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UCL-INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL0135 Aegean Prehistory: major themes and current debates

2019-20: Term II

MA Option Module (15 credits)

Co-ordinator: Todd Whitelaw t.whitelaw@ucl.ac.uk

Office 207, Tel 020 7679 7534 Office hours: stop-in if door is open,

or e-mail to arrange an appointment.

Seminars: Fridays 11:00-13:00 (Room 410). Lectures (optional): Fridays 14:00-16:00 (Birkbeck 43 Gordon Sq, Room G02)

Deadlines for coursework: essay 1: 9/03/20; essay 2: 1/05/20.

Target dates for return of marked coursework: 27/03/20, 29/05/20.

Please see the last page of this document for important information about coursework submission and marking procedures, and links to the relevant webpages. 1. Overview Short description This module provides selective thematic coverage of the Bronze Age Aegean, c. 3000-1100 BC. Structured around student interests, this year will focus on the southern Aegean across the entire timespan, with consideration of its Mediterranean context, with some emphasis toward the earlier Bronze Age. Drawing on the region’s exceptional wealth of archaeological data, and set within a theoretically informed, problem-oriented framework, the module explores alternative perspectives and aims to introduce students to current interpretations, debates and avenues for future research. It locates prehistoric Aegean societies relative to contemporary Mediterranean and Near Eastern societies, generating links between traditionally separate fields. Themes of recurrent importance include social, political and economic structures, the significance of material culture, local and longer-range interaction, the archaeologies of ideology, power and death, and the integration of textual evidence with material data. Week-by-week summary of seminar topics Week Date Session Subject 1 17/01 Seminar 1. Introduction: module management, scope of module; changing perspectives in

Aegean Prehistory. 17/01 Lecture The Aegean region, the longue durée and Bronze Age dynamics. 2 24/01 Seminar 2. The Aegean region, the longue durée and Bronze Age dynamics. 24/01 Lecture Contrasting EBA developments: the southern mainland, western Anatolia and the

Cyclades. 3 31/01 Seminar 3. Contrasting EBA developments: the southern mainland, western Anatolia and the

Cyclades. 31/01 Lecture EBA Crete and the emergence of the Minoan palace-states. 4 07/02 Seminar 4. EBA Crete and the emergence of the Minoan palace-states. 07/02 Lecture Palatial Crete: society, economy, polity and ideology. 5 14/02 Seminar 5. Palatial Crete: society, economy, polity and ideology. 14/02 Lecture Minoanisation and the southern Aegean.

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6 Reading Week British Museum artefact sessions. 7 28/02 Seminar 6. Minoanisation and the southern Aegean. 28/02 Lecture The transformations of Cretan polities. 8 06/03 Seminar 7. The transformations of Cretan polities. 06/03 Lecture Development, social formations and dynamics in the Mycenaean Aegean. 9 13/03 Seminar 8. Development, social formations and dynamics in the Mycenaean Aegean. 13/03 Lecture The Aegean and the wider Mediterranean: changing relationships. 10 20/03 Seminar 9. The Aegean and the wider Mediterranean: changing relationships. 20/03 Lecture The collapse of Aegean polities and the end of the Bronze Age. 11 27/03 Seminar 10. The collapse of Aegean polities and the end of the Bronze Age. Basic texts Bintliff, J. 2012. The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the 20th century A.D.

Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. [INST ARCH DAE 100 BI; On-line] Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson. [INST ARCH DAG 100

BRO] Warren, P. 1989. The Aegean Civilisations (revised edition; short book-length introduction). [INST ARCH

DAG 10 Qto WAR; YATES Qto A 22 WAR] Dickinson, O. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age (long the standard textbook, organised by themes rather than

periods). [IOA Issue Desk DIC; INST ARCH DAE 100 DIC] Dickinson, O. 2006. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: continuity and change between the twelfth

and eighth centuries BC. [INST ARCH DAG 100 DIC] Runnels, C. and P. Murray. 2001. Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide. [INST

ARCH DAE 100 RUN] Fitton, J.L. 2002. Minoans. London: British Museum. [INST ARCH DAG 14 FIT] Schofield, L. 2007. The Mycenaeans. London: British Museum. [IOA Issue Desk DAE SCH] Cline, E. (ed.). 2010. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford: OUP.

[INST ARCH DAG 100 CLI; On-line] Shelmerdine, C. (ed.). 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: CUP. [INST

ARCH DAG 100 SHE; On-line] Teaching methods The module is taught as a series of 10 weekly seminars, to discuss and debate the subject defined for that week. Seminars have weekly required readings, which students will be expected to have read to be able fully to follow and actively to contribute to the discussion. An additional 2-hour (optional but recommended) lecture on Friday 2-4 each week, provides a background for the readings and seminar of the following week. There will also be an object presentation in the British Museum in association with the first piece of assessed coursework. Workload There will be 20 hours of seminars for this module, plus the British Museum presentation (c. 3 hours). Students will be expected to undertake around 80 hours of reading for the module, plus 45 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 150 hours for the module. Prerequisites This module does not have a formal prerequisite. However, students will ideally have some familiarity with Aegean prehistory through previous study, to ensure that they have the background to get the most out of the Masters level seminars. The additional optional lectures are provided to help with such background. In addition, a BA module ARCL0066: The Emergence of BA Aegean Civilisation will be taught this term by Dr Borja Legarra Herrero (Mondays 10-12, room 410). There is no good textbook which covers the material for this module, but anyone wanting to brush-up could usefully consult the on-line resource produced by Jerry Rutter at Dartmouth College <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/> (last revised 2011-13).

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2. Aims, objectives and assessment Aims • To provide advanced, well-rounded training in the archaeology of the Bronze Age Aegean. • To instruct students in critical evaluation of current research (problems, methods and theory, the quality

of evidence and substantive results). • To familiarise students with major elements and examples of Aegean material culture relevant to the

period, and analytical and interpretive approaches to them. • To introduce students to important current research projects. • To prepare students to undertake original research in Aegean prehistoric archaeology. Objectives On successful completion of this module a student should: • Have a solid overview of major developments and interpretive perspectives in Aegean prehistory, with

greater in-depth knowledge of topics on which coursework has been written, and a general understanding of how the Aegean region fits into a wider Mediterranean and European context.

• Understand the main interpretive paradigms that have dominated the field, as well as their strengths and weaknesses, enabling assessment and criticism of the structure or rationale of arguments and interpretations in the literature.

• Recognise a broad range of the material culture from the period, and understand its cultural significance as well as its interpretive potential.

• Be able to explore data from the prehistoric Aegean using a wide range of theoretical approaches current in archaeology.

Learning outcomes On completion of the module, students will have enhanced their skills in critical reading and reflection, be aware of how to evaluate alternative interpretations, developed their skills in applying ideas and methods to bodies of data, become proficient in combining information and ideas from different sources, improved their peer-debating skills, and honed their ability to express arguments clearly in written form. They will have gained the background required to define and pursue original research in Aegean prehistory. Methods of assessment This module is assessed by a total of 4,000 words of coursework. This is divided into (i) a 1,000-word written version of an oral presentation to the group on an object selected by each student (subject to approval) from the British Museum collections (contributing 20% of the module mark), and (ii) a 3,000-word essay (contributing 80% of the module mark). Together these comprise 100% of the mark awarded for the module. Topics and specific titles for the essays are defined by each student to suit their individual interests, in consultation with (and with the approval of) the Module Co-ordinator, who will give guidance to ensure that the question is answerable, that it is neither too narrow nor too broad, and that it is being approached in an effective way. He can also advise on relevant readings from the seminar lists, plus additional reading that may be appropriate. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Module Co-ordinator. Coursework Deadlines Written version of oral presentation: Monday 9 March 2020. Essay: Friday 1 May 2020. Coursework content Like almost any satisfactory piece of academic writing, your essays should present an argument supported by evidence and analysis. Typically your analysis will include a critical evaluation (not simply summary or description) of the principal or most relevant previous ideas and arguments, and develop your own reasoned argument, supporting, critiquing, or combining elements of earlier scholarship, or developing a new perspective or synthesis.

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Some guidelines on academic essay writing will be circulated closer to the essay submission date, but two points relevant to all MA essay writing deserve mention now. First, express your arguments in your own words; your essay is meant to demonstrate your understanding of an issue. Some submitted essays are essentially just a string of quotations illustrating what others have said, but this does not demonstrate a critical assessment of those claims, or a clear understanding of the issues. The worst essays end up being little more than a paraphrase of the sources consulted. These simply demonstrate that you have read those sources, not that you understand them. Use a range of sources to engage with different perspectives on a topic, and you will have something to critically assess and adjudicate between, or even pick and choose points from, and synthesise your own perspective. Second, do not rely on web sources. There is no vetting system on the web (unlike academic publications), so anyone can publish whatever nonsense they wish; unfortunately Aegean Prehistory attracts a lot of this. You should be extremely cautious about relying on information from websites, and should not, normally, use them as sources for academic essays. The reliable information in them has almost invariably come from some other source, and if they are academically reputable sites, they should be properly referenced, so you can chase ideas back to the original source. The exceptions are official fieldwork project websites, which may contain information not otherwise published. If you feel information from a website is essential to your argument and you cannot track it back to an original published source, ask the Module Co-ordinator whether it is reputable, before relying on it. It will be expected that your essays will engage with readings recommended in this Handbook and additional published articles, not simply material readily accessible on the web. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Module Co-ordinator. The Module Co-ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of your approach to an assessment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Coursework production General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook and on the following website: https://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin/For+Masters+Students?preview=/43650731/99883166/3_IoA%20MA%20MSc%20hbk%20201819.pdf; see also the Appendix. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult the Module Co-ordinator. For this module, please do not use fancy fonts or, for the text, a font size less than 11 point, and use 1.5 line spacing to allow the marker space to make comments on the text. A smaller font size (8-10) and 1.0 line height may be used for the bibliography (to reduce printing costs), as long as it is still readable, and two-sided printing is welcome (to save paper and trees). Please leave at least 1 inch/2.5 cm margins to allow room for comments. There is no need to use a separate title page for essays (why pay for the extra page), and please do not use plastic folders, covers, etc. (I just have to take them off to read it). Illustrations are welcome, but only if they are directly relevant to your argument (i.e. not as generic filler). Word counts: the following should not be included in the word-count: title page, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices. UCL imposes penalties for over-length submissions, so please do not exceed the maximum figure in the 5% range: essay 1: 950-1,050 words; essay 2: 2,850-3,150 words. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range; the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. Since there is always more that could be said, a short essay is likely to represent a missed opportunity to develop your arguments further. In the 2019-20 session UCL-specified penalties for over-length work will be as follows:

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

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For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

Coursework submission procedures

All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically.

You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk.

All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin (via Moodle) by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.

Instructions for submission: 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc, docx or PDF

document. Please include the module code and your candidate number on every page as a header. 2. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work. 3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1), 4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: it is essential that the first word in the title is

your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1). Note that this changes each year. 5. Click “Upload”. 6 Click on “Submit” 7 You should receive a receipt – please save this. 8 If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the

nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline. For this module, for a Friday submission, ensure your essay has been submitted to Turnitin by midnight on the specified due date. You can submit the hard copy on the following Monday, but this must be the same as the version submitted to Turnitin. If you have a last-minute problem submitting your essay to Turnitin, contact the Turnitin adviser for help, but also e-mail a copy of your final version to the Module Co-ordinator, to ensure it is recognised as submitted on time. If any procedures or details are not clear, please discuss these with the Module Co-ordinator. 3. Schedule and syllabus Seminars will be held in the Institute of Archaeology building: Fridays 11:00am-13:00pm in room 410. A weekly optional lecture will be presented on Fridays (14:00-16:00; location TBC), to provide a framework for the readings and seminar in the following week. The following session-by-session outline identifies the essential and a wider range of additional readings relevant to each topic. The Essential readings are necessary to keep up with the topics covered in the seminars, and it is expected that students will have read these prior to the relevant session. These have been kept to five readings for each topic (with difficulty), and the Recommended readings are given for students with a particular interest in the topic. These are intended to allow students to follow their interests, and as places to begin when researching for essays. The readings for this module are largely available in the Institute’s own library, with essential readings in the Institute of Archaeology Teaching Collection, in books held at the Library Issue Desk, journals and edited volumes available on-line. Works not held in the Institute’s library are usually available in the UCL Main Library (specifically in Ancient History, Classics or Comparative Philology) and the DMS Watson Science Library. It may also be worth obtaining

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access to the library of the Institute of Classical Studies (ICS) in Senate House in Malet Street, a 5-minute walk away, for very specialist literature. The reading list indicates where in the UCL library system the essential reading is available. The location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (e.g. if on loan) for all UCL holdings can be accessed on the UCL Explore on-line catalogue. Volumes in the Institute of Classical Studies can be located using the University of London Schools of Advanced Studies on-line catalogue: <http://catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/search~S7>. Abbreviations: AJA: American Journal of Archaeology; BSA: Annual of the British School at Athens; JMA: Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology; OJA: Oxford Journal of Archaeology. Teaching schedule Seminar 1: 17 January. Introduction: module management, scope of module and changing perspectives in Aegean Prehistory. The session will briefly outline the aims of the module, its organisation, supplementary teaching, assessments and resources. The remainder of the session will review fundamentals, such as the data available, approaches and the changing significance of the study of Aegean prehistory. They should ideally be read in the order listed, so as to appreciate the succession of paradigms, and significance of changes in perspectives. Essential Renfrew, C. 2011. Preface and Introduction (2010). In C. Renfrew. The Emergence of Civilisation: The

Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. (2nd edition). Oxford: Oxbow:xxvii-xlxi. [On-line] In reaction to traditional diffusionary approaches, Renfrew stresses the cultural and developmental autonomy of Aegean civilisation, using a systems approach to explain the rise of palace societies as an endogenous process. Retrospectives (including by Renfrew) can be found in J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) 2004, The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Here, he does his own retrospective, what he wanted to do, and feels he accomplished.

Broodbank, C. 2014. Mediterranean prehistory. In P. Horden and S. Kinoshita (eds). A Companion to Mediterranean History. Chichester: John Wiley:45-58. [On-line] Contextualises the prehistoric Aegean within its Mediterranean context in terms of broad ecological dynamics, varying social and cultural developments in different regions of the Mediterranean, and specific interactions of Aegean societies with neighbouring and more distant cultures.

Hamilakis, Y. 2002. What future for the ‘Minoan’ past? Rethinking Minoan archaeology. In Y. Hamilakis (ed.). Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:2-28. [TC 2743; INST ARCH DAG 14 HAM] Draws on a range of post-processual approaches for the study of Aegean prehistory, its role in the present, and the agendas of modern archaeologists.

Schoep, I. 2018. Building the Labyrinth: Arthur Evans and the Construction of Minoan Civilization. AJA 122:5-32. [IOA Pers; On-line] Considers aspects of the intelectual context of the early construction of Aegean Prehistory through the focus of Evans’ excavations at Knossos and writings on the Minoans.

Manning, S. 2010. Chronology and terminology. In E. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Aegean Bronze Age (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford: OUP:11-28. [INST ARCH DAG 100 CLI; On-line] Provides an overview of chronological schemes, their development, and terms.

Recommended Chronology. Shelmerdine, C. 2008. Background, sources and methods. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge

Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 1-18. Dickinson, O. 1994. Chapter 1. Terminology and chronology. In The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:9-22. Warren, P. and V. Hankey 1989. Aegean Bronze Age Chronology. Bristol. Kitchen, K. 2007. Egyptian and related chronologies - look, no science, no pots! In M. Bietak and E. Czerny

(eds). The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:163-71.

Disciplinary history and perspectives

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Andreou, S. 2005. The landscapes of modern Greek Aegean archaeology. In J. Cherry, D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds). Prehistorians Round the Pond. Reflections on Aegean prehistory as a discipline. (Kelsey Museum Publication 2) Ann Arbor, Michigan: 73-92.

Barrett, J. and Halstead, P. (eds). 2004. The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Oxford. Bintliff, J. 1984. Structuralism and the Minoan myth. Antiquity 58:33-8. Cherry, J., D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds). 2005. Prehistorians Round the Pond: reflections on Aegean

prehistory as a discipline. Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum. Cullen, T. 2001. Voices and visions of Aegean Prehistory. In T. Cullen (ed.). Aegean Prehistory. A Review. AJA

Supplement 1:1-18. Darcque, P., Fotiadis, M., and O. Polychronopoulou (eds). 2006. Mythos. La préhistoire égéene du XIXe au

XXIe siècle après J.-C. (Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique Supplement 46.) Athens. Davis, J. 2001. Classical Archaeology and Anthropological Archaeology in North America: A Meeting of Minds

at the Millennium? In Feinman, G. and T.D. Price (eds). Archaeology at the millennium: a sourcebook. Springer Science and Business Media:415-437.

Fitton, J.L. 1995. The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age. Fotiadis, M. 1993. Regions of the Imagination: Archaeologists, Local People, and the Archaeological Record

in Fieldwork, Greece. Journal of European Archaeology 1(2)151-168. Galanakis, Y. 2013. The Aegean World: A Guide to the Cycladic, Minoan and Mycenaean Antiquities in the

Ashmolean Museum. Oxford and Athens: Ashmolean Museum and Kapon Editions. Gere, C. 2009. Knossos and the prophets of modernism. Chicago. Hamilakis, Y. 2002. What future for the ‘Minoan’ past? Rethinking Minoan archaeology. In Y. Hamilakis

(ed.). Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:2-28. Hamilakis, Y. 2007. The nation and its ruins: antiquity, archaeology, and national imagination in Greece.

Oxford: OUP. Hamilakis, Y. and N. Momigliano (eds). 2006. Archaeology and European Modernity. Producing and

consuming the Minoans. Creta Antica 7. Padua. Harloe, K., N. Momigliano and A. Farnoux (eds). Hellenomania. London: Routledge Kardulias, P.N. 1994. Paradigms of the Past in Greek Archaeology. In P.N. Kardulias (ed.). Beyond the Site.

Regional Studies in the Aegean Area. London: University Press of America:1-23. Kotsakis, K. 1991. The powerful past: theoretical trends in Greek archaeology. In I. Hodder (ed.).

Archaeological Theory in Europe: The Last Three Decades. London:65-90. Kotsakis, K. 2002. Trenches, borders and boundaries: Prehistoric research in Greek Macedonia. In Meskell, L.

(ed.). Archaeology under fire: nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London: Routledge:58-68.

MacEnroe, J. 1995. Sir Arthur Evans and Edwardian archaeology. Classical Bulletin 71:3-18. Manning, S. 2008. An edited past: Aegean prehistory and its texts. In M. Cheetham, E. legge and C. Soussloff

(eds). Editing the image: strategies in the production and reception of the visual. Toronto: University of Toronto Press:33-65.

McDonald, W. and C. Thomas 1990. Progress into the Past: The Rediscovery of Mycenaean Civilization. (2nd edition).

McNeal, R.A. 1972. The Greeks in history and prehistory. Antiquity 46:19-28. McNeal, R.A. 1973. The legacy of Arthur Evans. California Studies in Classical Antiquity 6:205-20. McNeal, R.A. 1975. Helladic prehistory through the looking-glass. Historia 24:3:385-401. Momigliano, N. and A. Farnoux (eds). 2017. Cretomania. Modern desires for the Minoan past. Morris, I. 2000. Archaeology as Cultural History. Morris, S. 1990. Greece and the East. JMA 3:57-66. Morris, S. 1990. Greece and the East. JMA 3:57-66. Papadopoulos, J. 2005. Inventing the Minoans: archaeology, modernity and the quest for European identity.

JMA 18:87-149. Renfrew, C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. Renfrew, C. 1980. The great tradition versus the great divide: archaeology as anthropology? AJA 84:287-98. Renfrew, C. 2004. Rethinking the Emergence. In Barrett, J. and Halstead, P. (eds). The Emergence of

Civilisation Revisited. Oxford: Oxbow:257-74.

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Sherratt, A. 1993. What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1.2:1-58.

Sherratt, A. 2006. Crete, Greece, and the Orient in the Thought of Gordon Childe (with an Appendix on Toynbee and Spengler: the Afterlife of the Minoans in European Intellectual History). Archaeology and European Modernity: Producing and Consuming the 'Minoans', Hamilakis, Y. and N. Momigliano (eds). Creta Antica 7. Padova: Bottega d'Erasmo:107-26.

Sherratt, S. 2011. Between theory, texts and archaeology: working with the shadows. In K. Duistermaat and I. Regulski (eds). Intercultural contacts in the ancient Mediterranean. Leuven: Peeters:3-29.

Snodgrass, A. 1985. The new archaeology and the classical archaeologist. AJA 89:31-7. Tartaron, T. 2008. Aegean Prehistory as World Archaeology: Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Bronze Age

Greece. Journal of Archaeological Research 16.2. p. 83-161. Voutsaki, S. and P. Cartledge (eds). 2017. Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities: A Critical History of

Archaeology in 19th and 20th Century Greece. London: Taylor and Francis. Seminar 2: 24 January The Aegean region, the longue durée and Bronze Age dynamics. The traditional diffusionary models which assumed East Mediterranean inspiration for cultural developments in the Aegean, were effectively challenged by Renfrew’s systemc processual model presented in his ‘The Emergence of Civlisation’ in 1972. This advocated largely endogenous developments within the Aegean, and largely set the framework for subsequent research attempting to explain, rather than simply describe the Aegean evidence. To do so, it had to emphasise local characteristics of the Aegean environment, though these did not differ from many other Mediterranean contexts. A more balanced perspective followed considerations of World Systems models, increasingly synthesising local differentiation in resources with maritime connectivity. Most interpretive models for social change are largely within a Processual framework, though increasingly explicitly considering individual agency and elements of more Post-processual perspectives. The seminar will focus on the major frameworks of the local Aegean contexts and broad approaches to social dynamics. Essential Renfrew, C. 1972 (2011). Chapter 21. The multiplier effect in action. In C. Renfrew. The Emergence of

Civilisation. London:476-504. [INST ARCH DAG 100 REN; Yates A 22 REN; On-line] Parkinson, W. and M. Galaty. 2007. Secondary States in Perspective: An Integrated Approach to State

Formation in the Prehistoric Aegean. American Anthropologist 109 (1):113-129. [On-line] Legarra Herrero, B. 2016. An Elite-Infested Sea: Interaction and Change in Mediterranean Paradigms. In

Molloy, B. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and modes of interaction between prehistoric Aegean societies and their neighbors. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:25-51. [INST ARCH DAG 100 MOL; On-line]

Broodbank, C. 2009. The Mediterranean and its hinterland. In B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and R. Joyce (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology. Oxford:677-722. [INST ARCH AH CUN; On-line]

Bintliff, J. 2012. Chapter 1: The dynamic land. In J. Bintliff. The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the 20th century. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell:11-27. [INST ARCH DAE 100 BIN; On-line]

Recommended Aegean and Mediterranean environments. Barker, G. 2005. Agriculture, pastoralism, and Mediterranean landscapes in prehistory. In E. Blake and A.B.

Knapp (eds). The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Malden:46-76. Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Part I. Braudel, F. 2001. The Mediterranean in the ancient world. London: Allen Lane. Broodbank, C. 2013. The making of the middle sea. London: Thames and Hudson. Broodbank, C. 2016. The Transmitting Sea: A Mediterranean Perspective. Human Mobility and

Technological Transfer in the Prehistoric Mediterranean. Kiriatzi, E. and C. Knappett (eds). British School at Athens Studies in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: CUP:18-30.

Butzer, K. 2005. Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: cross-disciplinary investigation of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(12): 1773-1800.

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Cherry, J. and T. Leppard. 2014. A Little History of Mediterranean Island Prehistory. In Knapp, B. and P. van Dommelen (eds). The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP:10-24.

Dickinson, O. 1994. Chapter 2. The natural environment and resources. In The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:23-29.

Finné, M., K. Holmgren, H. Sundqvist, E. Weiberg, and M.Lindblom. 2011. Climate in the eastern Mediterranean, and adjacent regions, during the past 6000 years – A review. JAS 38(12):3153-73.

Forbes, H. 1992. The ethnoarchaeological approach to Greek agriculture. In B. Wells (ed.). Agriculture in Ancient Greece. Stockholm:87-104.

Forbes, H. 2007. Meaning and Identity in a Greek Landscape: an archaeological ethnography. Cambridge: CUP.

Grove, A. and O. Rackham 2001. The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History. (Chapters 1-6, 9-11.)

Halstead, P. 1987. Traditional and ancient rural economy in Mediterranean Europe: plus ça change? Journal of Hellenic Studies 107:77-87.

Halstead, P. 1994. The north-south divide: regional paths to complexity in prehistoric Greece. In C. Mathers and S. Stoddart (eds). Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Sheffield:195-219.

Halstead, P. 2004. Life after Mediterranean polyculture: the subsistence subsystem and the emergence of civilization revisited. In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxford:189-206.

Halstead, P. 2008. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Coping with Marginal Colonisation in the Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Crete and the Aegean. In Isaakidou, V. and P. Tomkins (eds). Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in Context. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8. Oxford: Oxbow:229-57.

Halstead, P. 2011. Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies: Terminology, Scale and Significance. AJA 115:229-35.

Halstead, P. 2014. Two Oxen Ahead: pre-mechanised farming in the Mediterranean. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.

Halstead, P. and V. Isaakidou. 2011. Revolutionary Secondary Products: the Development and Significance of Milking, Animal-Traction and Wool-Gathering in Later Prehistoric Europe and the Near East. In Wilkinson, T., S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds). Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow:61-76.

Halstead, P. and C. Frederick 2000. Landscape and Land Use in Postglacial Greece. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Sheffield.

Higgins, M. and R. Higgins 1996. A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean. Horden, P. and N. Purcell 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study in Mediterranean History. (Especially chapters

VI, and III-V.) Horden, P. and S. Kinoshita (eds). 2014. A companion to Mediterranean history. Chichester: Wiley

Blackwell. Isaakidou, V. 2008. The ‘Fauna and Economy of Neolithic Knossos' Revisited. In Isaakidou, V. and P. Tomkins

(eds). Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in Context. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8. Oxford: Oxbow. 90-114.

Jung, R. and B. Weninger. 2015. Archaeological and environmental impact of the 4.2 ka cal BP event in the central and eastern Mediterranean. In Meller, H., H. Arz, R. Jung, and R. Risch (eds). 2200 BC - A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 12.1. Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale):205-34.

Lambeck, K. 1996. Sea-level change and shore-line evolution in Aegean Greece since Upper Palaeolithic time. Antiquity 70:588-611.

Moody, J. 1997. The Cretan Environment: Abused of Just Misunderstood? In P.N. Kardulias and M. Shutes (eds). Aegean Strategies: Studies of Culture and Environment on the European Fringe. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield:61-77.

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Moody, J. 2012. Hinterlands and hinterseas: resources and production zones in Bronze Age and Iron Age Crete. In Cadogan, G., M. Iacovou, K. Kopaka and J. Whitley (eds). Parallel Lives: Ancient Island Societies in Crete and Cyprus. British School at Athens Studies 20. London: The British School at Athens: 233-71.

Osborne, R.G. 1987. Classical Landscape with Figures: The Ancient Greek City and its Countryside. (Chapters 2-3: later date, but many factors still apply.)

Pullen, D. (ed.). 2010. Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow. Rackham, O. and J. Moody 1996. The Making of the Cretan Landscape. Sallares, R. 2007. Ecology. In W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds). The Cambridge Economic History of

the Greco-Roman World, 15-37. Touchais, G., Laffineur, R. and Rougemont, F. (eds). 2012. Physis: l'environnement naturel et la relation

homme-milieu dans le monde égéen protohistorique. Aegaeum 37. Leuven and Liege: Peeters. Walsh, K. 2014. The Archaeology of Mediterranean landscapes. Human-environment interaction from the

Neolithic to the Roman perod. Cambridge; CUP. Weiberg, E., I. Unkel, K. Kouli, K. Holmgren, P. Avramidis, A. Bonnier, F. Dibble, M. Finné, A. Izdebski, C.

Katrantsiotis, S. Stocker, M. Andwinge, K. Baika, M. Boyd, and C. Heymann. 2016. The socio-environmental history of the Peloponnese during the Holocene: Towards an integrated understanding of the past. Quaternary Science Reviews 136:40-65.

Whitelaw, T. 2000. Settlement instability and landscape degradation in the southern Aegean in the third millennium BC. In P. Halstead and C. Frederick (eds). Landscape and Landuse in Postglacial Greece. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 3. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press:135-61.

Bronze Age dynamics. Barrett, J. and K. Damilati. 2004. ‘Some Light on the Early Origins of Them All’: Generalization and the

Explanation of Civilization Revisited. In Barrett, John C., and Paul Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5. Oxford: Oxbow:145-69.

Beaujard, P. 2011. Evolutions and Temporal Delimitations of Bronze Age World-Systems in Western Asia and the Mediterranean. Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. In Wilkinson, T., S. Sherratt, and J. Bennet (eds). Oxford: Oxbow:7-26.

Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson. Broodbank, C. 2014. Mediterranean Prehistory. In P. Horden and S. Kinoshita (eds). A Companion to

Mediterranean History. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell: 45-58. Chapman, R. 2005. Changing social relations in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages. In E. Blake and

A.B. Knapp (eds). The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell, 77-101. Galaty, M., H. Tomas and W. Parkinson. 2014. Bronze Age European Elites: From the Aegean to the Adriatic

and Back Again. In Knapp, B. and P. van Dommelen (eds). The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP:157-77.

Halstead, P. 2011. Farming, material culture, and ideology: repackaging the Neolithic of Greece (and Europe). In Hadjikoumis, A., E. Robinson and S. Viner (eds). The Dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe: Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt. Oxford: Oxbow:131-51.

Halstead, P. 2016. Scales and Modes of Interaction in and beyond the Earlier Neolithic of Greece: Building Barriers and Making Connections. In Molloy, B. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and modes of interaction between prehistoric Aegean societies and their neighbors. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:53-73.

Hamilakis, Y. 2014. Sensuous memory, materiality and history: rethinking the ‘rise of the palaces’ on Bronze Age Crete. In A.B. Knapp and P. Van Dommelen (eds). The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP:320-36.

Kristiansen, K. 2011. Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age. In Wilkinson, T., S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds). Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow:243-65.

Kristiansen, K. 2016. Interpreting Bronze Age Trade and Migration. In Kiriatzi, E. and C. Knappett (eds). Human Mobility and Technological Transfer in the Prehistoric Mediterranean. British School at Athens Studies in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: CUP:154-80.

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Leidwanger, J. and C. Knappett. 2018. Maritime Networks, Connectivity, and Mobility in the Ancient Mediterranean. In Leidwanger, J. and C. Knappett (eds). Maritime Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge: CUP:1-21.

Leppard, T. 2019. Social complexity and social inequality in the Prehistoric Mediterranean. Current Anthropology 60:283-308.

Rahmstorf, L. 2011. Re-integrating ‘Diffusion’: the Spread of Innovations among the Neolithic and Bronze Age Societies of Europe and the Near East. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds). Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC, Oxford: Oxbow:100-19.

Rahmstorf, L. 2015. The Aegean before and after c. 2200 BC between Europe and Asia: trade as a prime mover of cultural change. In Meller, H., H. Arz, R. Jung and R. Risch (eds). 2200 BC - A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23-26, 2014 in Halle (Saale). Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 12.1, Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale):149-80.

Schoep, I. and C. Knappett. 2004. Dual emergence: evolving heterarchy, exploding hierarchy. In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow:21-37.

Sherratt, A. 1993. What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1.2:1-58.

Tomkins, P. 2004. Filling in the ‘Neolithic Background’: Social Life and Social Transformation in the Aegean Before the Bronze Age. In Barrett, J. and P. Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Oxford, Oxbow, Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5, p. 38-63.

Voutsaki, S. 2010. From the kinship economy to the palatial economy: the Argolid in the second millennium BC. In D. Pullen (ed.). Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford:86-111.

Warburton, D. 2011. What might the Bronze Age World-System Look Like? In Wilkinson, T., S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds). Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow: 120-34.

Wright, J. 2004. The Emergence of Leadership and the Rise of Civilization in the Aegean. In Barrett, J. and P. Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5. Oxford: Oxbow:64-89.

Seminar 3: 31 January Contrasting EBA developments: the southern mainland, western Anatolia and the Cyclades. The Early Bronze Age, roughly the 3rd millennium BC, saw widespread changes in Aegean societies and economies, and increasing differentiation both within and between communities. These are commonly seen as an essential back-drop to the rise of the first palatial societies in the 2nd millennium BC, though exactly how and through what mechanisms remains a matter of intense debate. The general picture of EBA ‘proto-urban societies’ in the Aegean was constructed by Renfrew by drawing on different types of evidence from across the entire region. Despite nearly 50 years of research, the different regions of the Aegean have steadfastly resisted falling into such a neat homogenized pattern. This seminar and the next will try to identify some of these contrasts, while aiming to define the different nature of societies in different parts of the broader region. The readings provide an overview of various arguments currently being discussed for the southern Mainland, West Anatolia and the Cyclades. This session provides a background for considering in the following seminar, in what ways cultural developments on Crete were similar or different, and how/why it developed differently from the end of the third millennium. Essential Pullen, D. 2008. The Early Bronze Age in Greece. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the

Aegean Bronze Age, 19-46. [On-line] Broodbank, C. 2008. The Early Bronze Age in the Cyclades. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge

Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:47-76. [On-line] Sahoglu, V. 2005. The Anatolian trade network and the Izmir region during the Early Bronze Age. OJA

24:339-61. [IoA Pers; On-line]

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Broodbank, C. 2013. Ch. 7: The devil and the deep blue sea. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson:especially pp. 304-44. [INST ARCH DAG 100 BRO]

Weiberg, E. 2017. Contrasting Histories in Early Bronze Age Aegean: Uniformity, Regionalism and the Resilience of Societies in the Northeast Peloponnese and Central Crete. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27:479-94. [IoA Pers; On-line]

Recommended Greek mainland: Berger, L. and W. Gauss. 2016. Early Bronze Age Aegina Kolonna: A View from a Southwest Aegean Centre.

In Pernicka, E., S. Ünlüsoy, and S. Blum (eds). Early Bronze Age Troy: Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Studia Troica Monographien 8. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt:209-28.

Forsen, J. 2010. Early Bronze Age: Mainland Greece. In E. Cline (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:53-65.

Maran, J. and M. Kostoula. 2014. The spider's web: innovation and society in the Early Helladic 'Period of the Corridor Houses’. In Y. Galanakis, T. Wilkinson and J. Bennet (eds). Αθύρματα: Critical Essays on the Archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean in Honour of E. Susan Sherratt. Oxford: Archaeopress: 141-158.

Mee, C. 2009. Interconnectivity in Early Helladic Laconia. In Cavanagh, W., C. Gallou and M. Georgiadis (eds). Sparta and Laconia: From Prehistory to Pre-Modern. BSA Studies 16. London: British School at Athens:43-53.

Peperaki, O. 2016. The Value of Sharing: Seal Use, Food Politics, and the Negotiation of Labor in Early Bronze II Mainland Greece. AJA 120:3-25.

Peperaki, O. 2010. Models of relatedness and Early Helladic architecture: unpacking the Early Helladic II hearth room. JMA 23: 245-64.

Pullen, D. 1992. Ox and plow in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. AJA 96:45-54. Pullen, D. 1994. Modeling Mortuary Behavior on a Regional Scale: A Case Study from Mainland Greece in the

Early Bronze Age. In P.N. Kardulias (ed.). Beyond the Site. Regional Studies in the Aegean Area. London: University Press of America:113-136.

Pullen, D. 1994. A lead seal from Tsoungiza, ancient Nemea, and Early Bronze Age sealing systems. AJA 98:35-52.

Pullen, D. 2011. Before the palaces: redistribution and chiefdoms in mainland Greece. AJA 115:185-95. Pullen, D. 2011. Measuring Levels of Integration and Social Change in Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean

Societies: From Chiefdoms to Proto-States. In Terrenato, N. and D. Haggis (eds). State Formation in Italy and Greece: Questioning the Neoevolutionist Paradigm. Oxford: Oxbow:18-31.

Pullen, D. 2011. Picking out Pots in Patterns: Feasting in Early Helladic Greece. In Gauß W., M. Lindblom, A. Smith, and J. Wright (eds). Our Cups Are Full: Pottery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. Papers Presented to Jeremy B. Rutter on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Oxford: Archaeopress:217-26.

Rahmstorf, L. 2016. Emerging Economic Complexity in the Aegean and Western Anatolia during Earlier Third Millennium BC. In Molloy, B. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and modes of interaction between prehistoric Aegean societies and their neighbors. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow: 225-76.

Rutter, J. 1993. Review of Aegean Prehistory II: the prepalatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland, AJA 97: 745-97 (focus on 758-74 for the EBA).

Shaw, J. 1987. The Early Helladic corridor house: development and form. AJA 91: 59-79. Smith, M. 2017. Recent research in Early Helladic southern Greece. Archaeological Reports 2017:107-29. Weiberg, E. 2007. Thinking the Bronze Age: Life and Death in Early Helladic Greece. Uppsala Studies in

Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilisations 29. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.

Weiberg, E. 2009. The invisible dead. The case of the Argolid and Corinthia during the Early Bronze Age. In Cavanagh, H., W. Cavanagh and J. Roy (eds). Honouring the Dead in the Peloponnese. CSPS Online Publication 2. Nottingham: Centre for Spartan and Peloponessian Studies:781-96.

Weiberg, E. 2011. Topography and Settlement: Perception of the Bounded Space. In Κατσωνοπούλου, Ντ. (ed.). Helike IV. Ancient Helike and Aigialeia: Protohelladika. The Southern and Central Greek Mainland. Αθήνα: Εταιρεία Φίλων της Αρχαίας Ελίκης:45-61.

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Weiberg, E. 2013. An Early Helladic burial - connecting the living and the dead. In Schallin, A.-L. (ed.). Perspectives on ancient Greece. Papers in celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Swedish Institute at Athens. ActaAth 8°, 22. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen:29-47.

Weiberg, E. 2017. Early Helladic III: a non-monumental but revitalized social arena? In Wiersma, C. and S. Voutsaki (eds). Social Change in Aegean Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow:32-48.

Weiberg, E. and M. Finné. 2013. Mind or Matter? People-Environment Interactions and the Demise of Early Helladic II Society in the Northeastern Peloponnese. AJA 117.1:1-31.

Weingarten, J. 2000. Lerna: Sealings in a Landscape. In M. Perna (ed.). Administrative Documents in the Aegean and Their Near Eastern Counterparts. Torino: Centro internazionale di ricerche archeologiche antropologiche e storiche:103-123.

Cyclades: Angelopoulou, A. 2017. Early Cycladic fortified settlements: aspects of cultural continuity and change in the

Cyclades during the third millennium BC. Archaeological Reports 2017:131-50. Broodbank, C. 2000. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: CUP. Esp. chapters 3, 6, 7. Broodbank, C. 2013. 'Minding the Gap': Thinking About Change in Early Cycladic Island Societies from a

Comparative Perspective. AJA 117.4:535-43. Davis, J.L. 1992. The islands of the Aegean, AJA 96: 699-756. Doumas, C. 1977. Early Bronze Age Burial Habits in the Cyclades. SIMA 48. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag. Georgakopoulou, M. 2016. Mobility and Early Bronze Age Southern Aegean Metal Production. In Kiriatzi, E.

and C. Knappett (eds). Human Mobility and Technological Transfer in the Prehistoric Mediterranean. British School at Athens Studies in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: CUP:46-67.

Gill, D. and C. Chippindale 1993. Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures. AJA 97:601-59.

Jarriel, K. 2018. Across the Surface of the Sea: Maritime Interaction in the Cycladic Early Bronze Age. JMA 31:52-76.

Marthari, M. 2008. Aspects of Pottery Circulation in the Cyclades during the Early EB II Period: Fine and Semi-fine Imported Ceramic Wares at Skarkos, Ios. In Brodie, N., J. Doole, G. Gavalas, and C. Renfrew (eds). Horizon. Ορίζων: A colloquium on the prehistory of the Cyclades. McDonald Institute Monographs. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research:71-84.

Marthari, M., C. Renfrew and M. Boyd (eds). 2017. Early Cycladic Sculpture in Context. Oxford: Oxbow. Papadatos, Y. 2016. Figurines, Paint and the Perception of the Body in the Early Bronze Age Southern

Aegean. In Mina, M., S. Triantaphyllou and Y. Papadatos (eds). An Archaeology of Prehistoric Bodies and Embodied Identities in the Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow:11-17.

Papadatos, Y. and E. Venieris. 2017. An experimental approach to the manufacture of Cycladic-type figurines with folded arms: preliminary observations. In Marthari, M., C. Renfrew and M. Boyd (eds). Early Cycladic Sculpture in Context. Oxford: Oxbow:483-90.

Renfrew, C. 2017. Early Cycladic sculpture: issues of provenance, terminology and classification. In Marthari, M., C. Renfrew and M. Boyd (eds). Early Cycladic Sculpture in Context. Oxford: Oxbow:1-12.

Renfrew, C., C. Doumas, L. Marangou and G. Gavalas (eds). 2007. Keros, Dhaskalio Kavos: the investigations of 1987-88. McDonald Institute Monographs, Keros Volume 1. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

Renfrew, C., M. Boyd and E. Margaritis. 2017-2018. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory of Keros. AR 2017-2018:67-84.

Renfrew, C., M. Boyd and C. Ramsey. 2012. The oldest maritime sanctuary? Dating the sanctuary at Keros and the Cycladic Early Bronze Age. Antiquity 86.331:144-160.

Sahoglu, V. and P. Sotirakopoulou (eds). 2011. Across: the Cyclades and Western Anatolia during the 3rd millennium BC. Istanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi, Sakıp Sabancı Müzesi

Tambakopoulos, D. and Y. Maniatis. 2017. The marble of the Cyclades and its use in the early Bronze Age. In Marthari, M., C. Renfrew, and M. Boyd (eds). Early Cycladic Sculpture in Context. Oxford: Oxbow:467-82.

Televantou, C. 2018. Strofilas, Andros: New perspectives on the Neolithic Aegean. In Dietz, S., F. Mavridis, Ž. Tankosić and T. Takaoğlu (eds). Communities in Transition: The Circum-Aegean Area during the 5th and 4th Millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow:389-96.

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Whitelaw, T. 2000. Settlement instability and landscape degradation in the southern Aegean in the third millennium BC. In P. Halstead and C. Frederick (eds). Landscape and Landuse in Postglacial Greece. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 3. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press:135-61.

East Aegean: Bachhuber, C. 2014. Citadels in Spectacle-scapes in Bronze Age Anatolia. In J. Osborne (ed.). Approaching

Monumentality in Archaeology. The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series, IEMA Proceedings 3. Albany: State University of New York Press:291-310.

Bachhuber, C. 2015. Citadel and Cemetery in Early Bronze Age Anatolia. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 13. Bristol: Equinox.

Erkanal, H. and V. Şahoğlu. 2016. Liman Tepe, an Early Bronze Age Trade Center in Western Anatolia: Recent Investigations. In Pernicka, E., S. Ünlüsoy, and S. Blum (eds). Early Bronze Age Troy: Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Studia Troica Monographien 8. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt:157-66.

Horejs, B. and M. Mehofer (eds). 2014. Western Anatolia before Troy: Proto-Urbanisation in the 4th Millennium BC? Oriental and European Archaeology 1. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.

Kouka, O. 2009. Third Millennium BC Aegean Chronology: Old and New Data from the Perspective of the Third Millennium AD. In Manning, S. and M. Bruce (eds). Tree-Rings, Kings, and Old World Archaeology and Environment: Papers Presented in Honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow:133-49.

Kouka, O. 2013. 'Minding the Gap': Against the Gaps. The Early Bronze Age and the Transition to the Middle Bronze Age in the Northern and Eastern Aegean/Western Anatolia. AJA 117(4):569-580.

Kouka, O. 2014. Past Stories - Modern Narratives: Cultural Dialogues between East Aegean Islands and the West Anatolian Mainland in the 4th Millennium BC. In B. Horejs and Mathias Mehofer (eds). Western Anatolia before Troy: Proto-Urbanisation in the 4th Millennium BC? Oriental and European Archaeology 1. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press:43-63.

Massa, M. 2014. Destructions, abandonments, social reorganisation and climatic change in west and central Anatolia at the end of the third millennium BC. Regional Studies in Archaeology. Istanbul 2014: 101-23.

Massa, M. and V. Şahoğlu. 2015. The 4.2 ka BP climatic event in west and central Anatolia: combining palaeo-climatic proxies and archaeological data. In Meller, H., H. Arz, R. Jung, and R. Risch (eds). 2200 BC - A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23-26, 2014 in Halle (Saale). Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 12.1, Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale):61-78.

Massa, M. and Palmisano, A. 2018. Change and continuity in the long-distance exchange networks between western/central Anatolia, northern Levant and northern Mesopotamia, c. 3200–1600 BCE. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 49:65-87.

Muhly, J.D. and E. Pernicka. 1992. Early Trojan Metallurgy and Metals Trade. In J. Herrmann (ed.). Heinrich Schliemann. Grundlagen und Ergebnisse moderner Archäologie 100 Jahre nach Schliemanns Tod. Berlin: Akademie Verlag:309-18.

Nakou, G. 1997. The role of Poliochni and the north Aegean in the development of Aegean metallurgy. In Doumas, C. and La Rosa, V. (eds). Poliochni e l'antica età del bronzo nell'Egeo settentrionale. Athens: Scuola archeologica italiana di Atene:634-48.

Doumas, C. and La Rosa, V. (eds). 1997. Poliochni e l'antica età del bronzo nell'Egeo settentrionale. Athens: Scuola archeologica italiana di Atene.

Reinholt, C. 2003. The Aegean and Western Anatolia: social forms and cultural relationships. In J. Aruz (ed.). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press: 255-9.

Sagona, A. and P. Zimansky 2009. Ancient Turkey, chapter 5. Şahoğlu, V. 2008. Crossing Borders: The Izmir Region as a Bridge between the East and the West during the

Early Bronze Age. In C. Gillis and B. Sjöberg (eds). Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece: Crossing Borders. Proceedings of the 7th, 8th and 9th International Workshops, Athens 1997-1999. SIMA-PB 173. Sävedalen: Paul Åströms Förlag:153-173.

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Sahoglu, V. and P. Sotirakopoulou (eds). 2011. Across: the Cyclades and Western Anatolia during the 3rd millennium BC. Istanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi, Sakıp Sabancı Müzesi

EBA comparative perspectives: Barrett, J. and P. Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean

Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow. Broodbank, C. 2013. Ch. 7: The devil and the deep blue sea. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames

and Hudson:257-344. Chapman, R. 2005. Changing social relations in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages. In E. Blake and

A.B. Knapp (eds). The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell, 77-101. Gauss, W. 2018. Fortification Systems of the Aegean Bronze Age. The Early and Middle Bronze Age. In

Ballmer, A., M. Fernández-Götz, and D. Mielke (eds). Understanding Ancient Fortifications: Between Regionality and Connectivity. Oxford: Oxbow:43-61.

Halstead, P. 2008. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Coping with Marginal Colonisation in the Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Crete and the Aegean. In Isaakidou, V. and P. Tomkins (eds). Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in Context. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8. Oxford: Oxbow:229-57.

Jung, R. and B. Weninger. 2015. Archaeological and environmental impact of the 4.2 ka cal BP event in the central and eastern Mediterranean. In Meller, H., H. Arz, R. Jung, and R. Risch (eds). 2200 BC - A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 12.1. Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale):205-34.

Nakou, G. 1995. The cutting edge. JMA 8:1-32. Papadatos, Y. 2007. Beyond cultures and ethnicity: a new look at material culture distribution and inter-

regional interaction in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean. In S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds). Mediterranean Crossroads. Athens: Pierides Foundation:419-51.

Rahmstorf, L. 2016. Emerging Economic Complexity in the Aegean and Western Anatolia during Earlier Third Millennium BC. In Molloy, B. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and modes of interaction between prehistoric Aegean societies and their neighbors. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow: 225-76.

Renfrew, A.C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. London: Methuen.

Whitelaw, T. 2000. Settlement instability and landscape degradation in the southern Aegean in the third millennium BC. In P. Halstead and C. Frederick (eds). Landscape and Landuse in Postglacial Greece. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 3. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press:135-61.

Wiener, M. 2013. 'Minding the Gap': Gaps, Destructions, and Migrations in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Causes and Consequences. AJA 117.4:581-92.

Wiener, M. 2014. The interaction of climate change and agency in the collapse of civilizations ca. 2300–2000 BC. Radiocarbon 56.4:S1-S16.

Seminar 4: 07 February EBA Crete and the emergence of the Minoan palace-states. This topic is central to understanding the Aegean Bronze Age. Building on the earlier review of paradigms and EBA societies elsewhere in the Aegean, we now focus on the evidence for the EBA in Crete and the development of the first Cretan palace-states. Key issues are the importance of indigenous versus exogenous factors, the time-scale of change (evolutionary or revolutionary), and the social processes that led to palace-states and the social, economic and political structures represented by the emerging regional polities. Essential Cherry, J. 1984. The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean. Proceedings of the Cambridge

Philological Society 30:18-48. [Main CLASSICS Pers; On-line]

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Whitelaw, T. 2004. Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean. In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:232-56. [INST ARCH DAG 100 BAR]

Legarra Herrero, B. 2016. Primary state formation processes on Bronze Age Crete: a social approach to change in early complex societies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26:349-67. [IoA PERS; On-line]

Manning, S. 2018. The development of complex society on Crete: the balance between wider context and local agency. In Knodell, A. and T. Leppard (eds). Regional approaches to society and complexity: studies in honor of John F. Cherry. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing: 29-58. [INST ARCH DAG 100 KNO]

Tomkins, P. 2018. Inspecting the foundations: The Early Minoan Project in review. In Relaki, M. and Y. Papadatos (eds). From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Archaeology: Studies in honour of Professor Keith Branigan. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12. Oxford: Oxbow:36-67. [INST ARCH DAG 14 BRA; On-line]

Recommended Bevan, A. 2004. Emerging civilized values? The consumption and imitation of Egyptian stone vessels in EMII-

MMI Crete and its wider Eastern Mediterranean context. In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow:107-26.

Bonney, E. 2016. From Performing Death to Venerating the Ancestors at Lebena Yerokambos, Crete. In Dakouri-Hild, A. and M. Boyd (eds). Staging Death: Funerary Performance, Architecture and Landscape in the Aegean. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter:275-95.

Branigan, K. 1991. Mochlos, an early Aegean ‘gateway community’? In R. Laffineur and L. Basch (eds). Thalassa: L’Egée préhistorique et al mer (Aegaeum 7), 97-105.

Branigan, K. 1992. Dancing with Death: Life and Death in Southern Crete ca. 3000-2000 BC. Amsterdam. DAG 14 BRA (An update and re-write of: K. Branigan 1970. The Tombs of Mesara. London.)

Carter, T. 2004. Mochlos and Melos: a special relationship? Creating identity and status in Minoan Crete. In L. Day, M. Mook and J. Muhly (eds). Crete Beyond the Palaces: Proceedings of the Crete 2000 Conference. (Prehistory Monographs 10) INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia:291-307.

Catapodi, D. 2014. Beyond the general and the particular: rethinking death, memory and belonging in Early Bronze Age Crete. In A.B. Knapp and P. Van Dommelen (eds). The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP:525-39.

Cherry, J. 1983. Evolution, revolution and the origins of complex society in Minoan Crete. In O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds). Minoan Society: 33-45.

Cherry, J. 2010. Sorting Out Crete's Prepalatial Off-Island Interactions. In W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds). Archaic State Interaction. The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press:107-40.

Colburn, C. 2008. Exotica and the Early Minoan elite: eastern imports in Prepalatial Crete. AJA 112:203-24. Day, P. and Wilson, D. 2004. Ceramic change and the practice of eating and drinking in Early Bronze Age

Crete. In P. Halstead and J. Barrett (eds). Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow:45-62.

Day, P., M. Relaki, and S. Todaro. 2010. Living from Pots? Ceramic Perspectives on the Economies of Prepalatial Crete. In Pullen, D. (ed.). Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow:205-29.

Day, P.M. and D.E. Wilson 2002. Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and Protopalatial Knossos. In Y. Hamilakis (ed.). Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:143-66.

Day, P.M., D.E. Wilson and E. Kiriatzi 1998. Pots, labels and people: burying ethnicity in the cemetery at Aghia Photia, Siteias. In K. Branigan, (ed.). Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press:133-49.

Déderix, S. 2017. Communication Networks, Interactions, and Social Negotiation in Prepalatial South-Central Crete. AJA 121:5-37.

Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki, N., D. Wilson and P. Day. 2007. The earlier Prepalatial settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos. In P. Day and R. Doonan (eds). Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow:84-97.

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Girella, L. 2018. Variables and diachronic diversities in the funerary remains of the Kamilari tholos tombs. In Relaki, M. and Y. Papadatos (eds). From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Archaeology: Studies in honour of Professor Keith Branigan. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12. Oxford: Oxbow:115-40.

Haggis, D. 1999. Staple finance, peak sanctuaries and economic complexity in late Prepalatial Crete. In A. Chaniotis (ed.). From Minoan farmers to Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag:53-85.

Haggis, D. 2002. Integration and complexity in the late Prepalatial period: a view from the countryside in Eastern Crete. In Y. Hamilakis (ed.). Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:120-42.

Halstead, P. 1988. On redistribution and the origin of Minoan-Mycenaean palatial economies. In E. French and K. Wardle (eds). Problems in Greek Prehistory. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press:519-30

Halstead, Paul. 2011. Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies: Terminology, Scale, and Significance. AJA 115:229-35.

Hamilakis, Y. 1998. Eating the Dead: Mortuary Feasting and the Politics of Memory in the Aegean Bronze Age Societies. In K. Branigan (eds). Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press:115-32.

Hamilakis, Y. 2014. Sensuous memory, materiality and history: rethinking the ‘rise of the palaces’ on Bronze Age Crete. In A.B. Knapp and P. Van Dommelen (eds). The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP:320-36.

Hamilakis, Y. 2018. The ‘emergence of the individual’ revisited: Memory and trans-corporeality in the mortuary landscapes of Bronze Age Crete. In Relaki, M. and Y. Papadatos (eds). From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Archaeology: Studies in honour of Professor Keith Branigan. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12. Oxford: Oxbow:314-31.

Legarra Herrero, B. 2009. The Minoan fallacy: cultural diversity and mortuary behaviour on Crete at the beginning of the Bronze Age. OJA 28: 29-57.

Legarra Herrero, B. 2011. The Secret Lives of the Early and Middle Minoan Tholos Cemeteries: Koumasa and Platanos. In J. Murphy (ed.). Prehistoric Crete: Regional and Diachronic Studies on Mortuary Systems. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:49-84.

Legarra Herrero, B. 2011. New kid on the block: the nature of the first systemic contacts between Crete and the eastern Mediterranean around 2000 BC. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds). Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow:266-81.

Legarra Herrero, B. 2012. The Construction, Deconstruction and Non-construction of Hierarchies in the Funerary Record of Prepalatial Crete. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds). Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow: 325-57.

Legarra Herrero, B. 2014. Mortuary Behavior and Social Trajectories in Pre- and Protopalatial Crete,. Prehistory Monographs 44, Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.

Legarra Herrero, B. 2019. Recent developments in the study of Early Bronze Age Crete (Early Minoan period). Archaeological Reports 2019:87-110.

Manning, S. 2017. Comments on Climate, Intra-regional Variations, Chronology, the 2200 B.C.Horizon of Change in the East Mediterranean Region, and Socio-political Change on Crete. In F. Hoflmayer (ed.). The late third millennium in the ancient Near east. Chronology, C14 and climate change. Chicago: Oriental Institute:451-92.

Muhly, J.D. 2004. Chrysokamino and the beginnings of metal technology on Crete and in the Aegean. In L.P. Day, M. Mook and J.D. Muhly (eds). Crete beyond the Palaces: Proceedings of the Crete 2000 conference. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:283-90.

Murphy, J. 1998. Ideology, Rites and Rituals: A View of Prepalatial Minoan Tholoi. In K. Branigan, (ed.). Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press:27-40.

Nikita, E., S. Triantaphyllou, M. Tsipopoulou, D. Panagiotopoulos and L. Platon. 2017. Mobility patterns and cultural identities in Pre- and Proto-palatial central and eastern Crete. In Tsipopoulou, M. (ed.). Petras, Siteia: The Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery in context. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 21. Aarhus: The Danish Institute at Athens:325-39.

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Paliou, E. and A. Bevan. 2016. Evolving settlement patterns, spatial interaction and the socio-political organisation of late prepalatial south-central Crete. J. Anthropological Archaeology 42:184-97.

Papadatos, Y. 2017. Mortuary practices, the ideology of death and social organization of the Siteia area: The Petras cemetery within its broader funerary landscape. In Tsipopoulou, M. (ed.). Petras, Siteia: The Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery in context. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 21, Aarhus: The Danish Institute at Athens:311-23.

Papadatos, Y. 2018. Mortuary variability, social differentiation and ranking in Prepalatial Crete: The evidence from the cemetery of Phourni, Archanes. In Relaki, M. and Y. Papadatos (eds). From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Archaeology: Studies in honour of Professor Keith Branigan. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12. Oxford: Oxbow. 96-114.

Papadatos, Y. and P. Tomkins. 2013. Trading, the Longboat, and Cultural Interaction in the Aegean During the Late Fourth Millennium B.C.E.: The View from Kephala Petras, East Crete. AJA 117: 353-381.

Parkinson, W. and M. Galaty. 2007. Secondary States in Perspective: An Integrated Approach to State Formation in the Prehistoric Aegean. American Anthropologist 109 (1):113-129.

Relaki, M. 2012. The Social Arenas of Tradition. Investigating Collective and Individual Social Strategies in the Prepalatial and Protopalatial Mesara. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds). Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow:290–324.

Relaki, M. and Y. Papadatos (eds). 2018. From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Archaeology: Studies in honour of Professor Keith Branigan. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12. Oxford: Oxbow.

Sbonias, K. 1999. Social development, management of production and symbolic representation in Prepalatial Crete. In A. Chaniotis (ed.). From Minoan farmers to Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag:25-51.

Sbonias, Kostas. 2012. Regional Elite-Groups and the Production and Consumption of Seals in the Prepalatial period. A Case-Study of the Asterousia Region. In Schoep, I., P. Tomkins and J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow:273–289.

Schoep, I. 1999. The origins of writing and administration on Crete. OJA 18:265-76. Schoep, I. 2012. Bridging the divide between the 'Prepalatial' and the 'Protopalatial' periods? In I. Schoep, P.

Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds). Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow:403-28.

Schoep, I. 2018. The house tomb in context: Assessing mortuary behaviour in north-east Crete In Relaki, M. and Y. Papadatos (eds).. From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Archaeology: Studies in honour of Professor Keith Branigan. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12. Oxford: Oxbow:167-89.

Schoep, I. and C. Knappett. 2004. Dual emergence: evolving heterarchy, exploding hierarchy. In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds). The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:21-37.

Schoep, I. and P. Tomkins 2012. Back to the the beginning for the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.). Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow:1-31.

Schoep, I. and P. Tomkins. 2016. ‘Death Is Not the End’: Tracing the Manipulation of Bodies and Other Materials in the Early and Middle Minoan Cemetery at Sissi. In Dakouri-Hild, A. and M. Boyd (eds). Staging Death: Funerary Performance, Architecture and Landscape in the Aegean. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter:227-50.

Schoep, I., P. Tomkins and J. Driessen. (eds). 2012. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow.

Todaro, S. 2012. Craft Production and Social Practices at Prepalatial Phaistos: the Background to the First 'Palace'. In Schoep, I., P. Tomkins, and J. Driessen (eds). Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow:195–235.

Todaro, S. 2019. From scatters of pottery to communities? Issues of function, temporality and mobility in the construction of the settled landscape of the Prepalatial Mesara (South-central Creete): a view from Phaistos. Thiasos 8:3-21.

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Tomkins, P. 2012. Behind the horizon: reconsidering the genesis and function of the ‘first palace’ at Knossos (Final Neolithic IV-Middle Minoan IB). In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.). Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow:32-80.

Tomkins, P. 2014. Tracing Complexity in 'the Missing Millennium': An Overview of Recent Research into the Final Neolithic Period on Crete. In Horejs, B. and M. Mehofer (eds). Western Anatolia before Troy: Proto-Urbanisation in the 4th Millennium BC? Oriental and European Archaeology 1. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press:345-64.

Tomkins. P. and I. Schoep. Early Bronze Age: Crete. In E. Cline (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:66-82.

Triantaphyllou, S. 2018. Managing with death in Prepalatial Crete: The evidence of the human remains. In Relaki, M. and Y. Papadatos (eds). From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Archaeology: Studies in honour of Professor Keith Branigan. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12. Oxford: Oxbow:141-66.

Tsipopoulou, M. 2017. Documenting sociopolitical changes in Pre- and Proto-palatial Petras: The house tomb cemetery. In Tsipopoulou, M. (ed.). Petras, Siteia: The Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery in context. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 21. Aarhus: The Danish Institute at Athens:57-101.

Vavouranakis, G. 2017. Funerary ritual and social structure in the Old Palace period: A multifarious liaison. In Tsipopoulou, M. (ed.). Petras, Siteia: The Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery in context. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 21, Aarhus: The Danish Institute at Athens:385-98.

Vavouranakis, G. and C. Bourbou. 2015. Breaking Up the Past: Patterns of Fragmentation in Early and Middle Bronze Age Tholos Tomb Contexts in Crete. In Harrell, K. and J. Driessen (eds). Thravsma: Contextualising the Intentional Destruction of Objects in the Bronze Age Aegean and Cyprus. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain:167-96.

Watrous, L.V. 1993 Review of Aegean prehistory III: Crete from earliest prehistory through the Protopalatial period. AJA 98:695-753. Reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.). 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review. AJA Supplement 1.

Watrous, L.V. 1998. Egypt and Crete in the Early Middle Bronze Age: A Case of Trade and Cultural Diffusion. In E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds). The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Aegaeum 18. Liège:19-28.

Watrous, L.V. 2005. Cretan international relations during the Middle Minoan IA period and the chronology of Seager’s finds from the Mochlos tombs. In R. Laffineur and E. Greco (eds). 2005. Emporia. Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Aegaeum 25. Liège:107-16.

Watrous, L.V., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. 2004. The Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of complexity in the Mesara region of Crete. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology: chs 8 and 9.

Watrous, V., D. Haggis, K. Nowicki, N. Vogeikoff-Brogan and M. Schultz. 2012. An Archaeological Survey of the Gournia Landscape: A Regional History of the Mirabello Bay, Crete, in Antiquity. Prehistory Monographs 37. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.

Wengrow, D. 2010. The voyages of Europa: ritual and trade in the eastern Mediterranean, circa 2300–1850 BC. In W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds). Archaic State Interaction: the Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Tucson.

Weiberg, E. 2017. Contrasting Histories in Early Bronze Age Aegean: Uniformity, Regionalism and the Resilience of Societies in the Northeast Peloponnese and Central Crete. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27:479-94.

Whitelaw, T.M. 1983. The settlement at Fournou Korifi, Myrtos and aspects of Early Minoan social organization. In O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds). Minoan Society. Bristol:323-45.

Whitelaw, T. 2012. The urbanisation of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation. In Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (eds). Back to the Beginning: reassessing social, economic and political complexity in the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. Oxford: Oxbow:114-76.

Whitelaw, T. 2014. Feasts of clay? Ceramics and feasting at Early Minoan Myrtos: Fournou Korifi. In Galanakis, Y., T. Wilkinson, and J. Bennet (eds). Αθύρματα: Critical Essays on the Archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean in Honour of E. Susan Sherratt. Oxford: Archaeopress:247-259.

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Whitelaw, T. 2015. The divergence of civilisation: Fournou Korifi and Pyrgos. In C. Macdonald, E. Hatzaki and S. Andreou (eds). The Great Islands: Studies of Crete and Cyprus presented to Gerald Cadogan. Athens: Kapon Editions:41-48.

Whitelaw, T., P.M. Day, E. Kiriatzi, V. Kilikoglou and D.E. Wilson. 1997. Ceramic Traditions at EM IIB Myrtos, Fournou Korifi. In R. Laffineur and P.P. Betancourt (eds). TEHNI: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 16. Liège:II.265-74.

Wiener, M. 2013. Contacts: Crete, Egypt, and the Near East circa 2000 B.C. In Aruz, J., S. Graff and Y. Rakic (eds). Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art:34-43.

Wilson, D. 2007. Early Prepalatial Crete. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: CUP:77-104.

To familiarise yourselves with the main sites you might also look at: Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. Seminar 5: 14 February Palatial Crete: society, economy, polity and ideology. Traditionally divided into two major phases, Protopalatial and Neopalatial, recent discoveries and re-assessments are starting to sketch a fair more dynamic and unstable development of Cretan societies, with polities of various scales and degrees of centralisation and integration across the island, and some areas probably outside state control. Our picture has long been dominated by evidence from early extensive excavations at late Neopalatial sites, now increasingly challenged by research at earlier and smaller communities. The Neopalatial period preserves the widest range of Minoan material culture, and witnessed a tremendous development of representational art in a wide range of media, which very much frames our interpretation of Minoan culture. Usually assessed aesthetically and interpreted within a framework of uncritical ethnocentric assumptions going back to Evans, we will review the major types of sites and categories of material evidence available, and consider how we can use different categories of evidence such as images and the archaeological remains of elite and cult contexts to understand identity construction, performance and ritual behaviour, and their role in the negotiation and exercise of social and political power in palatial Crete. Essential Cherry, J. 1986 Polities and palaces: some problems in Minoan state formation. In C. Renfrew and J. Cherry

(eds). Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change. Cambridge: CUP:19-45. [INST ARCH BD REN] Knappett, C. 1999. Assessing a polity in Protopalatial Crete: the Malia-Lasithi state. AJA 103:615-39. [IoA

Pers; On-line] Adams, E. 2004. Power relations in Minoan palatial towns: an analysis of Neopalatial Knossos and Malia.

JMA 17:191-222. [IoA Pers; On-line] Schoep, I. 2010. The Minoan 'Palace-Temple' Reconsidered: A Critical Assessment of the Spatial

Concentration of Political, Religious and Economic Power in Bronze Age Crete. JMA 23:219-43. [IoA Pers; On-line]

Whitelaw, T. 2018. Recognising polities in prehistoric Crete. In Relaki, M. and Y. Papadatos (eds). From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Archaeology: Studies in honour of Professor Keith Branigan. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12. Oxford: Oxbow:210-55. [INST ARCH DAG 14 BRA; On-line]

Recommended Adams, E. 2004. Power and ritual in Neopalatial Crete: a regional comparison. World Archaeology 36:26-42. Adams, E. 2006. Social strategies and spatial dynamics in Neopalatial Crete: an analysis of the north-central

area. AJA 110:1-36. Adams, E. 2007. Approaching monuments in the prehistoric built environment: new light on the Minoan

palaces. OJA 26:359-94.

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Adams, E. 2007. 'Time and Chance': Unraveling Temporality in North-Central Neopalatial Crete. AJA 111:391-421.

Adams, E. 2017. Cultural identity in Minoan Crete: social dynamics in the Neopalatial period. Cambridge: CUP.

Anastasiadou, M. 2016. Drawing the line. Seals, script and regionalism in Protopalatial Crete. AJA 120:159-93.

Bennet, J. 1990. Knossos in context: comparative perspectives on the Linear B administration of LM II-III Crete. AJA 94:193-211.

Bennet, J. 2008. Now You See It; Now You Don't! The Disappearance of the Linear A Script on Crete. In J. Baines, J. Bennet and S. Houston (eds). The Disappearance of Writing Systems. Perspectives on Literacy and Communication. London:1-29.

Bevan, A. 2007. Stone Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. Cambridge. Bevan, A. 2010. Political Geography and Palatial Crete. JMA 23:27-54. Bevan, A. and A. Wilson 2013. Models of settlement hierarchy based on partial evidence. J Archaeological

Science 40:2415-27. Branigan, K. 1987. The economic role of the first palaces. In R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds). The Function of

the Minoan Palaces. Quarto Series 35. Stockholm: Swedish Institute in Athens:245-9. Briault, C. 2007. Making mountains out of molehills in the Bronze Age Aegean: visibility, ritual kits and the

idea of a peak sanctuary. World Archaeology 39:122-41. Buell, M. 2014. The rise of a Minoan city and the (re)structuring of its hinterland: a view from Galatas. In A.

Creekmore III and K. Fisher (eds). Making Ancient Cities. Cambridge:257-91. Buell, M. and J. McEnroe. 2017. Community Building/Building Community at Gournia. In Letesson, Q. and C.

Knappett (eds). Minoan Architecture and Urbanism: New Perspectives on an Ancient Built Environment. Oxford: OUP:204-27.

Cadogan, G. 1976. Palaces of Minoan Crete. London. Cadogan, G. 1994. An Old Palace period Knossos state? In D. Evely, H. Hughes-Brock and N. Momigliano

(eds). Knossos: A Labyrinth of History. Papers Presented in Honour of Sinclair Hood:57-69. Cain, C. 2001. Dancing in the dark: deconstructing a narrative of epiphany on the Isopata ring. AJA 105:27-

49. Chalikias, K. and E. Oddo (eds). 2019. Exploring a terra incognita on Crete: recent research on Bronze Age

habitation in the southern Ierapetra Isthmus. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press. Cameron, M.A.S. 1987. The ‘palatial’ thematic system in the Knossos murals. Last notes on Knossos frescoes.

In R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds). The Function of the Minoan Palaces. (Quarto Series 35) Stockholm: Swedish Institute in Athens:320-8.

Chapin, A. 2009. Constructions of male youth and gender in Aegean art: the evidence from Late Bronze Age Crete and Thera. In K. Kopaka (ed.). Fylo: Engendering Prehistoric 'Stratigraphies' in the Aegean and the Mediterranean. (Aegaeum 30.). Liège:175-82.

Davis, E.N. 1987. The Knossos miniature frescoes and the function of the central courts. In R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds). The Function of the Minoan Palaces. Quarto Series 35. Stockholm: Swedish Institute in Athens:157-61.

Christakis, K. 2008. The politics of storage: storage and sociopolitical complexity in Neopalatial Crete. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.

Christakis, K. 2011. Redistribution and political economies in Bronze Age Crete. AJA 115:197-205. Christakis, K. 2012. Petras, Siteia: political, economic and ideological trajectories of a polity. In M.

Tsipopoulou (ed.). Petras, Siteia - 25 years of excavations and studies. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 16. Athens: The Danish Institute at Athens:205-19.

Christakis, K. 2014. Communal storage in Bronze Age Crete: re-assessing testimonies. Kretika Chronika 2014:201-18.

Christakis, K, Mavraki-Balanou, M. and Kastanakis, A. 2015. Economic and political complexity in the Aposelemis valley. A preliminary assessment. In P. Karanastas, A. Tzigounaki and C. Tzigounaki (eds). Archaiologiko Ergo Kritis 3. Rethymnon, School of Philosophy, University of Crete:293-307.

Christakis, K. 2019. The Neglected ‘Fields’ of Proto-Urban Living: A View from Bronze Age Crete. In D. Garcia, R. Orgeolet, M. Pomadère and J. Zurbach (eds). Country in the City: Agricultural Functions of Protohistoric Urban Settlements (Aegean and Western Mediterranean). Oxford: Archaeopress:41-50.

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Davis, E.N. 1995. Art and politics in the Aegean: the missing ruler. In P. Rehak (ed.). The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean. Aegaeum 11. Liège:11-19.

Day, P., M. Relaki and E. Faber 2006. Pottery making and social reproduction in the Bronze Age Mesara. In M. Wiener et al. (ed.). Pottery and Society. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America:22-72.

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Seminar 6: 28 February Minoanisation and the southern Aegean. In addition to close trading connections, marked Cretan influence is seen, particularly during the Neopalatial period, on a range of technological and material culture traits in southern Aegean island and coastal southern mainland Greek and Anatolian communities. This process of ‘minoanisation’ has been variously explained through the acculturation of local societies or as indicative of Cretan colonies or rule, perhaps even the ‘thalassocracy’ – political domination from Crete - mentioned in later Greek traditions. In addition to the long-explored Cycladic examples, new evidence is emerging from the eastern Aegean as well as Kythera and the southern mainland. This seminar explores the diversity of the patterns and variety of explanatory models, including world system, post-colonial and network perspectives, that, along with recognition of the processes involved in technological transfers and identity construction, are increasingly looking at the transformations form the perspectives of the recipient communities. Essential Broodbank, C. 2004. Minoanisation. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 50:46-91. [Main:

CLASSICS Pers; On-line]. Wiener, M. 2013. Realities of power: the Minoan thalassocracy in historical perspective. In R. Koehl (ed.).

Amilla : the quest for excellence : studies presented to Guenter Kopcke in celebration of his 75th birthday. Philadelphia:149-73. [INST ARCH DAG 100 KOE; On-line]

Davis, J. and E. Gorogianni 2008. Potsherds from the edge: the construction of identities and the limits of Minoanized areas of the Aegean. In N. Brodie et al. (eds). Horizon. Cambridge:339-48. [INST ARCH DAG 10 BRO]

Knappett, C. 2018. From Network Connectivity to Human Mobility: Models for Minoanization. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 25.4:974-95. [IOA Pers; On-line]

Maran, J. 2011. Lost in translation: the Early Mycenaean culture as a phenomenon of glocalization. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds). Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford:282-94. [INST ARCH DA 150 WIL]

Recommended The islands and Western Anatolia: Abell, N. 2014. Migration, mobility and craftspeople in the Aegean Bronze Age: a case study from Ayia Irini

on the island of Kea. World Archaeology 46:551-568. Abell, N. and J. Hilditch. 2016. Adoption and Adaptation in Pottery Production Practices: Investigating

Cycladic Community Interactions through the Ceramic Record of the Second Millennium BC. In E. Gorogianni, P. Pavúk and L. Girella (eds). Beyond Thalassocracies: Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow:155-71.

Barber, R. 1987. The Cyclades in the Bronze Age. London. (Chapter 7.) Berg, I. 1999. The Southern Aegean System. Journal of World Systems Research 5: 475-84. Berg, I. 2007. Negotiating island identities: the active use of pottery in the Middle and Late Bronze Age

Cyclades. Berg, I. 2019. The Cycladic and Aegean Islands in prehistory. Abingdon: Routledge. Bevan, A. 2002. The rural landscape of Neopalatial Kythera: A GIS perspective. JMA 15:217-56. Branigan, K. 1981. Minoan colonialism. BSA 76:23-33.

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Broodbank, C. and E. Kiriatzi. 2007. The first 'Minoans' of Kythera re-visited: technology, demography, and landscape in the Prepalatial Aegean AJA 111:241-74.

Cutler, J. 2012. Ariadne's Thread: The Adoption of Cretan Weaving Technology in the Wider Southern Aegean in the Mid-Second Millennium BC. In M.-L. Nosch and R. Laffineur (eds). Kosmos: Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 33. Liege: 145–154.

Cutler, J. 2016. Fashioning Identity: Weaving Technology, Dress and Cultural Change in the Middle and Late Bronze Age Southern Aegean. In Gorogianni, E., P. Pavúk, and L. Girella (eds). Beyond Thalassocracies: Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow:172-85.

Davis, E.N. 1990. The Cycladic style of the Thera frescoes. In D. Hardy, C. Doumas, J. Sakellarakis and P. Warren (eds). Thera and the Aegean World III. Vol. 1: Archaeology. London:214-28.

Davis, J.L. 1984. Cultural innovation and the Minoan thalassocracy at Ayia Irini, Keos. In R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds). The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality. Stockholm:159-66.

Davis, J.L. 1992. Review of Aegean prehistory I: the islands of the Aegean. AJA 96:699-756. Reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.). 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review. AJA Supplement 1.

Davis, J.L. 2007. Minoan Crete and the Aegean islands. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:186-208.

Dietz, S. 1998. The Cyclades and the Mainland in the Shaft Grave Period - A Summary. Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens 2:9-36.

Doumas, C. 1983. Thera: Pompeii of the Ancient Aegean. London. Earle, J. 2016. Melos in the Middle: Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation at Late Bronze Age Phylakopi. In

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Georgakopoulou, M. 2016. Mobility and Early Bronze Age Southern Aegean Metal Production. In Kiriatzi, E. and C. Knappett (eds). Human Mobility and Technological Transfer in the Prehistoric Mediterranean. British School at Athens Studies in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: CUP:46-67.

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Girella, L. and P. Pavúk. 2014. Minoanisation, Acculturation, Hybridisation: The Evidence of the Minoan Presence in the North East Aegean between the Middle and Late Bronze Age. In N. Stampolidis, Ç. Maner, and K. Kopanias (eds). Nostoi: Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Archaeology 58, Istanbul: Koç University Press:387-420.

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Gorogianni, E., J. Cutler, and R. Fitzsimons. 2014. Something Old, Something New: Non-local Brides as Catalysts for Cultural Exchange at Ayia Irini, Kea? In N. Stampolidis, M. Çiğdem and K. Kopanias (eds.). Nostoi: Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Archaeology 58, Istanbul: Koç University Press: 889-921.

Gorogianni, E., N. Abell, and J. Hilditch. 2016. Reconsidering Technological Transmission: The Introduction of the Potter's Wheel at Ayia Irini, Kea, Greece. AJA 120:195-220.

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Knapp, A.B. 1993. Thalassocracies in Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean trade: making and breaking a myth. World Archaeology 24(3):332-47.

Knapp, A.B. 1998. Mediterranean Bronze Age trade: distance, power and place. In E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds). The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Aegaeum 18. Liège:193-210.

Knappett, C. and J. Hilditch. 2015. Colonial Cups? The Minoan Plain Handleless Cup as Icon and Index. In Glatz, C. (ed.). Plain Pottery Traditions of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East: Production, Use, and Social Significance. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press:91-113.

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Seminar 7: 06 March The transformations of Cretan polities. Continuing to explore a more dynamic and synchronically variable picture of Cretan polities, the Protopalatial centres of Knossos, Phaistos and Mallia approximate to the ‘peer polity’ model of equal, politically independent yet culturally inter-related entities. After the Neopalatial period, in the LM II-III (‘Mycenaean’ phase) on the island, the Linear B tablets reveal that much of the island was controlled from one centre, Knossos. But what of the intervening Neopalatial period, archaeologically one of the most prominent phases on Crete? Here, opinions are strongly divided. We will consider alternative perspectives, involving analyses of settlement, architecture and material culture in its regional context, as well as the evidence for administrative practices. The eruption of the volcanic island of Thera (Santorini) in the mid 2nd millennium BC is linked to two debates in Aegean archaeology. One concerns the association between the eruption and the end of Neopalatial Crete (attested by widespread destructions at the end of LM IB). The other concerns Aegean absolute chronology, for radiocarbon dates and other scientific data attributed to the eruption have been used to argue that traditional chronologies were too late by ca. 100 years. This has important ramifications for rates of cultural change in the Aegean as well as correlations with the east Mediterranean and Europe. There is an increasing recognition that the widespread destructions on Crete at the end of the Neopalatial period, are not so easily attributed to a single ‘event’, as has been assumed for many decades, whether as eventual consequences of the Theran eruption, an island-wide earthquake(s), or an invasion from the

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Mycenaean mainland. The disruptions are beginning to be considered as the consequence of longer-term, emerging social conflicts in increasingly centralised and economically and socially differentiated states, though quite what these stresses were and how they caused the destructions, are just as hotly debated. Essential Wiener, M. 2007. Neopalatial Knossos: rule and role. In P. Betancourt, M. Nelson and H. Williams (eds).

Krinoi kai Limenes. Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw. Philadelphia:231-42. [INST ARCH DAE 100 BET; On-line]

Driessen, J. 2019. The Santorini eruption. An archaeological investigation of its distal impacts on Minoan Crete. Quaternary International 499:195-204. [On-line]

Christakis, K. 2008. Chapter 5. Storage and sociopolitical dynamics in LM I state societies. In The Politics of Storage: Storage and Sociopolitical Complexity in Neopalatial Crete. Prehistory Monographs 25. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:119-46. [INST ARCH DAG 14 CHR; On-line]

Wiener, M. 2015. The Mycenaean conquest of Minoan Crete. In Macdonald, C., E. Hatzaki and S. Andreou (eds). The Great Islands: Studies of Crete and Cyprus presented to Gerald Cadogan. Athens:131-42. [PDF will be supplied]

Driessen, J. and C. Langohr. 2007. Rallying ‘round a ‘Minoan’ past: the legitimation of power at Knossos during the Late Bronze Age. In M. Galaty and W. Parkinson (eds). Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II. Los Angeles:178-89. [IoA Issue Desk GAL 1]

Preston, L. 2008. Late Minoan II to IIIB Crete. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:310-26. [INST ARCH DAG 100 SHE; On-line]

Recommended Neopalatial Crete political structure. Bennet, J. 1990. Knossos in context: comparative perspectives on the Linear B administration of LM II-III

Crete. AJA 94:193-211. Bevan, A. 2010. Political Geography and Palatial Crete. JMA 23:27-54. Bevan, A. and A. Wilson 2013. Models of settlement hierarchy based on partial evidence. J Archaeological

Science 40:2415-27. Chalikias, K. 2013. Living on the margin: Chryssi island and the settlement patterns of the Ierapetra area

(Crete). BAR International Series 2549. Oxford: Archaeopress Christakis, K. 2008. The politics of storage: storage and sociopolitical complexity in Neopalatial Crete.

Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press. Christakis, K. 2011. Redistribution and political economies in Bronze Age Crete. AJA 115:197-205. Christakis, K. 2012. Petras, Siteia: political, economic and ideological trajectories of a polity. In M.

Tsipopoulou (ed.). Petras, Siteia - 25 years of excavations and studies. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 16. Athens: The Danish Institute at Athens:205-19.

Cutler, J. and T. Whitelaw. ‘Neopalatial and Mycenaean Knossos: urban expansion and collapse. In C. Mitsotaki, L. Tzedaki-Apostolaki and S. Giannadaki (eds). Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies. <https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/el/proceedings/category/39/35/808>

Day, P. and M. Relaki. 2002. Past Factions and Present Fictions: Palaces in the Study of Minoan Crete. In Driessen, J., I. Schoep, and R. Laffineur (eds). Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan Palaces. Aegaeum 23. Liège:217-34.

Driessen, J. 2001. Centre and Periphery: Some Observations on the Administration of the Kingdom of Knossos. In Voutsaki, S. and J. Killen (eds). Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States. Cambridge Philological Society Supplementary Volume 27. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society:96-112.

Driessen, J. 2001. History and Hierarchy. Preliminary Observations on the Settlement Pattern in Minoan Crete. In Branigan, K. (ed.). Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. London: Sheffield Academic Press:51-71.

Driessen, J. and C.F. MacDonald 2000. The eruption of the Santorini volcano and its effects on Minoan Crete. In W.J. McGuire, D.R. Griffiths, P.L. Hancock and I.S. Stewart (eds). The Archaeology of Geological Catastrophes. (Geological Society Special Publication 171), 81-93.

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Driessen, J. and I. Schoep. 1995. The Architect and the Scribe. Political Implications of Architectural and Administrative Changes on MM II-LM IIIA Crete. In Laffineur, R. and W.-D. Niemeier (eds). Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age, Vol II. Aegaeum 12. Liège:649-64.

Driessen, J, I. Schoep and R. Laffineur (eds). Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan Palaces. Aegaeum 23. Liège.

Goren, Y. and Panagiotopoulos, D. 2009. The 'Lords of the Rings': An Analytical Approach to the Riddle of the 'Knossian Replica Rings'. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 52:257-58.

Hägg, R. (ed.). 1997. The Function of the ‘Minoan villa’. Stockholm. Hallager, B.P. and E. Hallager 1995. The Knossian Bull - Political Propaganda in Neo-Palatial Crete?. In R.

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Hamilakis, Y. 2002. Too many chiefs? Factional competition in Neopalatial Crete. In J. Driessen, I. Schoep and R. Laffineur (eds). Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan Palaces. Aegaeum 23. Liège:179-99.

Knappett, C. and I. Schoep 2000. Continuity and change in Minoan palatial power. Antiquity 74:365-71. Müller-Celka, S., D. Puglisi and F. Bendali. 2014. Settlement pattern dynamics and natural resources in MM-

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Nowicki, K. 2018. Mobility of deities? The territorial and ideological expansion of Knossos during the Proto-Palatial period as evidenced by the peak sanctuaries distribution, development, and decline. In C. Mitsotaki, L. Tzedaki-Apostolaki and S. Giannadaki (eds). Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies. <https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/en/proceedings/ category/38/32/416>.

Orengo, H. and C. Knappett. 2018. Toward a Definition of Minoan Agropastoral Landscapes: Results of the Survey at Palaikastro (Crete). AJA 122:479-507.

Papadatos, Y. and K. Chalikias. 2019. Minoan Land-Use Patterns and Landscape Transformation in the Mountains of the Ierapetra Area: The Building at Gaidourophas. In Chalikias, K. and E. Oddo (eds). Exploring a Terra Incognita on Crete: Recent Research on Bronze Age Habitation in the Southern Ierapetra Isthmus. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:79-95.

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Rethemiotakis, G. and K. Christakis. 2013. The Middle Minoan III period at Galatas: pottery and historical implications. In Macdonald, C. and C. Knappett (eds). Intermezzo: intermediacy and regeneration in Middle Minoan III palatial Crete. Athens: British School at Athens:93-105.

Rethemiotakis, G. and K. Christakis2004. Cultural interaction between Knossos and Pediada: the evidence from the Middle Minoan IB pottery. In G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds). Knossos: Palace, City, State. BSA Studies 12. London: British School at Athens:169–75.

Schoep, I. 1999. Tablets and territories? Reconstructing Late Minoan IB political geography through undeciphered documents. AJA 103:201-21.

Schoep, I. 2001. Managing the hinterland: the rural concerns of urban administration. In K. Branigan (ed.). Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 4. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press:87-102.

Schoep, I. 2002. The administration of Neopalatial Crete: a critical assessment of the Linear A tablets and their role in the administrative process. Minos Supplement 17. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.

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Tsipopoulou, M. 1999. From Local Centre to Palace: the Role of Fortification in the Economic Transformation of the Siteia Bay Area, East Crete. In R. Laffineur (ed.). POLEMOS: Le contexte guerrier en Égée á l'âge du Bronze. Aegaeum 19. Liège:I.179-89.

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Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality. Stockholm: 205-15. Puglisi, D. 2013. The view from the day after. In J. Driessen (ed.). Destruction: archaeological, philological

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Soles, J., F. McCoy and R. Suka. 2017. Evidence for three earthquakes at Mochlos in the Neopalatial period, c. 1700-1430 BC. In S. Jusseret and M. Sintubin (eds). Minoan Earthquakes: Breaking the Myth through Interdisciplinarity. Leuven: University Press:307-26.

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Eruption. Aegaeum 17. Liège. Friedrich, W. 2009. Santorini: volcano, natural history, mythology. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Friedrich, W., B. Kromer, M. Friedrich, J. Heinemeier, T. Pfeiffer, and S. Talamo. 2014. The olive branch

chronology stands irrespective of tree-ring counting. Antiquity 88(339):274-276. Hardy, D. (ed.). 1990. Thera and the Aegean World III, Volume III: Chronology. Athens. Höflmayer, F. 2009. Aegean-Egyptian synchronisms and radiocarbon chronology. In D. Warburton (ed.).

Time's Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10. Athens: The Danish Institute at Athens:187-195.

Höflmayer, F. 2012. The date of the Minoan Santorini eruption: Quantifying the ‘offset’. Radiocarbon 54.3-4:435-448.

Kitchen, K. 2007. Egyptian and related chronologies - look, no science, no pots! In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds). The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:163-71.

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Manning, S. 2007. Clarifying the 'high.’ v. 'low' Aegean/Cypriot chronology for the mid second millennium BC: assessing the evidence, interpretive frameworks, and current state of the debate. In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds). The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:101-37.

Manning, S. 2010. Eruption of Thera/Santorini. In E. Cline (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:457-74.

Manning, S. and M. Bruce (eds). 2009. Tree-rings, kings, and Old World archaeology and environment: papers presented in honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm. Oxford.

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Manning, S. 2014. A Test of Time, and a Test of time revisited. Oxford: Oxbow. Manning, S., C. Ramsey, C. Kutschera, T. Higham, B. Kromer, P. Steier, and E. M. Wild. 2006. Chronology for

the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C. Science 312:565-569. Pearson, C., et al. 2018. Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption.

Science Advances 4.8 eaar8241 Warburton, D. (ed.). 2009. Time's Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini. Monographs of the Danish

Institute at Athens 10. Athens. Warren, P. 2006. The date of the Thera eruption in relation to Aegean-Egyptian interconnections and the

Egyptian historical chronology. In E. Czerny et al. (eds). Timelines. Studies in honour of Manfred Bietak, Vol. 2. Leuven:305-21.

Wiener, M. 2007. Times change: the current debate in Old World chronology. In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds). The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C. III, 25-47.

Wiener, M. 2009. The state of the debate about the date of the Theran eruption. In D. Warburton (ed.). Time’s Up. Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, 10. Athens:197-206.

Wiener, M. 2015. Dating the Theran Eruption: Archaeological Science Versus Nonsense Science. In Levy, T., T. Schneider and W. Propp (eds). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Cham: Springer:131-43.

Wiener, M. and J. Earle. 2014. Radiocarbon dating of the Theran eruption. Open Journal of Archaeometry 2.1:60-64

For anyone unfamiliar with basic dating techniques, C. Renfrew and P. Bahn’s textbook Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice has a good summary of key principles. Seminar 8: 13 March Development, social formations and dynamics in the Mycenaean Aegean. The palatial period on the Greek mainland provides rich evidence concerning the power strategies that created and held together the Mycenaean kingdoms. The shifts in emphasis in the material record, from individuals to institutions, with the establishment of the palaces, forms a background to considerations of ideology, power, warfare, monumental architecture and burial practices. The increasing integration of archaeological and textual data to understand Mycenaean economies is transforming our understanding, away from the classic Finley-Renfrew redistributive model, to a more exploitative, mobilising model, and so changing our view of the role and significance of the palaces and elites associsted with them. Key questions include the kinds of activities attested and the nature and scale of the economy that was controlled by the palace. Our model of the Mycenaean world is based on the archaeology and texts of the core polities of the se mainland. How did this core Mycenaean palatial world relate to other parts of the Aegean? This involves several different issues. One is the variable ‘mycenaeanisation’ of much of the coastal and island Aegean, and the nature of Final Palatial and Post-palatial Crete in the period of the Linear B archives. Another

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concerns changing relations with non-palatial societies in the north and west Aegean. Finally, there were differing degrees of interaction and cultural assimilation with Troy, Miletus and other west Anatolian communities, behind which lie distant links even further east, with the Hittite empire. Essential Mee, C. and W. Cavanagh 1984. Mycenaean tombs as evidence for social and political organisation, OJA

3:45-64. [On-line] Voutsaki, S. 2010. From the kinship economy to the palatial economy: the Argolid in the second millennium

BC. In D. Pullen (ed.). Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford:86-111. [IoA Issue Desk PUL 2; On-line]

Wright, J. 2006. The formation of the Mycenaean palace. In S. Deger-Jalkotzy and I. Lemos (eds). Ancient Greece: from the Mycenaean palaces to the Age of Homer. Edinburgh Leventis Studies 3. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press:7-52. [INST ARCH DAE 100 DEG]

Feuer, B. 2016. Mycenaeanisation in Thessaly: A Study in Differential Acculturation. In Gorogianni, E., P. Pavúk, and L. Girella (eds). Beyond Thalassocracies: Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow:186-201. [INST ARCH DAG 100 Qto GOR; On-line]

Shelmerdine, C. and J. Bennet. 2008. Economy and administration. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:289-309. [INST ARCH DAG 100 SHE; On-line]

Recommended The Mycenaean mainland core: Acheson, P.E. 1999. The role of force in the development of early Mycenaean polities. In R. Laffineur (ed.).

Polemos: le contexte guerrier en Egée à l’âge du bronze. Aegaeum 19. Liège:87-104. Bendall, L. 2004. Fit for a king? Hierarchy, exclusion, aspiration and desire in the social structure of

Mycenaean banqueting. In P. Halstead and J. Barrett (eds). Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5. Oxford:105-35.

Bennet, J. 1995. Space Through Time: Diachronic Perspectives on the Spatial Organization of the Pylian State. In R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds). Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 12. Liège:587-602.

Bennet, J. 1999. The Mycenaean Conceptualization of Space or Pylian Geography (...Yet Again!). In S. Deger-Jalkotzy, S. Hiller and O. Panagl (eds). Floreant Studia Mycenaea. Band I. Wien:131-57.

Bennet, J. 2007. Pylos: The Expansion of a Mycenaean Palatial Center. Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II. In Galaty, M. and W. Parkinson (eds). Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA Monograph 60. Los Angeles: University of California:29-39.

Bennet, J. 2007. Representations of Power in Mycenaean Pylos. Script, Orality, Iconography. In F. Geburtstag Lang, C. Reinholdt and J. Weilhartner (eds). Στέφανος Αριστείος. Archäologische Forschungen zwischen Nil und Istros: Festschrift für Stefan Hiller zum 65. Wien:11-22.

Bennet, J. 2011. The geography of the Mycenaean kingdoms. In Y. Duhoux and A. Morpurgo Davies (eds). A Companion to Linear B Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World, Vol. 2. Louvain-la-Neuve:137-168.

Bennet, J. 2017. Palaces and Their Regions: Geographical Analysis of Territorial Exploitation in Late Bronze Age Crete and Greece. In Carlier, P., F. Joannès, F. Rougemont, and J. Zurbach (eds). Palatial Economy in the Ancient Near East and in the Aegean: First Steps towards a Comprehensive Study and Analysis. Pasiphae 11:151-173.

Boyd, M. 2014. The Development of the Bronze Age Funerary Landscape of Nichoria. In Nakassis, D., J. Gulizio, and S. James (eds). KE-RA-ME-JA: Studies Presented to Cynthia W. Shelmerdine. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:191-208.

Boyd, M. 2014. The materiality of performance in Mycenaean funerary practices. World Archaeology 46.2:192-205.

Boyd, M. 2015. Explaining the mortuary sequence at Mycenae. In Schallin, A.-L. and I. Tournavitou (eds). Mycenaeans up to date: The archaeology of the north-eastern Peloponnese - current concepts and new directions. ActaAth 4°, 56. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen:433-47.

Boyd, M. 2016. Becoming Mycenaean? The Living, the Dead, and the Ancestors in the Transformation of Society in Second Millennium BC Southern Greece. In Renfrew, C., M. Boyd, and I. Morley (eds). Death

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Rituals, Social Order and the Archaeology of Immortality in the Ancient World: ‘Death Shall Have No Dominion’. Cambridge: CUP:200-20.

Boyd, M. 2016. Distributed Practice and Cultural Identities in the 'Mycenaean' Period. In Molloy, B. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and modes of interaction between prehistoric Aegean societies and their neighbors. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow:385-409.

Boyd, M. 2016. Fields of Action in Mycenaean Funerary Practices. In Dakouri-Hild, A. and M. Boyd (eds). Staging Death: Funerary Performance, Architecture and Landscape in the Aegean. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter:57-87.

Cavanagh, W. and C. Mee 1998. A Private Place: Death in Prehistoric Greece. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 125. Goteborg.

Cavanagh, W.G. 2008. Death and the Mycenaeans. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: CUP:327-41.

Cherry, J.F. and J.L. Davis 2001. ‘Under the sceptre of Agamemnon’; the view from the hinterlands of Mycenae. In K. Branigan (ed.). Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffield:141-59.

Davis, J.L. (ed.). 2008. Sandy Pylos: An Archaeological History from Nestor to Navarino. Davis, J.L. and J. Bennet 1999. Making Mycenaeans: warfare, territorial expansion, and representations of

the other in the Pylian kingdom. In R. Laffineur (ed.). Polemos: le contexte guerrier en Égée à l’age du bronze. Aegaeum 19. Liège:105-20.

Dickinson, O. 2016. Continuities and Discontinuities in Helladic Burial Customs During the Bronze Age. In Dakouri-Hild, A. and M. Boyd (eds). Staging Death: Funerary Performance, Architecture and Landscape in the Aegean. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter:317-33.

Fitzsimons, R. 2007. Architecture and Power in the Bronze Age Argolid. In J. Bretschneider, J. Driessen and K. van Lerberghe (eds). Power and Architecture: Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 156. Leuven:93-115.

Fitzsimons, R. 2011. Monumental Architecture and the Construction of the Mycenaean State. In N. Terrenato and D. Haggis (eds). State Formation in Italy and Greece: Questioning the Neoevolutionist Paradigm. Oxford:75-118.

Galanakis, Y. 2018. A survey of Late Bronze Age funerary archaeology over the last 25 years in the central and southern Aegean. Archaeological Reports 2018:85-101.

Harding, A. 1984. The Mycenaeans and Europe. New York:68-82 and 279-81. Kilian, K. 1988. The emergence of wanax ideology in the Mycenaean palaces. OJA 7: 291-302. Kramer-Hajos, M. 2016. Mycenaean Greece and the Aegean World: Palace and Province in the Late Bronze

Age. Cambridge: CUP. Maran, J. 2006. Mycenaean citadels as performative space. In J. Maran, C. Juwig, H. Schwengel and U.

Thaler (eds). Constructing Power: Architecture, Ideology and Social Practice. Konstruktion der Macht: Architektur, Ideologie und soziales Handeln, 2 ed. Geschichte Forschung und Wissenschaft 19. Münster: Lit Verlag:75-88.

Maran, J. 2011. Lost in translation: the Early Mycenaean culture as a phenomenon of glocalization. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds). Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford:282-94.

Maran, J. 2015. Tiryns and the Argolid in Mycenaean times: New clues and interpretations. In Schallin, A.-L. and I. Tournavitou (eds). Mycenaeans up to date: The archaeology of the north-eastern Peloponnese - current concepts and new directions. ActaAth 4°, 56. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen:277-93.

Maran, J. and E. Stavrianopoulou. 2007. Πότνιος Ἀνήρ - Reflections on the Ideology of Mycenaean Kingship. In Alram-Stern, E. and G. Nightingale (eds). Keimelion: The Formation of Elites and Elitist Lifestyles from Mycenaean Palatial Times to the Homeric Period. Veröffentlichungen der Mykenischen Kommission 27. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch-Historische Klasse Denkschriften 350. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften:285-98.

Nakassis, D. 2012. Prestige and Interest: Feasting and the King at Mycenaean Pylos. Hesperia 81:1-30. Nelson, M. C. 2007. Pylos, block masonry and monumental architecture in the Late Bronze Age

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Palaima, T. 2016. The Ideology of the Ruler in Mycenaean Prehistory: Twenty Years after the Missing Ruler. In Koehl, R. (ed.). Studies in Aegean Art and Culture: A New York Aegean Bronze Age Colloquium in Memory of Ellen N. Davis. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:133-58.

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Bennet, J. 1985. The structure of the Linear B administration at Knossos. AJA 89:231-49. Bennet, J. 1995. Space Through Time: Diachronic Perspectives on the Spatial Organization of the Pylian

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Seminar 9: 20 March The Aegean and the wider Mediterranean: changing relationships. Mycenaean interaction continues earlier Minoan traditions but also develops in dramatic new ways, in terms of new regions, types of exchange systems, the materials exchanged, and the volume of material traded. The development of Cyprus as an urban society reconfigured eastern Mediterranean metal supply mechanisms and trading patterns, and its changing entrepreneurial role had significant effects on Mycenaean trade. For the first time, shpiwrecks also provide direct evidence for the mechanisms of transfer. Essential Sherratt, A. and S. Sherratt. 1998. Small Worlds: Interaction and Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean. In E.

Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds). The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Aegaeum 18. Liège: 329-43. [IOA Issue Desk CLI]

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Schon, R. 2009. Think Locally, Act Globally: Mycenaean Elites and the Late Bronze Age World-System. In W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds). Archaic State Interaction: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe:213-36. [IoA Issue Desk PAR 10; INST ARCH DAG 100 PAR]

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Recommended Barber, E. 1991. Prehistoric Textiles (especially Chapter 15). Bell, C. 2005. Wheels within wheels? A view of Mycenaean trade from the Levantine emporia. In R.

Laffineur and E. Greco (eds). Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Aegaeum 25. Liege:363-9.

Bell, C. 2009. Continuity and change: the divergent destinies of Late Bronze Age ports in Syria and Lebanon across the LBA/Iron Age transition. In C. Bachhuber and R.G. Roberts (eds). Forces of Transformation. The end of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean. Oxford:30-8.

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Gesamtakademie 81. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 35. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften:43-74.

Yasur-Landau, A. 2010. The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge. Yoffee, N. and G.L. Cowgill (eds). 1988. The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tucson. Homer and traditions: Bennet, J. 1997. Homer and the Bronze Age. In I. Morris and B. Powell (eds). A New Companion to Homer.

Leiden: Brill:511-34. Bennet, J. 2014. Linear B and Homer. In Duhoux, Y. and A. Morpurgo Davies (eds). A Companion to Linear B:

Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World. Volume 3. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 133. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters:187-233.

Carter, J.B. and S.M. Morris (eds). 1995. The Ages of Homer. Austin. Cline, E. 2013. The Trojan War: a very short introduction. Oxford: OUP. Dickinson, O. 2008. Was There Really a Trojan War? In Gallou, C., M. Georgiadis and G. Muskett (eds).

Dioskouroi. Studies presented to W. G. Cavanagh and C. B. Mee on the anniversary of their 30-year joint contribution to Aegean Archaeology. BAR-IS 1889. Oxford: Archaeopress:189-97.

Dickinson, O. 2017. The Will to Believe: Why Homer Cannot be ‘True’ in any Meaningful Sense. In Sherratt, S. and J. Bennet (eds). Archaeology and Homeric Epic. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 11. Oxford: Oxbow:10-19.

Finley, M. 1962. The World of Odysseus. London: Chatto and Windus. Foxhall, L. and J. Davies (eds). 1984. The Trojan war: Its Historicity and Context. Bristol. Lorimer, H. 1950. Homer and the Monuments. London. Manning, S. 1992. Archaeology and the world of Homer: introduction to a past and present discipline. In C.

Emlyn-Jones, L. Hardwick and J. Purkis (eds). Homer: Readings and Images. London: Duckworth:117-42. Mellink, M.J. (ed.). 1986. Troy and the Trojan War. Bryn Mawr. Morris, I. 1986. The use and abuse of Homer. Classical Antiquity 5: 81-138. Morris, S. and R. Laffineur (eds). 2007. Epos: Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age Archaeology.

Aegaeum 28. Liège Raaflaub, K. 2006. Historical approaches to Homer. In S. Deger-Jalkotzy and I. Lemos (eds). Ancient Greece:

from the Mycenaean palaces to the Age of Homer. Edinburgh Leventis Studies 3. Edinburgh:449-62. Shear, I.M. 2004. Kingship in the Mycenaean world and its reflection in the oral tradition. Philadelphia. Sherratt, S. 1990. ‘Reading the texts’: archaeology and the Homeric question, Antiquity 64:807-24. Sherratt, S. 2010. The Trojan war: history or bricolage? BICS 53(2):1-18. Sherratt, S. 2011. Between Theory, Texts and Archaeology: Working with the Shadows. In Duistermaat, K.

and I. Regulski (eds). Intercultural Contacts in the Ancient Mediterranean. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 202. Leuven: Peeters:3–29.

Sherratt, S. 2017. Homeric Epic and Contexts of Bardic Creation. In Sherratt, S. and J. Bennet (eds). Archaeology and Homeric Epic. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 11. Oxford: Oxbow:35-52.

Sherratt, S. and J. Bennet (eds). 2017. Archaeology and Homeric Epic. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 11. Oxford: Oxbow.

Snodgrass, A. 2017. Homer, the Moving Target. In Sherratt, S. and J. Bennet (eds). Archaeology and Homeric Epic. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 11. Oxford: Oxbow:1-

West, M. 1988. The rise of the Greek epic. Journal of Hellenic Studies 108:151-72. Whitley, J. 2002. Objects with Attitude:Biographical Facts and Fallacies in the Studyof Late Bronze Age

and Early Iron Age Warrior Graves. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12:217-32. Wiener, M. 2007. Homer and History: Old Questions, New Evidence. In Morris, S. and R. Laffineur (eds).

Epos: Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age Archaeology. Aegaeum 28. Liège:3-33. 4. On-line and other resources Module administration Further important information relating to all modules at the Institute of Archaeology is to be found on the Institute website and in your degree handbook. It is your responsibility to read and if relevant act on it. On-line support

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The on-line Moodle site for this module (accessed as ARCL0135) will eventually have the module handbook and the Powerpoints used in the seminars. Please use normal e-mail, not via Moodle, for communication with the Module Co-ordinator. General resources The following information can help you to become familiar with the scope of the subject and some of the questions and sites that we shall be exploring, and help you explore more widely in the field. Aegean space, time, context and approaches The societies of the Aegean have deep roots in earlier developments, in the local Neolithic. They also developed within a wider network of societies around the eastern Mediterranean, interacting with societies in coastal western Turkey in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, and more distant East Mediterranean societies form the end of the Early Bronze Age, from ca. 2100 BC. The following readings can provide some background to these processes, define the geographical and temporal scope of the module, and clarify terminological and chronological issues. Sources and frameworks Shelmerdine, C. 2008. Background, sources and methods. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.). The Cambridge

Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 1-18. Dickinson, O. 1994. Chapter 1 Terminology and chronology: The Aegean Bronze Age. 1-22. Bennet, J. 2007. The Aegean Bronze Age. In W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds). The Cambridge

Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge:175-210. Galanakis, Y. 2013. The Aegean World: A Guide to the Cycladic, Minoan and Mycenaean Antiquities in the

Ashmolean Museum. Oxford and Athens: Ashmolean Museum and Kapon Editions. Chronology For anyone unfamiliar with dating techniques, C. Renfrew and P. Bahn’s textbook Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice has a good summary of key principles. Manning, S. 2010. Chronology and terminology. In E. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Aegean

Bronze Age (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford: OUP:11-28. Renfrew, C. 1973. Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. London. Warren, P. and V. Hankey 1989. Aegean Bronze Age Chronology. Bristol. Höflmayer, F. 2009. Aegean-Egyptian synchronisms and radiocarbon chronology. In D. Warburton (ed.).

Time's Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10, Athens: The Danish Institute at Athens:187-195.

Kitchen, K. 2007. Egyptian and related chronologies - look, no science, no pots! In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds). The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:163-71.

Manning, S. 2007. Clarifying the 'high', v. 'low' Aegean/Cypriot chronology for the mid second millennium BC: assessing the evidence, interpretive frameworks, and current state of the debate. In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds). The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:101-37.

Manning, S. 2014. A Test of Time, and a Test of time revisited. Oxford: Oxbow. Manning, S., Höflmayer, F., Moeller, N., Dee, M. W., Ramsey, C. B., Fleitmann, D., ... and Wild, E. M. 2014.

Dating the Thera (Santorini) eruption: archaeological and scientific evidence supporting a high chronology. Antiquity 88(342): 1164-79.

Warburton, D. (ed.). 2009. Time's Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10. Athens.

Warren, P. 2006. The date of the Thera eruption in relation to Aegean-Egyptian interconnections and the Egyptian historical chronology. In E. Czerny et al. (eds). Timelines. Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, Vol. 2. Leuven:305-21.

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Wiener, M. 2007. Times change: the current state of the debate in Old World chronology. In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds). The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:25-47.

Wiener, M. and J. Earle. 2014. Radiocarbon dating of the Theran eruption. Open Journal of Archaeometry 2.1:60-64

Some wider perspectives and contemporary developments Broodbank, C. 2008. The Mediterranean and its hinterland. In B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and R. Joyce (eds). The

Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, 677-722. Broodbank, C. 2014. Mediterranean Prehistory. In P. Horden and S. Kinoshita (eds). A Companion to

Mediterranean History. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell: 45-58. Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson. Knapp, A.B. and P. Van Dommelen (eds). 2014. The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age

Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP. Fokkens, H. and A. Harding (eds). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford: OUP. Harding, A. 2000. European Societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge: CUP. Liverani, M. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Abingdon: Routledge. Van de Mieroop, M. 2007 A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC. Oxford: Blackwell. Van de Mieroop, M. 2007. The Eastern Mediterranean in the Age of Ramesses II. Oxfrod: Blackwell. Byrce, T. 2005. The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: OUP. Byrce, T. 2002. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: OUP. Bryce, T. 2005. The Trojans and Their Neighbours. London: Routledge. Bryce, T. 2014. Ancient Syria: a three thousand year history. Oxford: OUP. Sherratt, A. 1993. What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between temperate Europe

and the Mediterranean in late prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1.2:1-58. Sherratt, A. 1995. Reviving the grand narrative: archaeology and long-term change. Journal of European

Archaeology 3: 1-32. Short surveys of the field Bennet, J. 2007. The Aegean Bronze Age. In W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds). The Cambridge

Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge:175-210. Tartaron, T. 2008. Aegean prehistory as world archaeology: recent trends in the archaeology of Bronze Age

Greece. Journal of Archaeological Research 16:83-161. Surveys of Aegean art, related material and sites Betancourt, P. 2007. Introduction to Aegean Art. Buchholz, H.-G. and V. Karageorghis 1973. Prehistoric Greece and Cyprus: An Archaeological Handbook. Doumas, C. 1992. The Wall Paintings of Thera. Higgins, R. 1997. Minoan and Mycenaean Art. Krzyszkowska, O. 2005. Aegean Seals: An Introduction. Marinatos, S. and M. Hirmer 1960. Crete and Mycenae. McEnroe, John C. 2010. Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age.

Austin: University of Texas Press. Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. Palyvou, C. 2018. Daidalos at work. A phenomenological approach to the study of Minoan architecture.

Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press. Poursat, Jean-Claude. 2008. L'art égéen,. Volume 1: Grèce, Cyclades, Crète jusqu'au milieu du IIe millénaire

av. J.-C. Les manuels d'art d'archéologie antiques Paris: Picard. Preziosi, D. and L.A. Hitchcock 1999. Aegean Art and Architecture. Shaw, J. 2015. Elite Minoan architecture: its development at Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia. Prehistory

Monographs 49. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press. Pottery handbooks Betancourt, P. 1985. The History of Minoan Pottery.

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Momigliano, N. (ed.). 2007. Knossos Pottery Handbook. Neolithic and Bronze Age (Minoan). Macdonald, C. and C. Knappett (eds). 2013. Intermezzo: intermediacy and regeneration in Middle Minoan III

palatial Crete. Athens: British School at Athens. Brogan, T. and E. Hallager (eds). 2011. LMIB pottery: relative chronology and regional differences. Athens:

Danish Institute at Athens. Hallager, E. and B. Hallager (eds). 1997. Late Minoan III pottery: chronology and terminology. Athens:

Danish Institute at Athens. Langohr, C. (ed.) 2017. How long is a century?: Late Minoan IIIB pottery: relative chronology and regional

differences. Aegis 12. Louvain-La-Neuve: Presses Universitaires de Louvain. Mountjoy, P.-A. 1993. Mycenaean Pottery: an introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for

Archaeology. Mountjoy, P.-A. 1999. Regional Mycenaean Decorated Pottery. Rahden: Marie Leidorf. Mountjoy, P.-A. 1986. Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: a guide to identification. Goteborg: Astroms Forlag.

The following UK museums have major holdings of prehistoric Aegean material: • British Museum: the Aegean gallery to the left of the main entrance, past the shop and coat check. • Ashmolean Museum, Oxford: excellent collections, based on Arthur Evans' personal collection, recently

re-displayed. • Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: more modest but useful if you are in the area. • In addition, there is a small collection of material held within the Institute, some on display in the Leventis

Gallery on the ground floor. Additional resources on the prehistoric Aegean The AJA published seven reviews of Aegean prehistory, region-by-region. These are excellent sources of information and have been brought together and importantly, each up-dated with an addendum. In T. Cullen (ed.). 2001 Aegean Prehistory: A Review. AJA Supplement 1. The original individual reviews are listed below, and can be accessed in the journal [STORES], or via e-journal. Davis, J. 1992. Review of Aegean Prehistory I: The islands of the Aegean. AJA 96:699-756. Rutter, J. 1993. Review of Aegean Prehistory II: The prepalatial Bronze Age of the southern and central

Greek mainland. AJA 97:745-97. Watrous, L.V. 1994. Review of Aegean Prehistory III: Crete from earliest prehistory through the

Protopalatial period. AJA 98:695-753. Runnels, C. 1995. Review of Aegean Prehistory IV: The Stone Age of Greece from the Palaeolithic to the

advent of the Neolithic. AJA 99:699-728. Andreou, S., M. Fotiadis and K. Kotsakis 1996. Review of Aegean Prehistory V: The Neolithic and Bronze Age

of Northern Greece. AJA 100:537-97. Shelmerdine, C.W. 1997. Review of Aegean Prehistory VI: The palatial Bronze Age of the southern and

central Greek mainland. AJA 101:537-85. Rehak, P. and J. Younger 1998. Review of Aegean Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial

Crete. AJA 102:91-173.

Overall bibliographies with thematic subdivisions Dickinson, O. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age. Feuer, B. 2004. Mycenaean Civilization: A Research Guide (Second edition.)

Nestor, produced by the Department of Classics at Cincinnati, is a monthly list of publications in Aegean prehistory and related areas. It is available as an extremely useful on-line searchable cumulative index (see below) for 1956-. The issues from 2009 can be down-loaded from: <http://classics.uc.edu/nestor/index.php/issues>.

Site gazetteers Hope Simpson, R. and O. Dickinson 1979. A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilisation in the Bronze Age: Volume 1,

The Mainland and Islands. DAG Qto STU 52.

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Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. Simantoni-Bourina, E and L. Mendoni 1999. Archaeological Atlas of the Aegean: From Prehistory to Late

Antiquity. Bibliographies for many sites may be chased through the now dated but still useful volumes produced by Noyes Press: Leekley, D. and Noyes, R. 1976. Archaeological Excavations in Southern Greece. Leekley, D. and Noyes, R. 1976. Archaeological Excavations in the Greek Islands. Leekley, D. and Efstratiou, N. 1976. Archaeological Excavations in Central and Northern Greece. Reports on recent archaeological work Archaeological Reports INST ARCH Pers and <http://uk.jstor.org/journals/05706084.html> and the ‘Chronique des Fouilles’ included in the Bulletin de correspondance héllenique summarise work in Greece each year. Inst Arch Periodicals and, for BCH: <http://www.efa.gr/> follow links to CEFAEL and BCH; Archaeological Reports was published, until ca. 1955, as ‘Archaeology in Greece.’ in the Journal of Hellenic Studies Main CLASSICS Periodicals and <http://uk.jstor.org/journals/00754269.html>. Both institutions now jointly produce Archaeology in Greece Online: < http://chronique.efa.gr/?cat_id=27>. Series Several conference or monograph series focus on Aegean prehistory. The Swedish Institute at Athens organised thematic conferences, many on prehistoric themes, most edited by Robin Hägg and co-editors. These were superseded by the biennial conferences organised by Robert Laffineur and colleagues, and published in the series Aegaeum; other conferences and monographs are also published in this series. Pdfs of chapters from out of press volumes re available from the Aegeaeum web-site <http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/publications.html>. For two decades, an excellent series of thematic volumes have come out of an annual Round Table at Sheffield University. A series of conferences have been organised around the site of Akrotiri on Thera, and its interconnections with the rest of the Aegean. Finally, the Mycenaean Seminar of the University of London has run an annual series of lectures for 60 years; abstracts appear in the Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies <www>. In addition to the Aegaeum series, many Aegean prehistory volumes have been published as Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology (SIMA) or SIMA-Pocket Books, or over the last four decades by British Archaeological Reports (BAR). Monograph series have been established by various institutions and journals, such as the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP: most available via JSTOR from Explore entry, or <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/publisher/instappress>), the British School at Athens (Studies and Supplementary Volumes <http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/publisher/bsa>), the Archaeological Society of Athens, Hesperia (Supplements; via JSTOR), and Bulletin de correspondance héllenique (Supplements). Most are indexed and shelved in the Institute library individually as books. Electronic journals Most of the journals from which readings have been prioritised, are available in the library of the Institute. For most only the last 10-20 years are on the shelves; earlier volumes can be requested from store, on-line through UCL Explore. The location of holdings for each journal can be ascertained using Explore. Journals which have articles on the reading lists are generally available on-line, which you will have access to (sometimes excluding the last 2-5 years) if you locate them via the UCL library web-site and your UCL account. The most recent issues (not available on-line for some journals) are held physically in the library. Websites and other internet resources An increasing number of resources are available on the web, but should be used with caution; many are enthusiasts’ sites with holiday snaps, and some are worse; note that there is no vetting system on the web (unlike academic publications). You should be extremely cautious about relying on information from web-sites, and should not, normally, use them as citation sources for your essays. If you feel information from a website is essential and you cannot track it back to an original printed source, ask the Module Co-ordinator whether it is reputable, before relying on it it. Many current field projects maintain their own websites, which may provide more up-to-date information than has appeared in print. These can be found by

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Googling the site name (beware of alternative spellings, particularly transliterations of Greek names). Many museums are increasingly putting images and details of their holdings on the web - search for the specific museum’s web-site to see what is available. On-line course: Jeremy Rutter has introductory material by topic for his Dartmouth College undergraduate module available at: <https://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/>. Each lesson/topic has attached a useful bibliography and range of images. The Nestor website has a search facility <https://classics.uc.edu/nestor/nestor-search> which can be extremely useful for finding references for Aegean publications from 1956-2008; it is not comprehensive, but is strong for the English language literature, and can be searched by author, title words, journal, book title or year. It adds c. 800 publications per year. Recent issues can be down-loaded from: <https://classics.uc.edu/nestor/pages/issues>. Studies in Mycenaean Inscriptions and Dialect: A collection of resources on Aegean scripts: <https://sites.utexas.edu/scripts/> External seminars and lectures A wide range of lectures and seminars takes place in the Institute, or at venues nearby in Bloomsbury (e.g. Institute of Classical Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, British Museum). Approximately monthly within the academic teaching year, the Mycenaean Seminar takes place in the Institute of Classical Studies. These are held in Senate House South Block ground floor G22/26 at 3:30 unless otherwise stated. The schedule for the rest of this year is: 15 January (3:30 pm). Ute Günkel-Maschek (Heidelberg/Oxford). Small Step, Big Impact: A new interpretation of the Procession Fresco from Knossos. 12 February (3:30 pm). Brent Davis (Melbourne). Using Linguistic Methods to Investigate Undeciphered Aegean Scripts. 11 March (3:30 pm). Robert Koehl (New York). Recent Evidence for Interconnections between the Aegean and Tel Atchana (ancient Alalakh) from the Middle Bronze into the Iron Age. 20 May (5:00 pm). Raphaël Orgeolet (Marseilles). Layers of memory. 2009-2019: Ten years of excavations and research at Kirrha (Phocis, Greece). 5. Additional information Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington’s office (email j.medrington@ucl.ac.uk),. These guidelines will also be available on Moodle under Student Administration. Tutor The Module Co-ordinator is Todd Whitelaw (room 207; 020 7679 7534; t.whitelaw@ucl.ac.uk; e-mail for appointment). He prefers to be contacted by e-mail, NOT by telephone except in emergencies (he is part-time and is in and out of his office, and e-mail provides a written reminder). Please use normal e-mail, not via Moodle, for communication with the Module Co-ordinator. Libraries In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are the UCL Main Library (specifically in Ancient History, Classics or Philology) and the DMS Watson Science Library. It is also worth obtaining access to the library of the Institute of Classical Studies (ICS) in Senate House in Malet Street, a 5-minute walk away. Collect a registration form from the

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ICS Library’s front desk and bring it to the Module Co-ordinator for signing, by which he vouches for the reader’s good conduct. Feedback In trying to make this degree as effective as possible, we welcome feedback during the course of the year. Students will be asked to fill-in Progress Forms at the end of each term, which the Degree Co-ordinator will discuss with them. These forms include space for comment on each of their modules. At the end of each module all students are asked to give their views on the module in an anonymous questionnaire, which will be distributed at one of the last sessions of the module. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Module Co-ordinator to develop the module. The summarised responses are considered by the Module Co-ordinator, Degree Co-ordinator, the Institute’s Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee. If students are concerned about any aspect of a specific module, we hope they will feel able to talk to the relevant Module Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate or have more general concerns, they should consult their Degree Co-ordinator, the MA Degree Co-ordinator (Kevin Macdonald or Sirio Cannos Donnay) or the Graduate Tutor (Ulrike Sommer). They may also consult the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), the Chair of Teaching Committee (Bill Sillar), or the Director (Sue Hamilton).

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APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2019-20 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY) This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to modules. It is not a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/module/view For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic Manual: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/

GENERAL MATTERS ATTENDANCE: A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. Students are normally required to attend at least 70% of classes. DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.

COURSEWORK LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission will be penalized in accordance with current UCL regulations, unless formal permission for late submission has been granted. The UCL penalties are as follows:

The marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date and time will incur a 10 percentage point deduction in marks (but no lower than the pass mark).

The marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five working days after the published date and time will receive no more than the pass mark (40% for UG modules, 50% for PGT modules).

Work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but before the second week of the third term will receive a mark of zero but will be considered complete.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Please note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. You are reminded that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing (SSW) to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked coursework within one month of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Module Co-ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted.

CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism

RESOURCES MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the module on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please contact Charlotte Frearson (c.frearson@ucl.ac.uk)