University College London Institute of Archaeology

BA/ BSc option 2019-20

Plants and Archaeology ARCL0019: 0.5 unit

Term II

Coordinators: Professor Dorian Q Fuller

Prof. Fuller Office: 311, Phone 7679 [2] 4771

Email: d.fuller@ucl.ac.uk

Office hours: Wednesday 2pm-4pm Lab practical surgery day: Fridays.

Otherwise operating an open door, “fair game” if seen policy

Class Meetings Mondays 2pm-4pm

Class Room B13 Main Laboratory: 313

Select laboratory sessions in basement microscopy, B

Hulled barley Emmer wheat

This handbook contains the basic information about the content and administration of the course. Additional subject-specific reading lists and individual session hand-outs will be given out at appropriate points in the course. If students have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the course, they should consult the Course Co-ordinators. 1 OVERVIEW Short description. This course will introduce students to the study of archaeobotanical remains, in terms of both thematic issues and interpretation and practical work in the laboratory, including experience with setting samples for seeds. The course will covers themes relating to agricultural systems, plant domestication, hunter-gatherer plant use, food and cooking, and long-term patterns in landuse and human impact on the environment. Students will also be introduced to a range of archaeobotanical datasets and their potential, including wood charcoal, tuber parenchyma and phytoliths. Teaching Schedule: Week-by-week summary 13 January 1 Introduction

What is archaeobotany? How are plants preserved? How does crop-processing structure typical

20 January 2 Crop-processing and social organization. An introductory over view of cereals and their identification. Part 2 [Room 313] lab introduction, example of cereals. Lab procedure for working on your own samples [for assessment 2]

27 January 3 Reconstructing Agricultural Systems. Part 1. Arable Ecology, Weed Seeds, Intensification vs extensification; Part 2. Annual vs perennial systems, the domestication of tree fruits. Part 3. Short practical introduction to tree fruits.

3 February 4 Hunter-gatherer archaeobotany. Part 2. Quantification and interpretation in archaeobotany, with special reference to the Lab Project. Guest lecture: Dr. Michele Wollstonecroft

10 February 5 Documenting crop domestication- with a focus on seed crops/cereals. Part 2, Lab session looking at wild and domesticated cereals

17 February - READING WEEK. No Class Meeting/ LAB UNAVAILABLE 24 February 6 Cooking and eating—food remains, palaeofaeces, and dietary isotopes 26 Feb. - Essay Due 2 March 7 Wood Charcoal in archaeobotany – Guest lecture and practical: Ayelen

Delgado Orellana 9 March 8 Tubers and Parenchyma in archaeobotany – Guest lecture and practical: –Jose

Julian Garay-Vasquez 16 March 9 Phytoliths in archaeobotany –lecture and practical 23 March 10 Macroscale archaeobotany – rates of change, patterns of agriculture and social

cultural complexity, long-term landuse and the anthropocene 26 March ** Lab Project Report Due

Basic texts Wilkinson, Keith & Chris Stevens (2008). Environmental archaeology : approaches, techniques & applications Stroud : Tempus: Rev. ed.: 2008 INST ARCH BB 6 WIL Marston, John M., Jade D'Alpoim Guedes, and Christina Warinner (eds.) (2014). Method and theory in paleoethnobotany . Boulder : University Press of Colorado. INST ARCH BB 5 MAR Pearsall, Deborah (2000) Paleoethnobotany : a handbook of procedures, 2nd edition. London: Academic Press Classmark:ISSUE DESK IOA PEA 6 :Archaeology Classmark:INST ARCH BB 5 PEA Or Pearsall, Deborah (2015) Paleoethnobotany : a handbook of procedures, 3rd edition. Left Coast Press. Classmark:INST ARCH BB 5 PEA :SLC Archaeology Classmark:ISSUE DESK IOA PEA 9 Methods of Assessment This module is assess by two pieces of work.

a) One assessed essay (70%) due 26 February. b) A laboratory assessed report based on basic sorting and quantification (30%).

due 26 March. Teaching Methods & Laboratory Work Course meetings will consist of 2-hour sessions, including a mixture of lecture, discussion and practical sessions. Students will be expected to carry out a lab project, involving microscopy. Microscopes and reference collections in Room 313 will be available for student use during normal weekdays 9-5, except when other classes are in session there (normally, 4-6pm Thursdays). The course instructor will be available outside of scheduled class periods, by arrangement, to provide additional practical supervision to students on an individual or small group basis, either in the lab (313) or the course instructor’s office (311). As indicated on the front page of this handbook, Friday or Tuesday afternoon are preferred time for lab work. At these times Dorian may be in the Lab and not his office. WORKLOAD There will be 20 hours of class time, including practical and discussion sessions, for this course. Students will be expected to undertake around 60 hours of reading for the course, plus 60 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work (including 20-30 hours of microscopy for the practical project). This adds up to a total workload of some 140 hours for the course. PREREQUISITES: none 2 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT Aim: This course aims to introduce students to the range of issues addressed through archaeobotanical data and the basic methods used in archaeobotany

Objectives On successful completion of this course students should:

Be able to recognise the different archaeobotanical datasets and explain how they are preserved.

Have an overview of the questions addressed through archaeobotany. Be familiar with examples of studies of hunter-gatherer archaeobotany. Be able to describe the basic differences between a wild and domesticated

cereal.

Be able to discuss lines of evidence for the construction of past diet and food processing.

Be able to discuss the reconstruction of past environments from archaeobotanical evidence.

Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the module students should be able to demonstrate/have developed use microscope to make detailedeobservations of plant macro-remains and micro-scopic features. They will have acquired some knowledge of approaches to quantification and making arguments from statistical patterns to data. Both of the above will be reflected especially in Assessment 2. In addition, the will develop critical reflection on how arguments are developed and presented based on quantitie datasets and assumptions of underlying processes for characterization social, economic or evolutionary processes. The latter will be especially developed in their essays (assessment 2). Coursework (if applicable) Assessment tasks

(1) Essay. Please select one of the following essay topics. This essay should be about 3500 words, i.e. 3,325-3,675 words. If it falls outside this length range it will be penalized in line with UCL policy. DUE 26 February 2020

1) How can archaeobotanical investigation of hunter-gatherer sites contribute to our understanding of ancient hunter-gatherer subsistence and scheduling? 2) What archaeobotanical criteria can be used to detect the beginnings of agriculture and how is this different from domestication? Discuss these and how they have been applied or ought to be applied in a region of the world of your choice (e.g. Southwest Asia, China, Mesoamerica, North America). 3) How can archaeobotanical evidence be used to reconstruct aspects of agricultural practice (tillage, manuring, irrigation, storage), and what contribution does this make to our understanding of prehistoric societies? 4) How do archaeobotanical approaches based on preserved plant remains compare to the use of stable isotopes to reconstruct past diet?

(2) Practical Project. DUE 26 March 2020 The second assignment, a laboratory report of ca. 1500 words (1,425-1,575 words) based on a practical project. This word count does not include data tables or figures. Students will be given each 6 sub-samples of archaeobotanical flotation samples. With guidance provided in class, and supervision outside of class, students will be expected to sort their samples, separating seed/grain/chaff fragments from the background of wood charcoal fragments, and with assistance of Dr. Fuller identify plant remains recovered. Students will be expected to describe and quantify their results and suggest how these might be interpreted in terms of agriculture, wild plant use and/or crop-processing. The lab report should include the following general headings: introduction (introducing the site, and potential research questions to which the archaeobotanical evidence contributes), materials and methods (briefing describing the labwork and describing methods of counting & quantifying, with a few relevant references), results (presenting results and patterns in results, graphs and tables are useful here), discussion (a brief assessment of any potential conclusions). If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this

with the Module Co-ordinator. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment. Alternatively, teachers may arrange to discuss with the whole class how each assignment might be approached. Co-ordinators must make it clear in the module handbook what procedure they follow with regard to advice on assignments. The Module Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. OR The nature of the assignment and possible approaches to it will be discussed in class, in advance of the submission deadline. Word counts The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices. Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. In the 2019-20 session penalties for overlength work will be as follows:

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

Coursework submission procedures

All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically.

You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work)

All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.

Instructions are given below. Please note that the procedure has changed for 2019-20, and work is now submitted to Turnitin via Moodle. 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been

saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document, Please include the module code and your candidate number on every page as a header.

2.. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work. 3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1), 4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is

essential that the first word in the title is your examination

candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), Note that this changes each year.

5. Click “Upload”. 6 Click on “Submit” 7 You should receive a receipt – please save this. 8 If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on

ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline

KEEPING COPIES Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic) of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should return it to the marker within two weeks. COMMUNICATION If any changes need to be made to the course arrangements, these will normally be communicated by email. It is therefore essential that you consult your UCL e-mail account regularly. FEEDBACK In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the course in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course. If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able to talk to the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should consult their Personal Tutor, the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Karen Wright). LIBRARIES The library of the Institute of Archaeology will be the principal resource for assigned readings for this course. A number of reference books, useful for practical work, are available in the lab (313), and these can be consulted therein, but should not be removed from the laboratory. ON-LINE SOURCES The course coordinator has some web-pages with useful links and downloadable materials. This includes images on archaeobotanical field sampling, publications, which may be on the reading list or useful for essays, and practical handouts on identification. otanical sources: http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/archaeobotany.htm Most of Dorian’s publications can be downloaded from his profile on academia.edu https://ucl.academia.edu/DorianFuller Links to the above, can also be found in the ‘Flotation Gallery’: http://archaeobotany.googlepages.com/ Dorian’s blog: http://archaeobotanist.blogspot.co.uk/

Among other useful archaeobotanist sites with available publications, visit Mark Nesbitt & Delwen Samuel's "Ancient Grains" website: http://www.ancientgrains.org/index.html George Willcox’s website: http://g.willcox.pagesperso-orange.fr/ Naomi Miller’s website: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~nmiller0/ Simone Riehls’ publications: http://www.urgeschichte.uni-tuebingen.de/index.php?id=135&L=1 Or projects page: http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/simone.riehl/ Gary Crawford’s website: http://www.profgarycrawford.ca/ Elena Marinova: http://www.elenamarinova.net/index.html http://paleobot.org/ (an attempt to create a facebook of archaeological seeds) 3 SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

(1) 13 January Introduction. What is archaeobotany? How are plants preserved? How does crop-processing structure typical.

This session will provide a brief history of archaeobotany and its methodological development. It will highlight some of the themes that archaeobotany can address, and consider how plants are preserved archaeologically and how formation processes structure these remains. The concept of crop-processing, as a key structuring principle, for most typical archaeobotanical samples will be introduced.

Readings.

Jacomet, Stefanie. 2007. Use in Environmental Archaeology, in the section: Plant Macrofossil Methods and Studies (ed. by Hilary Birks). In: Elias, S. (Editor in Chief) Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford (Elsevier), 2007, Vol. 3, 2384-2412 [download from: http://ipna.unibas.ch/archbot/literaturseiteD.html ]

Fuller, D. Q. 2008. Archaeological Science in Field Training. In From Concepts of the Past to Practical Strategies: The Teaching of Archaeological Field Techniques (eds. P. J. Ucko, Ling Qing and Jane Hubert). London: Saffron Press. Pp. 183-205

[or download: www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/downloads.htm]

Fuller, D. Q. and Leilani Lucas (2014) Archaeobotany. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (Claire Smith, Ed.). Springer, New York. pp 305-310

Fuller, Dorian Q and Weber, Steven A. (2005). Formation Processes and Paleoethnobotanical Interpretation in South Asia. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology2(1): 91-114.

[also repreinted as Fuller, D. Q. and S. A. Weber (2007) Formation processes and palaeoethnobotanical interpretation in South Asia. In K. Paddayya, R. Jhaldiyal and S. G. Deo (eds.) Formation Processes and Indian Archaeology. Pune: Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. Pp. 255-266.]

(2) 20 January Crop-processing and social organization. An introductory over view of cereals and their identification, including a lab introduction, and procedure for working on your own samples

This session will provide an overview of the staple cereals crops, their recoverable plant parts (chaff, grains) and domestication traits. We will explore crop-processing in more detail, and consider the potential role of dung fuel in producing archaeobotanical remains. It will also provide an introduction to approaches to quantification in archaeobotany. It will involve some practical time in the Lab (313) with a chance to look at archaeobotanical cereals. Also, in this session students will be given their own archaeobotanical samples, which will provide the dataset for their practical report, and will be given guidance on how to begin analysing them. You will receive your lab report samples in this session [for assessment 2]. Readings: on cereals C. B. Heiser 1978/ 1981. Seed to Civilization. . Harvard University Press. Chapter 5

“Grasses: The Staff of Life”, pp. 61-110 [INST ARCH HA HEI and issue desk]

Fuller, D. Q. and Alison Weisskopf (2014) Barley: Origins and Development. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (Claire Smith, Ed.). Springer, New York. pp 763-766

Fuller, D. Q. (2014) Millets: Origins and Development. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (Claire Smith, Ed.). Springer, New York. pp 4945-4948

Fuller, D. Q. and Leilani Lucas (2014) Wheats: Origins and Development. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (Claire Smith, Ed.). Springer, New York. pp 7812-7817

On crop-processing Stevens, Chris J (2014) Intersite variation within archaeobotanical charred

assemblages: a case study exploring the social organization of agricultural husbandry in Iron Age and Roman Britain. In. Marston, John, Jade D’Alpoim Guedes and Christina Warriner (eds) Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany. University of Colorado Press. [Chapter 12], pp. 235-256

Reddy, Seetha N. 1997. If the threshing floor could talk: integration of agriculture and

pastoralism during the Late Harappan in Gujarat, India, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16: 162-187

Van der Veen, M (2007) Formation processes of desiccated and carbonized plant remains – the identification of routine practice. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 968-990

on dung fuel Spengler, R. N. (2019). Dung burning in the archaeobotanical record of West Asia:

where are we now?. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 28(3), 215-227. Reddy, S. N. (1998). Fueling the hearths in India: the role of dung in

paleoethnobotanical interpretation. Paléorient, 61-70. on quantification Pearsall, D. M.2000 Paleoethnobotany, second edition. New York: Academic Press.

“Presenting and Interpreting Results”, pp. 188-227, or 1st edition, pp. 194-230. [INST ARCH BB 5 PEA; issue desk IOA PEA 6]

Further readings Zohary, D. and M. Hopf 2000. Domestication of Plants in the Old World, third edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [INST ARCH HA ZOH; Issue Desk IOA ZOH] Chap. 2 [new 4th edition is also fine]

(3) 27 January Reconstructing Agricultural Systems. Part 1. Arable Ecology, Weed Seeds, Intensification vs extensification; Part 2. Annual vs perennial systems, the domestication of tree fruits. Part 3. Short practical introduction to tree fruits.

Contrasts between different types of agricultural systems: Vegeculture, Seed Crop Agriculture, Perennials and Aboriculture. Aspects of the evolution of agricultural systems, including irrigation, tillage, intensification and diversification, will be addressed. Readings (Part 1) Sherratt, Andrew 1980. Water, soil and seasonality in early cereal cultivation, World

Archaeology 11(3): 313-329 [Teaching Collection 170] Bogaard, A. (2005). ‘Garden agriculture’and the nature of early farming in Europe

and the Near East. World Archaeology, 37(2), 177-196. Stevens, Chris J. and Fuller, D. Q. (2019) The fighting flora: an examination of the

origins and changing composition of the weed flora of the British Isles. In Far from the Hearth: Essays in Honour of Martin K. Jones (edited by E. Lightfoot, X. Liu, and D. Q. Fuller). Cambridge: McDonald Institute of Archaeology. Pp. 23-36

Bogaard, A., Hodgson, J., Nitsch, E., Jones, G., Styring, A., Diffey, C., ... & Tugay, O. (2016). Combining functional weed ecology and crop stable isotope ratios to identify cultivation intensity: a comparison of cereal production regimes in Haute Provence, France and Asturias, Spain. Vegetation history and archaeobotany, 25(1), 57-73.

Jacomet, S., Ebersbach, R., Akeret, Ö., Antolín, F., Baum, T., Bogaard, A., ... & Gross, E. (2016). On-site data cast doubts on the hypothesis of shifting cultivation in the late Neolithic (c. 4300–2400 cal. BC): Landscape management as an alternative paradigm. The Holocene, 26(11), 1858-1874.

(Part 2. Fruit Trees) Fuller, D. Q., & Stevens, C. J. (2019). Between domestication and civilization: the role of

agriculture and arboriculture in the emergence of the first urban societies. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 28(3), 263-282.

Fuller, D. Q. (2018). Long and attenuated: comparative trends in the domestication of tree fruits. Vegetation history and archaeobotany, 27(1), 165-176.

Dighton, A., Fairbairn, A., Bourke, S., Faith, J. T., & Habgood, P. (2017). Bronze Age olive domestication in the north Jordan valley: new morphological evidence for regional complexity in early arboricultural practice from Pella in Jordan. Vegetation history and archaeobotany, 26(4), 403-413.

Zheng, Y., Crawford, G. W., & Chen, X. (2014). Archaeological evidence for peach (Prunus persica) cultivation and domestication in China. PloS one, 9(9), e106595.

Fuller, Dorian Q, Cristina Castillo, Eleanor Kingwell-Banham, Ling Qin and Alison Weisskopf (2018) Charred pomelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia. In: Véronique Zech, Girolamo Fiorentino, Sylvie Coubray (eds) The History and Archaeology of the citrus fruit from the Far East to the Mediterranean: introductions, diversifications, uses. Naples: Centre Jean Bérard. Pp. 31-50. https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2173McRostie, V.B., Gayo, E.M., Santoro, C.M., De Pol-Holz, R., &Latorre, C. 2017 The pre-Columbian introduction and dispersal of Algarrobo (Prosopis, Section Algarobia) in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. PLOS ONE 12(7): e0181 759.

Further readings Halstead, P. 2014. Two Oxen Ahead. Pre-Mechanized Farming in the Mediterranean.

Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. Steensberg, A. (1993). Fire-clearance husbandry: traditional techniques throughout

the world. Poul Kristensen. Jones, Martin K. 1988. The Arable Field: A Botanical Battleground, in Archaeology

and the Flora of the British Isles - Human influence on the evolution of plant communities, (M. K. Jones ed.), pp. 86-92. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 14. Oxford. [INST ARCH DAD series BAD VOR 31]

Rosch M et al (2017) Late Neolithic Agriculture in Temperate Europe—A Long-Term Experimental Approach. Land 6(1): 11. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/6/1/11

Baum, T., Nendel, C., Jacomet, S., Colobran, M., & Ebersbach, R. (2016). “Slash and burn” or “weed and manure”? A modelling approach to explore hypotheses of late Neolithic crop cultivation in pre-alpine wetland sites. Vegetation history and archaeobotany, 25(6), 611-627.

Kingwell-Banham, E., & Fuller, D. Q. (2012). Shifting cultivators in South Asia: Expansion, marginalisation and specialisation over the long term. Quaternary International, 249, 84-95.

Scott J 2017. Against the grain: a deep history of the earliest states. Yale University Press, New Haven

Zohary, D. and M. Hopf 2000. Domestication of Plants in the Old World, third edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [INST ARCH HA ZOH; Issue Desk IOA ZOH] Chap. 6. Fruits Trees and Nuts [new 4th edition is also fine

Neves & Heckenberger 2019. The Call of the Wild: Rethinking Food Production in Ancient Amazonia. The Annual Review of Anthropology 48:371–https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218- 011057

(4) 3 February Hunter-gatherer archaeobotany. Part 2. Quantification and interpretation in archaeobotany, with special reference to the Lab Project. Session taught by Dr. Michele Wollstonecroft

In this session we examine the contributions of archaeobotany to studies of hunter-gatherers. We discuss several models that classify hunter-gatherer groups by their subsistence practices, including the difference between immediate and delayed returns, the role of storage, and the role of post-harvest processing. Some of the key questions to ask of archaeobotanical data as it relates to particular sites include whether or note site is occupoied year-round or in which seasons, and if seasonal, which part of the economic system does it represent. There are also models for the nature of foraging economies to consider, such as different model derived from optimal foratging theory such as patch-choice models and diet breadth models, and in the latter case it relationship to a notion of a “Broad Spectrum Revolution”. Readings: Lee, Richard B. 1968. What Hunters Do for a living, or , How to Make Out on Scarce

Resources, in Man the Hunter (R. B. Lee and I. de Vore eds.), pp. 30-48. Chicago: Aldine. [Teaching collection 97; INST ARCH HB LEE, with 1 copy at issue desk; cience library ANTHROPOLOGY E 62 LEE]

Weiss, E., W. Wetterstrom, D. Nadel, and O. Bar-Yosef. 2004. The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 101:9551-9555. [see also Weiss et al. 2012, on readings for Lecture 1]

Douglas Deur (2002) Plant Cultivation on the Northwest Coast: A Reconsideration. J. Cultural Geography, 19:2, 9-35, DOI: 10.1080/08873630209478287

Smith, Bruce 2011. General patterns of niche construction and the management of ‘wild’ plant and animal resources by small-scale pre-industrial societies.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366: 836-848 Wollstonecroft M. 2002."The Fruit of their labour: plants and plant processing at

EeRb 140 (860 ± 60 uncal to 160± 50 uncal B.P.) a late prehistoric hunter-gatherer-fisher site on the southern Interior Plateau, British Columbia, Canada". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 11, 61-70.

Wollstonecroft M, Ellis PR, Hillman GC, Fuller D.Q. 2008."Advancements in plant food processing in the Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic and implications for improved edibility and nutrient bioaccessibility: an experimental assessment of sea club-rush (Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17 (Suppl. 1), S19-S27.

Hosoya, L. A. (2011). Staple or famine food?: ethnographic and archaeological approaches to nut processing in East Asian prehistory. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 3(1), 7-17.

Further readings Hunter-Gatherer Archaeobotany (S. L. R. Mason and J. G. Hather eds.) London:

UCL Institute of Archaeology, 2002. Kelly, R.L. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways.

Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Chapter 3: foraging and subsistence (especially optimal foraging theory).

Kelly, R. L. 2013. The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum. Cambridge University Press

Keeley, L.H. 1999. Use of plant foods among hunter-gatherers: a cross-cultural survey. In Anderson, P.C.(Ed.), Prehistory of Agriculture: New Experimental and Ethnographic Approaches, pp 6–14. Monograph 40, University of California Press: Los Angeles.

Harris, D. R. 1984. Ethnohistorical evidence for the exploitation of wild grasses and forbes: Its scope and archaeological implications, in Plants and Ancient Man - Studies in Paleoethnobotany (W. Van Zist and W. A. Casparie eds.), pp. 63-69. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. [INST ARCH BB 5 VAN, with 1 copy at issue desk]

Savard, M., M. Nesbitt, M.K. Jones. 2006. The role of wild grasses in subsistence and sedentism: new evidence from the northern Fertile Crescent. World Archaeology 38(2): 179-196

Mason, S. and M. Nesbitt. 2009. “Acorns as food in southeast Turkey: implications for past subsistence in Southwest Asia,” in From foragers to farmers: papers in honour of Gordon C. Hillman. Edited by A.S. Fairbairn and E. Weiss, pp. 71-85. Oxford: Oxbow Books (5) 10 February Documenting crop domestication- with a focus on seed

crops/cereals. Part 2, Lab session looking at wild and domesticated cereals

In this session we examine general principles involved in the study of agricultural origins, and especially defining and documenting domestication in plants. As a starting point we will distinguish cultivation, domestication and agriculture, and then explore this through examples from the Near East and China. During the lab session we will look domesticated and wide examples of cereals and puses. Note that additional reading list below provide defining domestication of plants and animals, cultivation and pastoralism, and review some of the kinds of archaeological and other evidence that can be used to investigate them. A range of additional readings provide starting points for agricultural origins in different world regions (essay question #2) Readings Harris, David R. and D. Q. Fuller (2014) Agriculture: Definition and Overview. In

Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (Claire Smith, Ed.). Springer, New York. pp 104-113

Smith BD. 2006. Documenting domesticated plants in the archaeological record. In:

Documenting Domestication. New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms (eds M.A. Zeder, D.G. Bradley, E. Emshwiller and B.D. Smith). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 15–24.

Fuller DQ, Denham T, Arroyo-Kalin M, Lucas L, Stevens CJ, et al. 2014. Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant domestication revealed by an expanding archaeological record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Apr 29;111(17):6147-52.

Fuller DQ, Lucas L, Gonzalez Carretero L, Stevens C. 2018. From intermediate economies to agriculture: trends in wild food use, domestication and cultivation among early villages in Southwest Asia. Paléorient, 44, 61-76.

Fuller DQ, Allaby RG, Stevens C. 2010. Domestication as innovation: the entanglement of techniques, technology and chance in the domestication of cereal crops. World archaeology, 42(1), 13-28.

Kistler L, Maezumi SY, De Souza JG, Przelomska NA, Costa FM, et al. 2018. Multiproxy evidence highlights a complex evolutionary legacy of maize in South America. Science 362(6420): 1309-1313

Murphy, Charlene and Dorian Q Fuller (2017) Seed coat thinning during horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) domestication documented through synchrotron tomography of archaeological seeds. Scientific Reports 7: 5369. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-05244-w

Fuller DQ, Stevens CJ. 2017. Open for Competition: Domesticates, Parasitic Domesticoids and the Agricultural Niche. Archaeology International 20: 112-123

Further Readings [by region] Purugganan MD, Fuller DQ. 2009. The nature of selection during plant

domestication. Nature, 457(7231): 843-848. Larson G, Piperno DR, Allaby RG, Purugganan MD, Andersson L, et al. 2014.

Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(17), 6139-6146.

Near East Zohary, D., Hopf, M. and Weiss, E. 2012. Domestication of Plants in the Old World,

fourth edition. Oxford University Press. [Third edition, 2000, available INST ARCH HA ZOH]

Arranz-Otaegui A, Colledge S, Zapata L, Teira-Mayolini LC, Ibáñez JJ. 2016. Regional diversity on the timing for the initial appearance of cereal cultivation and domestication in southwest Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(49): 14001-14006.

Abbo S, Lev-Yadun S, Gopher A. 2011. Origin of Near Eastern plant domestication: homage to Claude Levi-Strauss and “La Pensée Sauvage”. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 58(2): 175-179.

Asouti, E., Fuller, D.Q., 2012. From foraging to farming in the southern Levant: the development of Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic plant management strategies. Vegetation History Archaeobotany 21 (2), 149-162.

Asouti, E., Fuller, D.Q., 2013. A contextual approach to the emergence of agriculture in Southwest Asia. Current Anthropology 54 (3), 299-345.

Asouti, E., Kabukcu, C., 2014. Holocene semi-arid oak woodlands in the Irano- Anatolian region of Southwest Asia: Natural or anthropogenic? Quaternary Science Reviews 90, 158-182.

Fuller DQ, Willcox G, Allaby RG. 2012. Early agricultural pathways: moving outside the ‘core area’hypothesis in Southwest Asia. J. Experimental Botany, 63(2), 617-633.

Lucas L, Colledge S, Simmons A, Fuller DQ. 2012. Crop introduction and accelerated island evolution: archaeobotanical evidence from ‘Ais Yiorkis and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Cyprus. Vegetation history and archaeobotany, 21(2), 117-129.

Maeda O, Lucas L, Silva F, Tanno KI., Fuller DQ. 2016. Narrowing the harvest: Increasing sickle investment and the rise of domesticated cereal agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. Quaternary Science Reviews, 145, 226-237.

Riehl, S., Zeidi, M., Conard, N.J., 2013. Emergence of agriculture in the foothills of the Zagros mountains of Iran. Science 341 (6141), 65-67.

Riehl, S., Asouti, E., Karakaya, D., Starkovich, B.M., Zeidi, M., Conard, N.J., 2015. Resilience at the transition to agriculture: the long-term landscape and resource development at the Aceramic Neolithic tell site of Chogha Golan (Iran). Biomed. Res. Int. 2015 (532481). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/532481.

Willcox G 2005. The distribution, natural habitats and availability of wild cereals in relation to their domestication in the Near East: multiple events, multiple centres. Vegetation History Archaeobotany 14: 534–541

Willcox, G., Fornite, S., Herveux, L., 2008. Early Holocene cultivation before domestication in northern Syria. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot 17 (3), 313e325.

Willcox, G., & Stordeur, D. (2012). Large-scale cereal processing before domestication during the tenth millennium cal BC in northern Syria. Antiquity, 86(331), 99-114.

South Asia Fuller DQ. 2011. Finding Plant Domestication in the Indian Subcontinent. Current

Anthropology 52(S4): S347-S362 Fuller DQ, Murphy C. 2018. The Origins and Early Dispersal of horsegram

(Macrotyloma uniflorum), a major crop of ancient India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65(1): 285-305

Fuller, D. Q. and Charlene Murphy (2018) Agricultural origins and frontiers in the Indian Subcontinent: a current synthesis. In Beyond Stones and More Stones, Volume 2. Domestication of the Indian Subcontinent (ed. Ravi Korisettar). Bangalore: The Mythic Society. Pp. 15-94

Boivin, N., D. Q. Fuller, Ravi Korisettar, Ayushi Nayak and Michael Petraglia (2018) The emergence of agriculture and pastoralism in the Northern Maidan region of South Deccan, South India. In Beyond Stones and More Stones, Volume 2. Domestication of the Indian Subcontinent (ed. Ravi Korisettar). Bangalore: The Mythic Society. Pp. 95-126

Fuller, D. Q. and Eleanor Kingwell-Banham (2018) Lost millets and overlooked pulses: advances in understanding early agricultural developments in South India. In Beyond Stones and More Stones, Volume 2. Domestication of the Indian Subcontinent (ed. Ravi Korisettar). Bangalore: The Mythic Society. Pp. 145-169

Fuller DQ, Murphy C, Kingwell-Banham E, Castillo CC, Naik S. 2019. Cajanus cajan origins and domestication: the South and Southeast Asian archaeobotanical evidence. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 66(6): 1175-1188

Murphy C, Fuller DQ. 2017b. The Agriculture of Early India. In: Shugart H (ed.) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.169

Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor and Dorian Q Fuller (2012) Shifting cultivators in South Asia: Expansion, marginalisation and specialisation over the Long-Term. Quaternary International 249: 84-95

Petrie, C. A., & Thomas, K. D. (2012). The topographic and environmental context of the earliest village sites in western South Asia. Antiquity, 86(334), 1055-1067.

Petrie, C. A., & Bates, J. (2017). ‘Multi-cropping’, Intercropping and Adaptation to Variable Environments in Indus South Asia. Journal of World Prehistory, 30(2), 81-130.

Pokharia, A. K. (2011). Palaeoethnobotany at Lahuradewa: a contribution to the 2nd millennium BC agriculture of the Ganga Plain, India. Current Science, 1569-1578.

Tewari, R., Srivastava, R. K., Singh, K. K., Saraswat, K. S., Singh, I. B., Chauhan, M. S., ... & Sharma, M. (2006). Second preliminary report of the excavations at Lahuradewa, District Sant Kabir Nagar, UP: 2002–2003–2004 & 2005–06. Pragdhara, 16, 35-68.

Africa Kahlheber S, Neumann K. 2007. The development of plant cultivation in semi-arid

West Africa. In: Denham TP, Iriarte J, Vrydaghs L (eds.), Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, One World Archaeology 51. Walnut Creek, Ca.: Left Coast Press. Pp. 320-346.

Fuller DQ and Lisa Hildebrand (2013) Domesticating Plants in Africa. In The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Edited by Peter Mitchell and Paul Lane. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 507-525

Garcea, E. A. (2004). An alternative way towards food production: the perspective from the Libyan Sahara. Journal of World Prehistory, 18(2), 107-154.

Manning K, Fuller DQ. 2014. Early Millet Farmers in the Lower Tilemsi Valley, Northeastern Mali, In: Stevens, Chris J., Sam Nixon, Mary Anne Murray, and Dorian Q Fuller (Eds.) The Archaeology of African Plant Use. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, Ca. Pp. 73-82

Champion L., Fuller D.Q. (2018) New Evidence on the Development of Millet and Rice Economies in the Niger River Basin: Archaeobotanical Results from Benin. In: Mercuri A., D'Andrea A., Fornaciari R., Höhn A. (eds) Plants and People in the African Past. Springer, Cham, pp. 529-54

Fuller DQ, Stevens CJ. 2018. Sorghum Domestication and Diversification: A Current Archaeobotanical Perspective. In: Mercuri A., D'Andrea A., Fornaciari R., Höhn A. (eds) Plants and People in the African Past. Springer, Cham, pp.427-452

Winchell F, Brass M, Manzo A, Beldados A, Perna V, et al. 2018. On the origins and dissemination of domesticated sorghum and pearl millet across Africa and into India: a view from the Butana Group of the Far Eastern Sahel. African Archaeological Review 35(4):483-505.

East Asia Liu L, Chen X. 2012. The archaeology of China: from the late Paleolithic to the early

Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bettinger, R. L., Barton, L., & Morgan, C. (2010). The origins of food production in

north China: A different kind of agricultural revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: 19(1), 9-21.

Crawford, G. W., & Lee, G. A. (2003). Agricultural origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity, 77(295), 87-95.

Deng, Zhenhua; Qin, Ling; Gao, Yu; Weisskopf, Alison R; Zhang, Chi; Fuller, Dorian Q (2015) From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700–500 BC) PLoS ONE (10) 10: e0139885

Fuller, Dorian Q & Qin, Ling (2009) Water management and labour in the origins and dispersal of Asian rice. World Archaeology 41(1): 88-111

Fuller DQ, Qin L. 2010. Declining oaks, increasing artistry, and cultivating rice: The environmental and social context of the emergence of farming in the Lower Yangtze Region. Environmental Archaeology, 15(2), 139-159.

Liu, Xinyi, H. Hunt and M. K. Jones (2009) River valleys and foothills: changing archaeological perceptions of North China's earliest farms. Antiquity 83 (no. 319): 82–95

Ma, Y., Yang, X., Huan, X., Wang, W., Ma, Z., Li, Z., ... & Lu, H. (2016). Rice bulliform phytoliths reveal the process of rice domestication in the Neolithic Lower Yangtze River region. Quaternary International, 426, 126-132.

Qin, Ling. & Fuller, Dorian Q. (2019) Why Rice Farmers Don’t Sail: Coastal Subsistence Traditions and Maritime Trends in Early China. In: Wu C., Rolett B.

(eds) Prehistoric Maritime Cultures and Seafaring in East Asia. The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation, vol 1. Springer, Singapore. Pp. 159-191 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9256-7_9

Silva F, Stevens CJ, Weisskopf A, Castillo C, Qin L, et al. 2015. Modelling the geographical origin of rice cultivation in Asia using the rice archaeological database. PLoS One, 10(9), e0137024.

Stevens CJ, Fuller DQ. 2017. The Spread of Agriculture in Eastern Asia: archaeological bases for hypothetical farmer/language dispersals. Language Dynamics and Change 7: 152-186

Zhao, Z. (2011). New archaeobotanic data for the study of the origins of agriculture in China. Current Anthropology, 52(S4), S295-S306.

Wang, C., Lu, H., Zhang, J., He, K., & Huan, X. (2016). Macro-process of past plant subsistence from the Upper Paleolithic to Middle Neolithic in China: A quantitative analysis of multi-archaeobotanical data. PloS one, 11(2), e0148136.

Yang, X., Wu, W., Perry, L., Ma, Z., Bar-Yosef, O., Cohen, D. J., ... & Ge, Q. (2018). Critical role of climate change in plant selection and millet domestication in North China. Scientific reports, 8(1), 7855.

New Guinea Barrau J. 1955. Subsistence Agriculture in Melanesia. Noumea: New Caledonia. Denham TP, Haberle SG, Lentfer C, et al. 2003. Origins of agriculture at Kuk Swamp

in the Highlands of New Guinea. Science 301: 189-193. Golson J, Denham TP, Hughes PJ, Swadling P, Muke J (eds.) 2017. Ten Thousand

Years of Cultivation at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Terra Australis 46. Canberra: ANU E Press

Denham TP. 2018. Tracing Early Agriculture in the Highlands of New Guinea: Plot, Mound and Ditch. Oxford: Routledge.

Yen DE. 1973. The origins of Oceanic agriculture. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 8: 68-85.

North America Gremillion, Kristen J. (2018) Food Production in Native North America. An

Archaeological Perspective. Society of American Archaeology Press (Washington, DC)

Smith, Bruce D. (1992) Rivers of change: essays on early agriculture in eastern North America. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press

Smith, B. D. and R. Yarnell (2009). Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 B.P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106 no. 16: 6561-6566

Mueller NG 2018. The earliest occurrence of a newly described domesticate in Eastern North America: Adena/Hopewell communities and agricultural innovation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 49: 39-50

Wagner, Gail 1994. Corn in the Eastern Woodlands Late Prehistory, in Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World (S. Johannesen and C. A. Hastorf eds.). San Francisco: Westview. pp. 335-346

Mesoamerica Benz, B. F. and Austin Long 2000. Prehistoric Maize Evolution in the Tehuacan

Valley, Current Anthropology 41(3): 459-464 Piperno & Pearsall 1998 Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotopics. Academic

Press, New York Smith, Bruce D. 2001. Documenting plant domestication: The consilience of

biological and archaeological approaches, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98(4): 1324-1326

Smalley, John and Michael Blake 2003. Sweet beginnings. Stalk sugar and the domestication of maize, Current Anthropology 44(5): 675-703

Piperno, Dolores, A. J. Ranere, I. Holst, J. Iriarte, R. Dickau (2009) Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA vol. 106 no. 13: 5019-5024

South America Pickersgill B. 2007. Domestication of plants in the Americas: insights from Mendelian

and Molecular genetics. Annals of Botany 100: 925-940 Pearsall, D.M. (2008) Plant Domestication. in Encyclopedia of Archaeology (D.M.

Pearsall, ed.). Springer, New York. pp 1822-1842 Arroyo-Kalin M. 2012. Slash-burn-churn: landscape history and crop cultivation in

pre-Columbian Amazonia. Quarternary International 249: 4-18. Bruno M. 2009. Practice and history in the transition to food production. Current

Anthropology 50: 703–706. Bruno, M. C. (2006). A morphological approach to documenting the domestication of

Chenopodium in the Andes. In: Documenting domestication: New genetic and archaeological paradigms (eds M.A. Zeder, D.G. Bradley, E. Emshwiller and B.D. Smith). University of California Press, Berkeley, 32-45.

Clement CR, de Cristo-Araújo M, d’Eeckenbrugge GC, Pereira AA, Picanço-Rodridgues D. 2010. Origins and domestication of Native American crops. Diversity 2: 72–106.

Denevan, Willian M. (2001) Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes. Oxford Univeristy Press.

Dillehay, Tom D., ed. (2011) From Forging to Farming in the Andes. New Perspectives on Food Production and Social Organization. Cambridge University Press.

Isendahl C. 2012. The domestication and early spread of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz): a brief synthesis. Latin American Antiquity 22: 452-468.

Kistler L, Maezumi SY, Gregorio de Souza J, et al. 2018. Multiproxy evidence highlights a complex evolutionary legacy of maize in South America. Science 362: 1309-1313.

Piperno DR, Pearsall DM. 1998. The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. San Diego: Academic Press.Gil, A. 2003. Zea mays on the South American periphery: chronology and dietary importance. Current Anthropology 44 (2): 295-300.

(6) 24 February Cooking and eating—food remains, palaeofaeces, and dietary isotopes

This sessions will explore more direct approach to getting at what people eat and why, hoe they prepare food and ingest. Meals are a routine but highly ritualize social milieau, and special meals, feasts, are often markers of annuals cycles, social identify and social relationships. In recent years new approaches to identifying the remains of cooked foods have developed, alongside other techniques of getting at diet through palaeofeaces, dietary stable isotopes. In addition, starch grain archaeobotany—although highly controversial—offers some potential contribution to this line of research. Readings Dietler, M. 2001. Theorizing the feast: rituals of consumption, commensal politics and

power in African contexts. Pp. 65-114 in Dietler, M. and Hayden, B. (eds.) Feasts. Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on food, politics, and power. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Press.

Haaland R. 2007. Porridge and Pot, Bread and Oven: Food ways and symbolism in African and the Near East from the Neolithic to the Present. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17:165-182.

Fuller, D.Q. and González Carretero, L., 2018. The archaeology of Neolithic cooking traditions: archaeobotanical approaches to baking, boiling and fermenting. Archaeology International 21: 109-121.

Arranz-Otaegui, A., Carretero, L. G., Ramsey, M. N., Fuller, D. Q., & Richter, T. (2018). Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(31), 7925-7930.

Lucquin A, Robson HK, Eley Y, Shoda S, Veltcheva D, et al 2018. The impact of environmental change on the use of early pottery by East Asian hunter-gatherers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Jul 31;115(31):7931-6.

Hillman, G. C. 1986. Plant foods in ancient diet: the archaeological role of palaeofaeces in general and Lindow Man's gut contents in particular, in Lindow Man: the body in the bog (I. M. Stead, J. B. Bourke and D. R. Borthwell eds.), pp. 99-115. London: British Museum Press [INST ARCH DAA 410 STE; issue desk IOA STE 1; Teaching collection]

Bryant, V. M., Jr. and G. Williams Dean 1975. The Coprolites of Man, Scientific American 232 (i): 100-109

White, Christine D. 1993. “Isotopic Determination of Seasonality in Diet and Death from Nubian Mummy Hair” in Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 657-666

Tylot, Robert H. (2014) Bone Chemistry and Ancient Diet. Springer Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_329

Further readings Hastorf, Christine (2017) The social archaeology of food. Cambridge University Press

[online access through library] Jones, Martin 2007. Feast. Why Humans Share Food. Oxford: Oxford University

Press Fuller, D Q and Rowlands, M 2011 Ingestion and food technologies: maintaining

differences over the long-term in West, South and East Asia. . In Bennet, J., Sherratt, S., Wilkinson, T. C. (Eds.). Interweaving Worlds - systematic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Essays from a conference in memory of Professor Andrew Sherratt ( pp.37-60). Oxford: Oxbow Books Ltd.

[see also updated version as Chapter 4 in: Feuchtwang, Stephan and Michael Rowlands 2019. Civilisation Recast. Theoretical and Historical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press]

Rubel, William 2011. Bread. A global history. London: Reaktion Books Heiss, A G 2015 Bread. In: Methany, K B and Beaudry, M C (eds.), Archaeology of

Food. An Encyclopedia, 70–75. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Goody, J. 1982. Cooking, Cuisine and Class. A Study in Comparative Sociology.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Jurafsky, Dan (2014) The Language of Food. A Linguist reads the menu. Norton

[Science Library GEOGRAPHY H 26 JUR ] Nabhan, Gary (2008) Arab/American: Landscape, Culture, and Cuisine in Two Great

Deserts. Univ. Arizona Press Carney, Judith and R. N. Rosomoff (2009) In the shadow of slavery: Africa's

botanical legacy in the Atlantic World. Univ. California Press [INST ARCH DED 4.5 CAR ]

Anderson, E. N. (2014) Food and environment in early medieval China. Univ Pennsylvania Press. [INST ARCH DBL AND ]

(7) 2 March Wood Charcoal in archaeobotany – Guest lecture and

practical. Session taught by Ayelen Delgado Orellana.

Wood is the most common category of charred plant remains recovered through flotation, although it is often left unstudied when research focuses on seeds and food plants. Nevertheless wood charcoal is an important line of archaeobotaical evidence, reflecting past vegetation and how human interacted with that vegetation through the selection of fuels. Over the course of the later Holocene demands for charcoal fuels for craft production, including metallurgy, also affected fuel choice and demands placed on woodlands. This session will introduce some of the basics of how wood anatomy is studied to allow identification of wood charcoal, but will also explore case studies of how wood charcoal contributes to reconstructing past environments and economies. Readings Asouti, E., and P. Austin (2005) Reconstructing woodland vegetation and its relation

to human societies, based on the analysis and interpretation of archaeological wood charcoal macro-remains. Environmental Archaeology 10: 1-18.

Marston, J. M. 2009. Modelling wood acquisition strategies from archaeological charcoal remains. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 2192-2200

Théry-Parisot, I., Chabal, L., & Chrzavzez, J. (2010). Anthracology and taphonomy, from wood gathering to charcoal analysis. A review of the taphonomic processes modifying charcoal assemblages, in archaeological contexts. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 291(1-2), 142-153.

Picornell Gelabert L, Asouti E., and Allué E.M. (2011) The ethnoarchaeology of firewood management in the Fang villages of Equatorial Guinea, central Africa: Implications for the interpretation of wood fuel remains from archaeological sites. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30: 375-384.

Kabukcu, C. (2018). Identification of woodland management practices and tree growth conditions in archaeological fuel waste remains: A case study from the site of Çatalhöyük in central Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary International, 463, 282-297.

Humphris, J., & Eichhorn, B. (2019). Fuel selection during long-term ancient iron production in Sudan. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 54(1), 33-54.

Caruso-Fermé, L. (2019). Methods of acquisition and use of firewood among hunter-gatherer groups in patagonia (argentina) during the holocene. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 28(4), 465-479.

Further Readings Théry-Parisot, I., & Henry, A. (2012). Seasoned or green? Radial cracks analysis as

a method for identifying the use of green wood as fuel in archaeological charcoal. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(2), 381-388.

Asouti, E. (2003). Wood charcoal from Santorini (Thera): new evidence for climate, vegetation and timber imports in the Aegean Bronze Age. Antiquity, 77(297), 471-484.

Ruiz-Alonso, M., & Zapata, L. (2015). Transformation and human use of forests in the Western Pyrenees during the Holocene based on archaeological wood charcoal. Quaternary international, 364, 86-93.

Bishop, R. R., Church, M. J., & Rowley-Conwy, P. A. (2015). Firewood, food and human niche construction: the potential role of Mesolithic hunter–gatherers in actively structuring Scotland's woodlands. Quaternary Science Reviews, 108, 51-75.

Miller, N. F., & Marston, J. M. (2012). Archaeological fuel remains as indicators of ancient west Asian agropastoral and land-use systems. Journal of Arid Environments, 86, 97-103.

Buffington, A., & McCorriston, J. (2019). Wood exploitation patterns and pastoralist–environment relationships: charcoal remains from Iron Age Ṡhakal, Dhufar, Sultanate of Oman. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 28(3), 283-294.

Allué, E., Solé, A., & Burguet-Coca, A. (2017). Fuel exploitation among Neanderthals based on the anthracological record from Abric Romaní (Capellades, NE Spain). Quaternary international, 431, 6-15.

Chrzazvez, J., I. Théry-Parisot, G. Fiorucci, J.-F. Terral, and B. Thibaut. 2014. Impact of PostDepositional Processes on Charcoal Fragmentation and Archaeobotanical Implications: Experimental Approach Combining Charcoal Analysis and Biomechanics. Journal of Archaeological Science 44: 30–42

McParland, L. C., Collinson, M. E., Scott, A. C., Campbell, G., & Veal, R. 2010. Is vitrification in charcoal a result of high temperature burning of wood? Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(10), 2679–2687

Vidal-Matutano, P., Henry, A., & Théry-Parisot, I. 2017. Dead wood gathering among Neanderthal groups: charcoal evidence from Abric del Pastor and El Salt (Eastern Iberia). Journal of Archaeological Science, 80, 109-12

(8) 9 March Tubers and Parenchyma in archaeobotany – Guest lecture

and practical. Session taught by Jose Julian Garay-Vasquez The session will provide an introduction to the utility of anatomical study of charred parenchyma tissues in order to identify otherwise 'invisible' plants, especially those reproduced through vegeculture for their edible roots and tubers. This session will consider how vegecultural systems of agriculture differ from those based on annual seed crops, and the methodological challenges of identifying these archaeologically, as well as exploring some of the basics of tuber classification and anatomy. Readings C. B. Heiser 1978/ 1981. Seed to Civilization. . Harvard University Press. Chapter 8

“The starchy staples”, pp. 134-158 [INST ARCH HA HEI and issue desk] Denham, Tim (2007) Early to Mid-Hlocene plant exploitation in New Guinea: towards

a contigent interpretation of agriculture. In: Denham T, Iriarte J, and Vrydaghs L (eds.) Rethinking Agriculture. Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. In pp. 78-108

Barton, H., & Denham, T. (2018). Vegecultures and the social–biological transformations of plants and people. Quaternary International, 489, 17-25.

Barton, H. and V. Paz (2007) Subterranean diets in the tropical rain forests of Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Denham T, Iriarte J, and Vrydaghs L (eds.) Rethinking Agriculture. Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. In pp. 50-77

Kubiak-Martens L. 2002, New evidence for the use of root foods in pre-agrarian subsistence recovered from the late Mesolithic site at Halsskov, Denmark, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 11:23-31.

Reitz, Elizabeth and Myra, Shackley 2012. Chapter 8 Wood, wood charcoal, stems, fibers, leaves, and roots. In: Reitz, Elizabeth and Myra, Shackley (eds.) Environmental Archaeology (Manuals in Archaeological Methods, Theory and Technique). In pp. 231-259

Denham, T., Barton, H., Castillo, C., Crowther, A., Dotte-Sarout, E., Florin, A., ... & Fuller, D. Q. (2020). The domestication syndrome in vegetatively-propagated field crops. Annals of Botany. [pre-print manuscript: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz212 ]

McKey D, Elias M, Pujol B, Duputié A. 2012. Ecological approaches to crop domestication. In: Gepts, P, Famula TR, Bettinger RL, Brush SB, Damania AB, McGuire PE, Qualset CO, eds., Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution and Sustainability. Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–406.

Recommended further reading on tubers Hather. Jon. 2000. Archaeoological Parenchyma. Archetype Press, London.

Especially Chaps. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7. This chapters are all quite short and heavily illustrated. [INST ARCH BB 51 Qto HAT ]

(9) 16 March Phytoliths in archaeobotany –lecture and practical

Phytoliths are the most widely preserved and studied plant micro-remains. This are mostly non=specific in a taxonomic sense, but indicatively of larger taxonomic groups and plant parts, but they can nevertheless be powerful took for tracking past ecologies, plant processing, and in the cases of some crops, tracking the presence of evolution of domesticates. A lab sessions will allo students to have look on reference and archaeological phytoliths. Readings Ryan, P. (2014). Phytolith studies in archaeology. Springer Encyclopedia of global

archaeology (ed. C. Smith). Springer. Pp. 5920-5931. Harvey, E. and Fuller, D. Q. 2005. Investigating crop processing through phytolith

analysis: the case of rice and millets. Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 739-752

Lancelotti, C. and M. Madella (2012) The ‘invisible’ product: developing markers for identifying dung in archaeological contexts. Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (4): 953–963

Weisskopf, A. (2017). A wet and dry story: distinguishing rice and millet arable systems using phytoliths. Vegetation history and archaeobotany, 26(1), 99-109.

Garnier, A., Neumann, K., Eichhorn, B., & Lespez, L. (2013). Phytolith taphonomy in the middle-to late-Holocene fluvial sediments of Ounjougou (Mali, West Africa). The Holocene, 23(3), 416-431.

Ryan, P. (2011). Plants as material culture in the Near Eastern Neolithic: Perspectives from the silica skeleton artifactual remains at Çatalhöyük. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 30(3), 292-305.

Ball, T., Chandler-Ezell, K., Dickau, R., Duncan, N., Hart, T. C., Iriarte, J., ... & Pearsall, D. M. (2016). Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world. Journal of Archaeological Science, 68, 32-45.

Further reading Piperno, D. R. (2006). Phytoliths: a comprehensive guide for archaeologists and paleoecologists. Rowman Altamira. Phytolith chapter in Pearsall’s Paleoethnobotany. A Handbook of Procedures. Academic Press.

(10) 23 March Macroscale archaeobotany – rates of change, patterns of agriculture and social cultural complexity, long-term landuse and the Anthropocene

This sessions will explore archaeobotany’s growing contribution to long-term, large-scale studies at continental or global scales and/or over long time scales. This includes contribution to growing literature on the “anthropocene” and large-scale considertions of the human impact on the planet over the long-term, often associated with “Niche Constrction” writ large, as well as studies on how agriculture transformed human societies, including the growth differential wealth and social complexity, explored in some recent studies through large datasets across time and calculations like the gini coefficient. Readings Boivin, Nicole L., Melinda A. Zeder, Dorian Q Fuller, Alison Crowther, Gregor Larson,

Jon M. Erlandson, Tim Denham, Michael D. Petraglia (2016) Ecological

consequences of human niche construction: examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (23): 6388–6396. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525200113

Ellis, Erle, Jed O. Kaplan, DQ Fuller, Steve Varvus, Kees Klein Goldewijk, and Peter H. Veerburg (2013). Used planet: a global history. PNAS 110 (20) 7978-7985 [ doi: 10.1073/pnas.1217241110 ]

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