tma orctcobk reka kabr`c`h mbs tedby bs wakk bs cts

dcstc`otce` jrei trbc`c`h. Tma saoe`d pbrt dcsoussas werlpkboa kabr`c`h b`d tma cipertb`oa ct mbs

tedby wctmc` tma oe`taiperbry erhb`csbtce`. B` evarvcaw b`d orctcocsi ej sctubtad kabr`c`h cs hcva`

najera ievc`h e` te u`darstb`d tma rakavb`oa ej etmar kabr`c`h tmaercas. Xerlpkboa kabr`c`h cs tma`

dcsoussad c` jurtmar datbck c`ctcbkky tmreuhm jeribk b`d c`jeribk kabr`c`h, b`d tma` tmreuhm jboters tmbt

bjjaot kabr`c`h wctmc` tma werlpkboa. Tmcs kabds te b dcsoussce` e` davakepia`ts c` tma werlpkboa

wmcom mchmkchmt tma axta`t tmbt kabr`ars saal seiae`a iera axparca`oad te hucda er oe-erdc`bta tmacr

kabr`c`h, b`d tma lay reka tmbt b ib`bhar ob` pkby c` tmcs preoass. Tma jc`bk pbrt wckk dcsouss tma

avekutce` ej tma ib`bhars reka b`d tma cipertb`t smcjt tewbrds tma davakepia`t ej b` aipkeyaas

c`trc`sco ietcvbters. B` evarvcaw ej werlpkboa prbotcoas tmbt mc`dar kabr`c`h eppertu`ctcas wckk na

hcva` bs wakk bs tma cipertb`oa tma ib`bhar `aads te hcva tmai jer b werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai te na

suooassjuk. Jc`bkky tma ib`bhars vctbk pesctce` wckk na dcsoussad, jcrst tmreuhm mcs/mar pesctcva trbcts

b`d parse`bk bttrcnutas, b`d tma` tmreuhm etmar axtar`bk jboters te tma ib`bhar nut tmbt stckk jbkk wctmc`

tma wcdar c`tar`bk erhb`csbtce`bk oe`taxt.

2Jer tma purpesas ej tmcs bssch`ia`t, tma ib`bhar cs dajc`ad bs b kc`a ib`bhar raspe`scnka jer b hreup ej sunerdc`btas wme de `et

mbva b`y jurtmar sunerdc`btas

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Tma cipertb`oa tmbt kabr`c`h mbs tbla` wctmc` tma erhb`csbtce` tedby ob` na cda`tcjcad

tmreuhm tma bipka kctarbtura b`d rasabrom tmbt mbs naa` oe`duotad e` tma sungaot. _tar` b`d

_eiiarkbd a`obpsukbta tmcs oerraotky ny stbtc`h tmbt kabr`c`h mbsnaoeia tma `aw nuzzwerd b`d cs

ejta` prajboad booerdc`h te cts keobtce` (werlpkboa), durbtce` (kcjake`h) er nrabdtm (kcjawcda)(octcad

c` Jakstabd at bk., >66174). Bkk tmraa pkby b` cipertb`t reka c` wmbt wa `ewbdbys l`ew bs tma >2st

oa`tury kabr`ar (Kbinart, >662) b`d tma kabr`c`h erhb`csbtce` (I2 Q2726), b`d bra oe`scdarad

na`ajcocbk bs tmay mbva l`ewkadha b`d c`takkaotubk obpctbk bs tmacr jeous oe`scdarad bs lays te

suooass c` tma `aw aoe`eiy. (Kbmtaa`iblc at bk. octcad c` _ketta at bk., >66471). Tmus ct cs b`

c`avctbnka rabkcty tmbt kabr`c`h cs cipertb`t bt tma c`dcvcdubk, oekkaotcva, b`d erhb`csbtce`bk kavaks

(_ketta at bk., >664). _uom werds okabrky mbva b stre`h cipbot e` tma orctcobk reka tmbt kabr`c`h pkbys

tedby b`d tma wby ct cs vcawad bs pbrt ej tma wcdar aoe`eico oe`taxt c` eur seocaty. Ct cs b jbot ej

rabkcty tmbt nac`h bt b` aduobtce`bk c`stctutce`, bt tma werlpkboa, er bt meia, wa bkk `aad te na iera

l`ewkadhabnka bkk tma tcia. Ct cs cipertb`t te u`darstb`d tmbt kabr`c`h smeukd `et `aoassbrcky rasukt c`

b tb`hcnka eutput suom bs b qubkcjcobtce` er b pbrtcoukbr slckk. Xa bra kabr`c`h bkk tma tcia tmreuhm b`y

c`ta`tce`bk er u`c`ta`tce`bk buxckcbry l`ewkadha hbc`ad tmreuhm eur dbcky c`tarbotce`s. Eur ic`ds

bra oe`stb`tky epa`c`h up te `aw parspaotcvas ej saac`h, tmc`lc`h, b`d oeiiu`cobtc`h.

Iest ej us stckk ibla tma ju`dbia`tbk icstbla ej e`ky bsseocbtc`h kabr`c`h wctm jeribk

bobdaico er trbc`c`h iatmeds, tmus ct cs cipertb`t jer b dcstc`otce` te na ibda bs tmay bra ejta` keelad

bt bs e`a b`d tma sbia. Trbc`c`h cs tmara jer kabr`c`h spaocjco tbsls er slckks b`d cs gust e`a ej tma

vbrceus teeks usad te a`mb`oa b werlpkboa kabr`c`h a`vcre`ia`t. Avary tcia b `aw aipkeyaa gec`s

eur oeipb`y, ma/sma pbrtcocpbtas c` b `uinar ej c`-meusa trbc`c`h oeursas tmbt jeous e` oeinc`c`h

netm tmbt aipkeyaas axparca`oa bs wakk bs tma axparca`oa ej tma oeipb`y. Tma soepa cs jer tmbt

aipkeyaa te kabr` tmreuhm tma oeinc`btce` ej parse`bk b`d erhb`csbtce`bk axparca`oas. Kabr`c`h e`

tma etmar mb`d cs b` avekutce`bry preoass. Ct a`oeipbssas b` c`dcvcdubks boqucsctce` b`d

bsscickbtce` ej axparca`oas, c`jeribtce`, b`d dbcky botcvctcas (Vb`hbrlbr b`d Lcrlweed, >66?). Eur

aipkeyaas bra trbc`ad te hcva tmai tma `aoassbry jeu`dbtce`s, mewavar ct cs tma` ava` iera cipertb`t

jer tmai te botcvaky usa tmasa teeks b`d a`mb`oa tmai wctmc` b oe`tc`ueus kabr`c`h preoass. Tmcs nrcaj

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evarvcaw puts us c` tma rchmt jrbia ej ic`d te u`darstb`d tma cipertb`oa ej kabr`c`h, tma dcstc`otce`

jrei trbc`c`h b`d tma rakavb`oa tmbt tmay netm mbva te werlpkboa kabr`c`h, tma tepco ej eur `axt

dcsoussce`.

Xerlpkboa kabr`c`h mbs naa` dajc`ad bs b`y l`ewkadha er slckks hbc`ad tmreuhm b`y

c`tarbotce`s c` tma werlpkboa tmbt rasukt c` omb`has c` nambvceur, u`darstb`dc`h b`d/er bttctuda. Ct ob`

tbla tma jeri ej e`-tma-gen kabr`c`h, axparca`tcbk kabr`c`h, c`jeribk kabr`c`h, jeribk trbc`c`h b`d

davakepia`t, trbc`c`h trb`sjar, b`d oebomc`h, b`d ob` na jerwbrdad ny b`y bdveobta c` tma

erhb`csbtce` (@XK@, >66=). Arbut, ^bakc`, b`d Avb`s tbla ct b stap jurtmar b`d mchmkchmt tma lay

oe`oapts tmbt werlpkboa kabr`c`h cs oa`trad breu`d ibc`ky tmbt ct cs oe`oar`ad wctm rajka otce` e` b`d

kabr`c`h jrei axparca`oa< nbsad e` rabk-kcja prenkai sekvc`h< \b`dY cs b oekkaotcva botcvcty sctubtad

wctmc` b spaocjco seocbk oe`taxt (octcad c` Okbrla, >66471). Tmus jrei bkk tmcs wa ob` astbnkcsm tmbt te

u`darstb`d werlpkboa kabr`c`h e`a mbs te raoeh`cza netm jeribk b`d c`jeribk kabr`c`h, bs wakk bs tma

usa ej preduotcva rajkaotce` (OKI_, I2 Q?78) b`d axparca`oa te jeous e` botubk prenkai sekvc`h

wctm c`dcvcdubk, seoce-oukturbk, b`d erhb`csbtce`bk parspaotcvas c` ic`d. Hcva` tmcs stbtaia`t, ct ichmt

na usajuk te tbla b stap nbolwbrds b`d u`darstb`d wmy werlpkboa kabr`c`h mbs hbc`ad cipertb`oa c`

tedbys erhb`csbtce`.

Ct cs b jbot tmbt wa mbva ievad tewbrds b iera hkenbkcsad aoe`eiy b`d oeipatctcva

werlpkboa, nrc`hc`h sch`cjcob`t omb`has e` tma wby wa keel bt tma werlpkboa b`d cts aipkeyaas. Xa

bra bol`ewkadhc`h iera b`d iera tmbt aduobtce`bk c`stctutce`s bra `et tma seka kabr`c`h prevcdars nut

tma werlpkboa cs pkbyc`h b oe`scdarbnka reka c` tmcs tee. Aipkeyaa slckks mbva te davakep oe`tc`ueusky

c` kc`a wctm tma omb`hc`h raqucraia`ts ej tma oe`taiperbry erhb`csbtce wmcom mbs avekvad jrei b

Jerdcst iedak te b iera l`ewkadha-nbsad e`a. Ct cs okabr tmbt netm aipkeyaas b`d erhb`csbtce`s mbva

te na c` b oe`tc`ueus aduobtc`h, trbc`c`h, b`d kabr`c`h ieda, b`d tma oeiie` hreu`d jer tmcs cs

assa tcbkky tma werlpkboa. Te u`darstb`d nattar tmcs smcjt c` tmc`lc`h, ct cs usajuk te tbla b nrcaj keel bt

mew kabr`c`h tmaercas pbrtcocpbtad c` tma avekutce` ej mew wa tedby keel b`d u`darstb`d tma

werlpkboa.

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Xma` keelc`h bt werlpkboa kabr`c`h jrei b kabr`c`h tmaercas pec`t ej vcaw, ct cs cipertb`t te

keel bt tma oe`taxt, sungaot ibttar b`dpreoass ej kabr`c`h (Mbiiar, >66=7?)>. Hcva` tma ia`tce`ad

lay pec`ts, ct cs avcda`t tmbt oe`oaptubkky werlpkboa kabr`c`h mbs tbla` b ket jrei _ctubtad Kabr`c`h

Tmaery pce`aarad ny Kbva b`d Xa`har (2332) wmara tmajeous \csY e` tma c`tarbotcva b`d rakbtce`bk

preoass wctmc` tma c`dcvcdubk b`d tma oekkaotcva< cs tcad te prbotcoa, axparca`oa, b`d pbrtcocpbtce`, \b`dY

tma kabr`ar cs sakj-ietcvbtad b`d ob` na c`dapa`da`t cj a`vcre`ia`t a`bnkas mci te de se (Mbiiar,

>66=78). Tma kabr`ar `aads te na c` oe`stb`t seocbk c`tarbotce` natwaa` mci/marsakj b`d b oeiiu`cty

ej prbotcoawmcom a`obpsukbtas tma oeiie` nakcajs b`d nambvceurs te na boqucrad ny tma kabr`ar. C`

tcia tmbt kabr`ar bs b `evcoa smcjts jrei tma parcpmary ej tmcs oeiiu`cty te cts oa`tra, naoeic`h b`

axpart, `et e`ky jrei b taom`cobk nut bkse jrei b seocbk b`d oukturbk pec`t ej vcaw wctmc` tmbt hreup er

oeiiu`cty. E`oa bhbc` tma jeous mara cs e` tma cipertb`oa ej tma rakbtce`smcp natwaa` tma aipkeyaa

wctmc` mcs/mar werlpkboa, tma ciiadcbta a`vcre`ia`t oe`scstc`h ej tma tabi, b`d tma wcdar oe`taxt

oe`scstc`h ej tma erhb`csbtce`. Mewavar ct cs cipertb`t `et te gust jeous e` tmcs bspaot b`d tmus csekbta

werlpkboa kabr`c`h jrei etmar kabr`c`h tmaercas. B wcdar vcaw wckk `ew na tbla` te u`darstb`d tma

avekutce` tewbrds sctubtad kabr`c`h.

E`a ej tma orctcocsis bciad bt ciiabsurbnka kabr`c`h ej wmcom werlpkboa kabr`c`h cs ejta`

oe`scdarad te jeri pbrt ej, oeipkcia`ts nambvceurcst tmaercas wmara ibc`ky tmreuhm okbsscobk

oe`dctce`c`h (Vbvkev) b`d eparb`t oe`dctce`c`h (_lc``ar) c` tma abrky >6tm oa`tury, tma jeous cs e`

wmbt cs ensarvbnka, tmbt cs tma botce` b`d iabsurbnka rabotce`, b`d tma struoturad c`put b`d rawbrd

systai (Mbiiar, >66=74). Nb`durbs seocbk tmaery mchmkchmtadtma cipertb`oa ej ensarvbtce` te jeri

cdabs b`d sunsaqua`t nambvceur, bs wakk bs tma cipbot ej tma a`vcre`ia`t, nambvceur, b`d e`as

psyomekehcobk preoassas e` parse`bkcty. C` tma 23:6s, Oeh`ctcva Tmaercsts teel Nb`durbsparspaotcva

jurtmar b`d jeousad e` tma c``ar mbppa`c`hs ej b` c`dcvcdubk wmara l`ewc`h, tmc`lc`h, iaiery, b`d

prenkai sekvc`h bra cipertb`t pra-oe`dctce`s jer preoassc`h c` erdar te na c` b pesctce` te kabr`.

Tmreuhm _eocbk Davakepia`t Tmaery pce`aarad ny Zyhetsly, tma btta`tce` `ew jeousad e` tma

>_euroa wbs hcva` bs b pewar pec`t prasa`tbtce` b`d sa`t ny aibck te bkk studa`ts

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ju`dbia`tbk reka tmbt seocbk c`tarbotce` mbs wctmc` tma preoass ej oeh`ctcva davakepia`t, b`d tma

kabr`ar c`tarbotce` wctm b parse` er a`tcty tmbt mbs mchmar l`ewkadha rahbrdc`h b spaocjco tbsl te

sctubtce`. Tmcs, wma` bttrcnutad te tma werlpkboa, ob` na saa` bs b`etmar cipertb`t stap tewbrds tma

raoeh`ctce` ej b ib`bhars cipertb`t reka c` oe-erdc`btc`h kabr`c`h. _ctubtad Kabr`c`h Tmaery wbs

tma` nreuhmt te tma jerajre`t, axpb`dc`h jurtmar e` tma c`dcvcdubk b`d tma oekkaotcva b`d prevcdc`h tma

ju`dbia`tbk nbscs jer werlpkboa kabr`c`h c` tmbt kabr`c`h cs tma c`dcvcdubk a`hbhc`h wctm tma seocbk

bspaot, b`d `et e`ky tmreuhm parse`bk c`tarbotce`s bs Zyhetsly b`d etmars prepesad (Nckkat, >66>).

Bdukt b`d Axparca`tcbk kabr`c`h bkse ievad c` tmcs dcraotce`, tblc`h c` booeu`t sakj-ietcvbtce`,

axparca`oas, rajkaotce`, b`d assa`tcbkky puttc`h tma c`dcvcdubks axparca`oa bs tma pec`t ej dapbrtura , bs

wakk bs smcjtc`h tma raspe`scnckcty te aipkeyaas te bddrass b`d tbla mekd ej tmacr kabr`c`h (Nckkatt,

>66>).

Ct cs mewavar cipertb`t te pec`t eut tmbt _ctubtad Kabr`c`h Tmaery, bktmeuhm okesaky rakbtad te

werlpkboa kabr`c`h, mbs naa` orctcoczad ej `et nac`h raprasa`tbtcva ej tma oe`taiperbry werlpkboa

(^bc`ncrd at bk. octcad c` Kaa at bk., >664), e` tma nbscs ej wmbt mbppa`s te b` axpart wma` jukk-

pbrtcocpbtce` cs bomcavad, b`d e` wmbt mbppa`s te kabr`c`h tmbt tblas pkboa eutscda tma oeiiu`cty ej

prbotcoa (Jukkar at bk. octcad c` Kaa at bk. >664). Hcva` tma bneva orctcocsi wmcom iblas sa`sa hcva` tma

oe`stb`t prehrassce` ej tma oe`taiperbry werlpkboa, b iera dy`bico avekutce` ej tmcs tmaery ob`

na bttrcnutad te A`hastrei wctm mcs davakepia`ts e` axpb`scva kabr`c`h, assa`tcbkky jeousc`h e` tma

botce`-erca`tad preoass ej oe`struotc`h b`d raoe`struotc`h kabr`c`h, tma trb`sjeribtce` ej tma

oeiiu`cty ej prbotcoa ctsakj, b`d tma avekutce` ej tma engaots, teeks b`d struoturas wctmc` tma

werlpkboa (Kaa at bk., >66473). A`hastreis davakepia`t bdds b` cipertb`t parspaotcva te werlpkboa

kabr`c`h wmcom cs peta`tcbkky a`oeu`tarad wctmc` e`as werlpkboawma` b `aw aipkeyaa cs c`treduoad

wctmc` b` axcstc`h tabi wctm cts astbnkcsmad prbotcoas. Tma kabr`c`h preoass c` e`a wmara tma `aw

aipkeyaa cs bnsernc`h tma axcstc`h prbotcoas, wmckst tabi paars bra kabr`c`h jrei peta`tcbk cdabs b`d

`aw prbotcoas tmbt tma aipkeyaa nrc`hs wctm mci. Tmcs kabr`c`h preoass, cj ib`bhad oerraotky, ob` na

axtraiaky na`ajcocbk jer tma wmeka tabi b`d cs e`a ej tma lay raspe`scnckctcas ej tma ib`bhar wctmc` b

werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai.

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Hcva` tmbt wa wa`t evar nrcajky tma avekutce` ej kabr`c`h tmaercas laapc`h tma werlpkboa

kabr`c`h c` ic`d, bs wakk bs tma dy`bico `btura ej kabr`c`h b`d tma werlpkboa, b`etmar cipertb`t

bspaot te u`darstb`d nattar werlpkboa kabr`c`h, cs tmbt ej raoeh`czc`h netm jeribk b`d c`jeribk

kabr`c`h, netm ej wmcom tbla pkboa c` vbryc`h dahraas c` tma werlpkboa. Tma oera dcjjara`oas tmbt mbva

naa` mchmkchmtad natwaa` tma twe bspaots ej kabr`c`h bra c` tma brabs ej oe`trek, tma pmyscobk keobtce`,

b`d tma pradcotce` ej kabr`c`h eutoeias (Ibo`ack, >662). Tmasa tmraa brabs bra rajkaotad c` tma axta`t

ej c`dapa`da`oa wmcom werlpkboa kabr`ars mbva c` axprassc`h tmacr omecoa ej kabr`c`h bpprebom, tma

pmyscobk keobtce` wmara kabr`c`h tblas pkboa jer werlpkboa kabr`ars, b`d tma axta`t wmara yeu ob`

rakcbnky pradcot tma eutoeia ej kabr`c`h wmcom c` tma obsa ej c`jeribk kabr`c`h ob` na seiawmbt

dcjjcoukt. Tmus, bktmeuhm werlpkboa kabr`c`h ob` assa`tcbkky tbla netm jeris ej kabr`c`h, werlpkboa

kabr`ars wckk `aad te hbc` mchmky davakepad slckks c` orctcobk rajkaotcvcty, na bnka te quastce` tboct

bssuiptce`s b`d nakcajs, b`d bkse oe`scdar bktar`btcva sekutce`s te prenkais, jer c`jeribk kabr`c`h te

na ajjaotcva (Ibo`ack, >662). Orctcobk rajkaotcvcty cs b` cipertb`t bspaot wmcom cs seuhmt bjtar jrei

aipkeyaas wctmc` tma werlpkboa peta`tcbkky tmreuhm c`oerperbtc`h deunka-keep kabr`c`h (Brhyrcs

octcad c` Ibo`ack, >662). Ct cs usakass te keel b`d tbolka dbcky ava`ts bt jboa vbkua. Cj e`a deas`t

quastce` tmasa ava`ts, netm jrei b` c`dcvcdubk bspaot b`d bkse ny c`okudc`h mcs/mar oe-werlars er

ib`bhars c`put, tmbt c`dcvcdubk ob``et kabr` sujjcoca`tky b`d tmus avekva qucolar b`d naoeia iuom

iera c`dapa`da`t c` mcs kabr`c`h b`d daocsce`-iblc`h preoass. Nckkatt e` tma etmar mb`d nakcavas tmbt

pchae`mekc`h werlpkboa kabr`c`h bs jeribk er c`jeribk tblas b ket jrei tma muib` obpbocty ej

iblc`h omecoas b`d cipesc`h suom omecoas wctmc` tma oe`struotcva preoass ej tmc`lc`h-botc`h-

kabr`c`h(Nckkatt, >66>). Hcva` tmbt wa `ew mbva b heed u`darstb`dc`h ej werlpkboa kabr`c`h jrei b

tmaeratcobk bspaot, ct cs usajuk te stbrt dchhc`h daapar b`d tur` eur btta`tce` dcraotky te tma werlpkboa

b`d tma axta`t tmbt aipkeyaas saal seiae`a iera axparca`oad te hucda tmacr werlpkboa kabr`c`h.

Xctmc` tma werlpkboa, botcvctcas bra struoturad ny jboters wmcom mbva b` ajjaot e` tma lc`d b`d

qubkcty ej kabr`c`h tmbt eoours tmreuhm werl. Bsmte` (>664) brhuas tmbt ct cs cipertb`t te keel bt

erhb`csbtce`bk struotura te u`darstb`d mew ct bjjaots tma kabr`c`h preoass b`d wmy aipkeyaas boqucra

dcjjara`t kavaks ej l`ewkadha b`d slckks. Nckkatt (>66>) bkse ia`tce`s tma mcstercobk, oukturbk, b`d

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sctubtce`bk jboters wctmc` tma werlpkboa. Tmus ct cs okabr tmbt wa `aad te keel bt tma werlpkboa

mekcstcobkky te u`darstb`d mew aipkeyaas bra bjjaotad er oe`dctce`ad c` tmacr kabr`c`h. Bsmte` (octcad

c` Kaa at bk., >66472:) tmreuhm b sarcas ej dcraot c`tarvcaws wctm aipkeyaas cda`tcjcad savarbk jboters

wctmc` erhb`csbtce`s tmbt bjjaot werlpkboa kabr`c`h, bie`hst wmcom mcarbromcobk struoturc`h ej

rakbtce`smcps, dasch` ej gens, ievaia`t ej aipkeyaas, erhb`csbtce`bk daocsce`s bneut kabr`c`h, b`d

daocsce`s bneut systai ej rawbrds. C`dcvcdubk bha`oy bs wakk bs jeribk b`d c`jeribk c`tarbotce`s

natwaa` aipkeyaas bra bkse etmar lay jboters (Kaa at bk., >664728). Xbtse` (octcad c` Kaa at bk., >664)

oe`oaptubkky bipkcjcad tmcs jurtmar te tbla `eta ej netm tma ejjcocbk b`d u`ejjcocbk bspaots ej suom

erhb`csbtce`bk botcvctcas bs wakk bs tma cipertb`oa ej keelc`h bt tma struotura bs ibda up ej dy`bico

b`d `et gust stbtco a`tctcas, e` scickbr kc`as te wmbt A`hastrei dcd wctm axpb`scva kabr`c`h. Tmus ct

ob` `ew na brhuad tmbt tmara bra tmraa lay oeipe`a`ts tmbt oe`dctce` werlpkboa kabr`c`h7 tma

dy`bico erhb`csbtce`bk struotura c` cts ejjcocbk b`d u`ejjcocbk jeri, aipkeyaa bha`oy, b`d aipkeyaa

c`tarbotce`s.

Tmcs erhb`csbtce`bk struotura cs e`a wmcom mbs naa` axparca`oc`h oe`stb`t omb`has dua te tma

pravbckc`h rbpcd aoe`eico omb`ha, ieraevar c` tmasa raoa`t yabrs wmara b` u`oartbc` soa`brce cs ava`

iera deic`b`t b`d mabdoeu`t daorabsas bra naoeic`h tma erdar ej tma dby. Tmcs omb`ha cs preduoc`h

b` erhb`csbtce`bk struotura wctm b jkbttar mcarbromy bs b iab`s ej c`orabsc`h oeiiu`cobtce` bt bkk

kavaks ej tma erhb`csbtce`, c`orabsc`h tabi werl jurtmar te a`mb`oa l`ewkadha-smbrc`h, b`d tmus

rasuktc`h c` b smcjt jrei c`dcvcdubk te smbrad kabr`c`h b`d l`ewkadha (Bppaknbui at bk., Vreamk, octcad

c` Ibo`ack, >662). Tma c`dcvcdubks parse`bk mcstery, ouktura, b`d axparca`oas pkbys b` cipertb`t reka

mara, bs ct c`jkua`oas tma wby c` wmcom tmbt c`dcvcdubk u`darstb`ds b`d a`hbhas mcs tabi paars,

rasuktc`h c` b peta`tcbk seocbk varsus c`dcvcdubk prbotcoa (Nckkatt, >66>). Mewavar tmcs jkbttar struotura

ob` cipky tmbt c` suom sctubtce`s, aipkeyaas bra peta`tcbkky keelc`h bt tmacr tabi paars jer kabr`c`h

hucdb`oa, wmcom c` seia obsas iby `et `aoassbrcky na tma rchmt tmc`h hcva` tmbt tabi paars iby makp

te smertout preoassas b`d tmus jc`d tma abscast er smertast wby breu`d (Vuroakk b`d Mutomc`se`,

>668). Aipkeyaas bra bkse ta`dc`h te ib`bha tmacr kabr`c`h `aads se tmbt tmay ic`cicsa suparvcsers

c`vekvaia t (Neud b`d Icddkate`, >66?). Mewavar tmcs c`dcvcdubk kabr`c`h deas `et cipky tmbt ct cs

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ajjaotcva bs ct ob` na jrbhia`tad, u`jeousad er tma aipkeyaa naoeias strbtahcobkky oeipkboa`t

(Medlc`se`, >66=). Tmcs ob` rasukt c` rbtmar c`ajjaotcva kabr`c`h b`d tmus b ib`bhar jchura cs `aadad

bs ju`dbia`tbkky tmay bra stckk orctcobk bha`ts c` tma paepka b`d parjerib`oa obsubk ombc` wme ob`

orabta ajjaotcva tabi ju`otce`c`h......b`d tmay pkby tma stre`hast pbrt c` struoturc`h paepkas botubk

axparca`oa ej tma gen(Vuroakk b`d Mutomc`se`, >668n74). Bppkyc`h tmcs te tma werlpkboa, e`a ob`

ejta` saa tmbt aipkeyaas de `et buteibtcobkky saal tmacr ib`bhar wma` tmay `aad te tbolka b` cssua,

nut iera ejta` tmay he dcraotky te tmacr tabi paars. Tma ib`bhar mbs te tmus jeous e` tmcs ny iblc`h

sura tmbt wmbt cs nac`h kabr`t jrei tabi paarscs b okesa bs pesscnka te mcs/mar cdabs. Bt tma a`d ej tma

dby, gec`t btta`tce` b`d smbrad prenkai sekvc`h cs `aadad te orabta b preoass ej oeh`ctcva, seocbk, b`d

aietce`bk c`taromb`ha (Mbusjbtmar, 233:), seiatmc`h tmbt b ib`bhar cs bjtar b`d wmcom jurtmar

mchmkchmts tma cipertb`oa ej b oe-erdc`bter jer b pesctcva werlpkboa kabr`c`h a`vcre`ia`t te na jukky

ajjaotcva. Kbvas tbckers (Nckkatt, 233:) b`d Nckkatts mbcrdrassc`h sbke` bppra`tcoas (Nckkatt, >66>)

studcas bra heed axbipkas c` u`darstb`dc`h mew suom werl prbotcoas bra c`ta`tce`bkky jeriukbtad b`d

oe-erdc`btad se tmbt jeribk b`d c`jeribk kabr`c`h bra oeinc`ad c` tma werlpkboa. Hcva` tmbt iest ej

tma kabr`c`h wctmc` tma werlpkboa cs `et tb`hcnka tmus `et struoturad er pkb``ad, ct cs cipertb`t jer

seiae`a te u`darstb`d wmbt cs hec`h e` b`d ibla sa`sa er usa ej ct, c` tmcs obsa tma ib`bhar

mcisakj (Arbut at bk., 23337?). Tmus, b`etmar lay pec`t cs tmbt ej cda`tcjyc`h wmbt bddctce`bk l`ewkadha

b`d slckks `aad te na nreuhmt e` nebrd bs wakk bs oe-erdc`btc`h tabi werl, oe`suktbtce`, l`ewkadha-

smbrc`h, b`d ensarvbtce`. Bkk tmasa bra dbcky eoourra`oas c` tma werlpkboa, b`d `aad te na jukky

ib`bhad te prevcda b iera ajjaotcva b`d a`rcomc`h werlpkboa kabr`c`h axparca`oa (Arbut at bk.,

23337?). Ct cs `ew e` tmasa ib`bhars rekas tmbt wa wckk akbnerbta jurtmar te u`darstb`d nattar tmacr

reka wctmc` b suooassjuk werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai.

B queta jrei _ketta sats tma te`a jer tma jc`bk pbrt ej tmcs bssch`ia`t, c` tmbt Vaepka stckk saa

tmacr suparcers bs reka iedaks b`d tmarajera, ib`bhars wctm tmacr ew` nambvceurs b`d oeiiu`cobtce`

stykas sat tma pbttar` jer tma wmeka tabi. Tmara mbs tmus naa` b nch davakepia`t sc`oa tma Ibrxcst

parspaotcva wmcom vcawad ib`bhars bs ibxciczc`h ratur`s bt tma axpa`sa ej tmacr aipkeyaas b`d tmbt

tmay jc`d dcshucsad wbys b`d iab`s te oe`trek b`d a`oeurbha werlars te saa tmacr c`tarasts bs

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cda`tcobk te tmacr aipkeyars (I2 Q471). Hec`h nbol te eur prcer cda`tcjcobtce` ej erhb`csbtce`bk

struotura, aipkeyaa bha`oy, b`d aipkeyaa c`tarbotce` bs tma ibc` jboters tmbt mbva b` cipbot e`

werlpkboa kabr`c`h, tedby ib`bhars mbva tma lay reka wctmc` tma erhb`csbtce` te sarva bs tma

c`tarjboa natwaa` tma erhb`csbtce` b`d tma werljeroa (Ibo`ack, >66272). E`a ob` brhua tmbt tmcs mbs

bkwbys naa` tma obsa, mewavar tmay bra iera tmb` avar ajjaotcva c` puttc`h c` prbotcoa tma pekcocas tmbt

M^I b`d M^D wb`t te cipkaia`t, uktcibtaky te bomcava strbtahco erhb`csbtce`bk hebks ny

cda`tcjyc`h, davakepc`h b`d suppertc`h tma bppreprcbta l`ewkadha, slckks, oeiictia`t, b`d

parjerib oa c` paepka (Ibo`ack, >6627?). Tmcs cs qucta b nch raspe`scnckcty, b`d tmus ct cs c`avctbnka

tmbt tma ib`bhar cs saa` bs mbvc`h b pcvetbk reka wctmc` tma werlpkboa. Mewavar kat us tbla b nrcaj

keel bt tma avekutce` ej tma reka ej tma ib`bhar wctmc` tma werlpkboa.

Tma reka ej tma ib`bhar mbs omb`had sch`cjcob`tky jrei wmbt wbs assa`tcbkky c`struotc`h

aipkeyaas wmbt te de b`d mew te de ct. Tbykers c`jkua`oa c` tma abrky >6tm oa`tury jeousad tma

btta`tce` bwby jrei tma axpartcsa ej tma werlar b`d iera e` tma daocsce`s b`d cdabs ej ib`bhaia`t

(I2 Q?71), b` bpprebom pce`aarad ny Ma`ry Jerd, wmara tma jeous wbs e` erhb`csbtce`, iblc`h sura

tmbt aipkeyaas l`ew mew te parjeri b kcictad `uinar ej tbsls ajjcoca`tky. KaNew b`d _pctzar (>66>)

sui up tma avekutce` ej tma ib`bhars reka c` b tmraa pmbsa avekutce`7 2. Tep-Dew`7 wmara tma jeous

wbs e` oe`trekkc`h b`d kcictc`h aipkeyaa booass te raseuroas< >. ^awbrd Drcva`7 wmara tma jeous wbs

e` ciprevc`h preduotcvcty tmreuhm axtar`bk ietcvbters suom bs ie`ay< b`d ?. _ctubtce`bk

Booeu`tbnckcty7 wmara tma jeous cs e` dakahbtc`h iera raspe`scnckcty te tma aipkeyaa b`d ciprevc`h

tmacr a`hbhaia`t b`d trust bs b wby te cipreva parjerib`oa.

Tma nch smcjt jer tma ib`bhar mbs tmus naa` tmbt ej davakepc`h c`trc`sco ietcvbters jer

ciprevc`h l`ewkadha b`d parjerib`oa rbtmar tmb` usc`h axtrc`sco ietcvbters. Bie`hst tmasa c`trc`sco

ietcvbters e`a ob` jc`d ietcvbtce` b`d sakj-nakcaj wmcom he mb`d c` mb`d wctm tma aipkeyaa mbvc`h

tma rchmt ombkka`has, tma rchmt icore-okcibta b`d tma rchmt styka ej ib`bhaia`t. Tma lay parse` c`

peta`tcbkky makpc`h b`d sustbc`c`h tma jeriar c`trc`sco ietcvbters, nut iera cipertb`tky mbvc`h b

stre`h cipbot e` tma kbttar ia`tce`ad pec`ts, cs tma ib`bhar. Ct cs tma ib`bhar wme mbs b kbstc`h

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c`jkua`oa e` tma icore-okcibta ej tma werlpkboa b`d tma orabtce` ej b jbveurbnka kabr`c`h

a`vcre`ia`t wmara aipkeyaas werl mb`d c` mb`d, netm c` l`ewkadha smbrc`h b`d c` prenkai sekvc`h.

Tmcs cs b vary cipertb`t akaia`t jer tmesa wme bra ib`bhad, b`d tma c`jkua`oa e` werlpkboa kabr`c`h

cs stre`har tmb` tmreuhm jeribk kabr`c`h botcvctcas (Arbut ak bk., 2333).

E`oa tma cipertb`oa ej tma ib`bhar jeousc`h e` c`dcvcdubk c`trc`sco ietcvbters vcs-b-vcs-

werlpkboa icore-okcibta mbs naa` astbnkcsmad, btta`tce` `aads te na tur`ad e` werlpkboa prbotcoas

tmbt jeriukbta tma wby b`d tma tbsls aipkeyaas ob` pbrtcocpbta c`, bs kabr`c`h eutoeias weukd na

savaraky kcictad jer tmesa wme weukd mbva naa` kcictad jrei pbrtcocpbtc`h jukky (Nckkatt, >66>).

Xctmc` tma werlpkboa tmara ob` na savarbk jboters tmbt kcict kabr`c`h eutoeias, suom bs ha`dar, rboa,

stbtus, oe``aotce`s wctmc` erhb`csbtce`, jbotce`s, er ava` axoasscva oe`trek ej aipkeyaas (Kaa at bk,

>664). _avarbk obsa-studcas mbva naa` ibda tmbt jabtura b `uinar ej suom jboters, bie`hst wmcom

Kbva & Xa`hars (2332) `awoeiars b`d ekd-tciars, Muhmas & Nar`mbrdt (2333) jukk b`d pbrt-tcia

werlars, er Dbrrbms (233:) tabis pesctce`ad dcjjara`tky c` tma werlpkboa (bkk octad c` Nckkatt, >66>).

Ct ob` na brhuad tmbt tmasa jboters b`d obsa studcas bkk rbcsa tma cipertb`oa tmbt tma ib`bhar mbs te

mbva c` raoeh`czc`h b`d tbolkc`h tmasa kcictc`h jboters se tmbt aipkeyaas ob` na pesctcvaky habrad

tewbrds werlpkboa kabr`c`h. B`etmar cipertb`t bspaot te tbla `eta ej, bs ct bkse ob` vbry dua te tma

scza ej tma werlpkboa, cs tma axta`t te wmcom werlpkboa kabr`c`h naoeias iera er kass jeribkcsad

(I2 Q?726). B study e` _IAs c` QL b`d _c`hbpera mchmkchmts mew b` ew`ar-ib`bhar ru` jcri er b`

_IA cs dcjjara`t tmb` b nkua-omcp oeipb`y c` tmbt kabr`c`h ob` pesscnky na iera abscky jeribkcsad

wctmc` tma kbrha erhb`csbtce`, bktmeuhm tmcs deas `et cipky iera trbc`c`h er bt nattar stb`dbrds. Tmcs

c`schmt mbs te na tbla` c` tma oe`taxt tmbt jeribkcty b`d c`jeribkcty `aad te na nbkb`oad eut booerdc`h

te tma scza b`d obpbocty ej tma werlpkboa. Tee iuom c`jeribkcty ob` kabd te c`bdaqubta prbotcoas

wmarabs tee iuom jeribkcty ob` kabd tma ib`bhar te kesa teuom wctm tma kabr`c`h b`d slckks tmbt bra

nac`h davakepad e` b dbcky nbscs c` tma werlpkboa (I2 Q?722), er dcjjcouktcas c` kc`lc`h kabr`c`h te

erhb`csbtce`bk parjerib`oa (I2 Q?7>6). Tmus c`sejbr ct mbs naa` astbnkcsmad tmbt tma ib`bhar mbs b

lay pbrt te pkby bt tma aipkeyaa icore kavak, ibc`ky jeousc`h e` tmacr psyomekehcobk b`d

seocekehcobk nac`h tmreuhm tma jeous e` c`trc`sco ietcvbters, erhb`csbtce`bk prbotcoas tmbt iby kcict

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kabr`c`h eutoeias, bs wakk bs tma jeribkcsbtce` ej werlpkboa kabr c`h. _e ju`dbia`tbkky, wmbt smeukd

tma ib`bhar bci jer te ibla mcs pesctce` vctbk wctmc` tma evarbkk werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai5

Aipkeyaas keel bt tma rakbtce`smcp wctm tmacr kc`a ib`bhar bs nac`h cipertb`t b`d pewarjuk

(Vuroakk b`d Mutomc`se`, >668b), se ct weukd na usajuk te stbrt ejj wctm wmbt aipkeyaas bttrcnuta bs

pesctcva trbcts c` tmacr ib`bhar. Jrei b study oe`duotad ny Arbut at bk. (2333), bie`hst tma trbcts octad

wara dy`bico, mbs b okabr engaotcva, jbcr, stb`dbrd, keybk te sunerdc`btas, c``evbtcva, drcvas tmc`hs

jerwbrd, axpaots mchm kavak ej c`dapa`da`oa jrei stbjj, iblas paepka jaak tmay bra cipertb`t c` tmacr

`coma, a`oeurbhc`h, bdvcsas rbtmar tmb` c`jkua`oas, b`d preietas b nkbia-jraaouktura. Tmasa bra bkk

vbrceus bttrcnutas tmbt smeukd na pbrt ej b ib`bhars D@B cj tma bci cs te astbnkcsm b pesctcva b`d

trustjuk rakbtce`smcp wctm aipkeyaas. Jrei b wcdar parspaotcva, b ib`bhar smeukd `et keel bt actmar

werlpkboa kabr`c`h er tma aipkeyaa e`a-dcia`sce`bkky nut b iera akbnerbta bpprebom `aads te na

tbla` c` erdar te u`darstb`d bkk tma akbnerbta oeipe`a`ts ia`tce`ad c` tmcs bssch`ia`t ej wmbt iblas

tma aipkeyaa b`d b werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai iarha tehatmar suooassjukky. Ct cs b dakcobta preoass

b`d `et abscky bomcavbnka. B ib`bhar iust bot engaotcvaky c` tmcs bpprebom b`d `et sungaotcvaky bs

tmara bra sctubtce`s wmara tmacr bpprebom iby na vcawad bs e`a wctm tma c`ta`tce` ej pretaotc`h tmacr

ew` c`tarasts (Bsmte`, >66>), er ib`cpukbtc`h tma aipkeyaas daocsce`-iblc`h (@cxe` b`d Obrrekk,

2334). Tmcs cs axtraiaky c`oerraot b`d wckk dajc`ctaky `et jestar trust jrei tmacr sunerdc`btas. Mewavar

ct cs `et gust tma parse`bk bttrcnutas tmbt wara pravceusky ia`tce`ad ny Arbut, tmbt ibla b ib`bhars

pesctce` stre`har wctm mcs/mar aipkeyaas, nut tmara bra bkse etmar jboters wmcom `aad te na c` pkboa jer

b ib`bhar te na put c` b vctbk pesctce` wctmc` tma werlpkboa.

Nckkatt (>66>) ia`tce`s struoturas, `eris, vbkuas b`d prbotcoas wctm werlpkboa kabr`c`h c` ic`d. Bkk

tmasa ob` botubkky na ainedcad wctmc` tma erhb`csbtce`bk ouktura wmcom `aads te na oe`hrua`t wctm

wmbt tma ib`bhar cs tryc`h te astbnkcsm wctmc` b werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai. Tma `aoassbry jkaxcnckcty

jrei sa`cer ib`bhaia`t te jeous e` ke`h-tari hebks b`d `et gust laap smert-tari engaotcvas c` ic`d

`aads te na ainaddad wctmc` tmcs ouktura. Tmcs ob` he mb`d c` mb`d wctm b kcjake`h kabr`c`h ia`tbkcty

bs tmcs c`duoas tma erhb`csbtce` te na jeousad e` bkk bspaots tmbt Nckkatt ia`tce`s se bs te jbockctbta

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ajjaotcva kabr`c`h axparca`oas tmreuhmeut tma vbrceus stbhas ej tma obraar ej cts aipkeyaas. Tmcs cs

avar iera cipertb`t hcva` tma sch`cjcob`oa tmbt tbka`t ib`bhaia`t mbs c` tedbys oeipatctcva

a`vcre`ia`t. Bktmeuhm bt tmcs kavak, M^ pkby b sch`cjcob`t reka (I2 Q47>3), ct cs c`avctbnka tmbt tmay

mbva te werl okesaky wctm ib`bhars te ratbc` tbka`t, bs pekcocas e` tmacr ew` wckk sarva jer `etmc`h

wctmeut tma rchmt cipkaia`tbtce`, jekkew-ups, b`d jaadnbol. C` jbot, tma M^/Ib`bhar rakbtce`smcp cs

oruocbk bs c`bdaqubta M^ prbotcoas ob` na rasouad ny heed ib`bhaia`t bs wakk bs peta`tcbkky `ahbtad

ny wabl ib bhars (Vuroakk b`d Mutomc`se`, >668). Tmus ct cs okabr tmbt netm sa`cer ib bhaia`t b`d

M^ mbva te na e` tma ib`bhars sbia wbvaka`htm. Mewavar bt tcias sa`cerib`bhaia`t arrs wma`

puttc`h tma wre`h parse` c` b ib bharcbk pesctce`. Iera tmb` ejta` tmasa weukd na paepka wctm

spaocjco taom`cobk axparca`oa wme weukd mbva naa` sarvc`h tma oeipb`y jer b `uinar ej yabrs, nut

wme weukd ju`dbia`tbkky mbvc`h kcttka ib`bharcbk axparca oa er l`ew-mew. Hcva` tma bttrcnutas tmbt

b ib`bhar `aads te mbva wmcom mbva naa` ia`tce`ad najera, bs wakk bs tma jbot tmbt ma/sma `aads te

bot kcla b spe`ha bnsernc`h bs iuom bs pesscnka e` tma hreu`d c`jeribtce` b`d usc`h ct c` b`

aietce`bkky c`takkcha`t wby te a`mb`oa tma werlpkboa axparca`oa, bs wakk bs kcbcsc`h natwaa` M^ b`d

sa`cer ib`bhaia`t te davakep tma kabr`c`h axparca`oa wctmc` tma wmeka erhb`csbtce`bk struotura, ct cs

okabr tmbt `et avarye`a ob` na heed bt ib`bhc`h paepka. Ib`bhaia`t cs b` aietce`bkky kbnerceus

preoass \octcad c` Deibhbkslc T., 2333Y b`d tma reka ej b ib`bhar mbs te na bs dy`bico bs tma

erhb`csbtce` b`d cts werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai cs tedby. Cj tma ib`bhar cs `et obpbnka ej dec`h tmcs,

tma smcjt jrei gust ietcvbtc`h b`d bpprbcsc`h aipkeyaas te orabtc`h b werlpkboa okcibta wmcom

preietas kabr`c`h te davakep jurtmar tma c`dcvcdubk, tma tabi b`d uktcibtaky tma erhb`csbtce` weukd na

mchmky u`kclaky.

Jc`bkky ct cs wertm `etc`h tmbt tma werlpkboa kabr`c`h dcsoeursa wckk oe`tc`ua te avekva. Mchm

Varjerib`oa Xerl Vrbotcoas mbva naa` b raoa`t davakepia`t c` tmcs raspaot, mchmkchmtc`h tma pesctcva

eutoeias tmay ob` preduoa cj tbolkad c` tma rchmt ib``ar, assa`tcbkky jboterc`h c` tma c`trc`sco gen

sbtcsjbotce` ej aipkeyaas (_pbrmbi b`d _u`h, >668). Mewavar hcva` bkk tma pesctcva bttrcnutas ej b

werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai, sa`cer ib`bhaia`t ob` tbla tma vcaw tmbt b kabr`ad werljeroa b`d b

suooassjuk werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai de `et `aoassbrcky iab` b tmrcvc`h b`d suooassjuk erhb`csbtce`

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(Medlc`se , >66=). Tmcs ob` peta`tcbkky mbva b `ahbtcva cipbot c` tma `abr jutura, bs erhb`csbtce`s try

te nbttka wctm tma nettei-kc`a tmreuhm oest-outtc`h axarocsas b`d raduoad M^ nudhats bt tma soepa ej

werlpkboa kabr`c`h.

Tmcs bssch`ia`t mbs tbla` b keel bt mew kabr`c`h pkbys b oa`trbk pbrt c` tedbys werkd,

seocaty, b`d uktcibtaky werlpkboa. Ct mbs smew` mew werlpkboa kabr`c`h, wctmc` cts jeribk b`d

c`jeribk `btura, cs okesaky rakbtad te tma tmaery ej sctubtad kabr`c`h. Ct mbs astbnkcsmad tmbt tma dy`bico

erhb`csbtce`bk struotura, aipkeyaa bha`oy, bs wakk bs aipkeyaa c`tarbotce`s bra tma lay jboters tmbt

bjjaot werlpkboa kabr`c`h. Aipkeyaa bha`oy mbs b stre`h cipbot c`te tma wckkc`h`ass te pbrtcocpbta

botcvaky b`d orctcobkky c` netm jeribk b`d c`jeribk kabr`c`h struoturas, mewavar tma `aad jer b oe-

erdc`bter cs b iust. Tma ib`bhar mbs naa` cda`tcjcad bs suom oe-erdc`bter c` erdar jer werlpkboa

kabr`c`h te na iera ajjaotcva b`d a`rcomc`h. C`trc`sco ietcvbters mbva c`orabsad c` cipertb`oa tedby

jer aipkeyaas te botcvaky pbrtcocpbta wctmc` b werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai, b`d tma ib`bhar mbs b`

cipertb`t reka te pkby c` cda`tcjyc`h b`d jeousc`h e` tmasa ietcvbters bs wakk bs jeousc`h e`

werlpkboa prbotcoas tmbt mc`dar werlpkboa kabr`c`h. Bkk tma pec`ts ia`tce`ad mchmkchmt tma vctbk

pesctce` tmbt b ib bhar mekds wctmc` tma suooass ej b werlpkboa kabr`c`h systai, mewavar te bttbc`

tmcs pesctce` ct wbs brhuad tmbt mbvc`h pesctcva parse`bk trbcts wmcom bra oe`duocva te orabta b pesctcva

b`d trustjuk rakbtce`smcp wctm aipkeyaas, bs wakk bs b` a`vcre`ia`t b`d erhb`csbtce`bk ouktura tmbt cs

suppertcva ej tma ib`bhar b`d b pesctcva werlpkboa systai, cs dajc`ctaky b iust.

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^AJA^A@OA_

Nckkatt, _. (>66>) Orctcquc`h Xerlpkboa Kabr`c`h Dcsoeursas7 Vbrtcocpbtce` b`d Oe`tc`ucty bt Xerl,

_tudcas c` tma Aduobtce` ej Bdukts?4(2)7 1:-:8, c` OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` M^D b`d VI (Zarsce` 2)

^abdc`h 31>

Nckkatt, _. (233:)7@aw Vrespaots jer Zeobtce`bk Aduobtce` b`d Trbc`c`h. C`tar`btce`bk Oe`jara`oa e`

Zeobtce`bk Aduobtce` b`d Trbc`c`h. Tbcpac, Tbcwb` \e`kc`aY. Bvbckbnka7

mttp7//www3=.hrcjjctm.adu.bu/dspboa/nctstrabi/2668>/22242/2/tbcpacUpbp.pdj \>66=, Dao >>Y

Neud, D. b`d Icddkate`, M. (>66?) Kabr`c`h jrei Etmars bt Xerl7 Oeiiu`ctcas ej Vrbotcoa b`d

C`jeribk Kabr`c`h, Geur`bk ej Xerlpkboa Kabr`c`h21(1)7 234->6>, c` OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` M^Db`d VI (Zarsce` 2) ^abdc`h 34=

Okbrla, @. (>664) M^D b`d tma Ombkka`has ej Bssassc`h Kabr`c`h c` tma Xerlpkboa, C`tar`btce`bk

Geur`bk ej Trbc`c`h b`d Davakepia`t=(>)7 24>-21:

OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` Muib` ^aseuroas Davakepia`t b`d Varjerib`oa Ib`bhaia`t, Ieduka 2,

Q`ct 2. Oa`tra jer Ibrlat _tudcas

OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` Muib` ^aseuroas Davakepia`t b`d Varjerib`oa Ib`bhaia`t, Ieduka 2,

Q`ct ?. Oa`tra jer Ibrlat _tudcas

OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` Muib` ^aseuroas Davakepia`t b`d Varjerib`oa Ib`bhaia`t, Ieduka 2,

Q`ct 4. Oa`tra jer Ibrlat _tudcas

Deibhbkslc, T. (2333) Aietce` c` Erhb`czbtce`s7Ibc` Ourra`ts, Muib` ^akbtce`s 1>(:)7 =??-=1>,

c` OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` M^D b`d VI (Zarsce` 2) ^abdc`h 382

Arbut, I. Bkdarte`, G. Oeka, H. _a`lar, V. (2333) Tma Cipbot ej tma Ib`bhar e` Kabr`c`h c` tma

Xerlpkboa, _pablc`h Trutm te Vewar7 ^asabrom b`d Vekcoy e` Kcjake`h Kabr`c`h, c` OKI_ (>66:)

I_o c` M^D b`d VI (Zarsce` 2) ^abdc`h 31=

Jakstabd, B. Jukkar, B. Q`wc`, K. Bsmte`, D. Nutkar, V. Kaa, T. (>661) _urvayc`h tma _oa`a7 Kabr`c`h

Iatbpmers, _urvay Dasch` b`d tma Xerlpkboa Oe`taxt, Geur`bk ej Aduobtce` b`d Xerl2=(4)7 ?13-

?=?, c` OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` M^D b`d VI (Zarsce` 2) ^abdc`h 3::

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Huast, D. Icomca, I. Oe`wby, @. _maamb`, I. (>66?) Muib` ^aseuroa Ib`bhaia`t b`d Oerperbta

Varjerib`oa c` tma QL, Nrctcsm Geur`bk ej C`dustrcbk ^akbtce`s 42(>)7 >32-?24, c` OKI_ (>66:)

I_o c` M^D b`d VI (Zarsce` 2) ^abdc`h 3:4

Mbiiar, @. (>66=, >3 @evainar)7 B Nrcaj Evarvcaw ej Kabr`c`h Tmaercas, Kaotura 2. JM^D - Ibktb

Mbusjbtmar, _. (233:) Zyhetsly b`d _omeekc`h7 Orabtc`h b _eocbk Oe`tast jer Kabr`c`h Botce` c`

Tabomar Aduobtce`(2=)7 2-26 \e`kc`aY. Bvbckbnka7

mttp7//www.ad.ucuo.adu/oeursas/adpsy?28/sp6?/ombkka`ha-raperts/lurt.mti \>66=, Dao >6Y

Medlc`se`, V. (>66=)Ciprevc`h Xerlpkboa Kabr`c`h7 Kabr c`h Oukturas Tma Lay, TBJA @_X

\e`kc`aY. Bvbckbnka7

mttp7//www.covat.tbja`sw.adu.bu/azc`a/yabrU>66=/jan/tmc`lpcaoaUwerlpkboakabr c`h.mti \>66=, Dao

>2Y

Kbinart, I. (>662, 4 Guky)7 >2stOa`tury Kabr`ars - b`d tmacr bpprebomas te kabr`c`h. Achmtm

C`tar`btce`bk Kctarboy b`d Aduobtce` ^asabrom @atwerl Oe`jara`oa e` Kabr`c`h, _patsas, Hraaoa

\e`kc`aY. Bvbckbnka7 mttp7//uktcnbsa.rict.adu.bu/Brtcokas/sapt6>/kbinart2.mti \>66=, Dao >2Y

KaNew, ^. b`d _pctzar, ^. (>66>) Booeu`tbnckcty. Narratt-Leamkar Vunkcsmars \e`kc`aY.

Bvbckbnka7 mttp7//www.booeu`tbnka-werlpkboa.oei/ib`bhars-reka.mtik \>66=, Dao 2=Y.

Kaa, T. Jukkar, B. Bsmte`, D. Nutkar, V. Jakstabd, B. Q`wc`, K. Xbktars, _. (>664) Xerlpkboa

Kabr`c`h7 Ibc` Tmaias b`d Varspaotcvas, Kabr`c`h bs Xerl ^asabrom Vbpar `e.>, Kacoastar Oa`tar

jer Kbneur Ibrlat _tudcas, c` OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` M^D b`d VI (Zarsce` 2) ^abdc`h 312

Ibo`ack, O. (>662) Tma _uparvcser bs b Jbockctbter ej C`jeribk Kabr`c`h c` Xerl Tabis,Geur`bk ej

Xerlpkboa Kabr`c`h2?(:)7 >4:->1?

@btce`bk Xerlpkboa Kabr`c`h @atwerl (>66=) Bneut Xerlpkboa Kabr`c`h \e`kc`aY Bvbckbnka7

mttp7//www.obipbch`-jer-kabr`c`h.erh.ul/werlpkboakabr`c`h`atwerl/bneutwerlpkboakabr`c`h \>66=,

Daoainar 2=Y.

@cxe`, G. b`d Obrrekk, I. (2334) Ob` b Kc`a Ib`bhar bkse na b Oeu`sakker5,Geur`bk ej Xerlpkboa

Kabr`c`h:(2)7 26-21

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Vb`hbrlbr, B. b`d Lcrlweed, T. (>66?) Xerlpkboa Kabr`c`hNaye`d tma Okbssrei7 Mew b Kabr`c`h

A`vcre`ia t Aipewars Aipkeyaas te Davakep Cibhc btcva _trbtahcas b`d C``evbtcva Vrbotcoas,

OIB Ib`bhaia`t, \e`kc`aY. Bvbckbnka7

mttp7//www.oa trbkl`ewkadha.oei/iainars/pdjdeos/kabr`brtcokas/Xerlpkboa%>6kabr`c`h%>6iby6?.

pdj \>66=, Dao >>Y

Vuroakk, G. & Mutomc`se`, _. (>668)b.^awbrdc`h Xerl7 Tma Zctbk ^eka ej Kc`a Ib`bhars, OCVD

\e`kc`aY. Bvbckbnka7www.ocpd.oe.ul/@^/rde`kyras/8>6?1=:4-3=OD-431B-=ON3-

3:3=3N3:A8?O/6/vctbkrekihrob.pdj \>66=, Dao>2Y

Vuroakk G. & Mutomc`se` _. (>668)n.Kabr`c`h b`d tma Kc`a7 Tma ^eka ej Kc`a Ib`bhars c` Trbc`c`h,

Kabr`c`h b`d Davakepia`t. OCVD \e`kc`aY. Bvbckbnka7

mttp7//www.ocpd.oe.ul/@^/rde`kyras/41N84:2?-?218-46:4-3?OD-8AB?6BB=B28>/6/kabr`kc`a.pdj

\>66=, Dao >2Y

_ketta, Z. Ty`gbkb, V. Myte`a`, T. (>664) Mew de M^D Vrbotctce`ars Dasorcna Kabr`c`h bt Xerl5,

Muib` ^aseuroa Davakepia`t C`tar`btce`bk8(4)7 4=2-433, c` OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` M^D b`d VI

(Zarsce` 2) ^abdc`h 314

_pbrmbi, A. _u`h, G. (>668) Mchm Varjerib`oa Xerl Vrbotcoas7 Xerl C`ta`scjcobtce` er Xc`-wc`5,

\e`kc`aY. Bvbckbnka7 mttp7//www.sorcnd.oei/deo/:322=?>/Mchm-Varjerib`oa-Xerl-Vrbotcoas-Xerl-

C`ta`scjcobtce`-er-Xc`Xc` \>663, Gb` 2>Y

_va`sse`, K. Akkstrei, V. Bnarh, O. (>664) C`tahrbtc`h Jeribk b`d C`jeribk Kabr`c`h bt Xerl,

Geur`bk ej Xerlpkboa Kabr`c`h 2:(=)7 483-432.

_wb`, G. _obrnreuhm, M. ^enartse`, I. (>66>) Tma Oe`struotce` ej ''Oeiiu`ctcas ej Vrbotcoa'' c` tma

Ib`bhaia`t ej C``evbtce`, Ib`bhaia`t Kabr`c`h??(4) 488-43:, c` OKI_ (>66:) I_o c` M^D

b`d VI (Zarsce` 2) ^abdc`h 3:=