Archival Analogue

ARCHIVAL ANALOGUE

GEOPHYSICAL LOGS – A NEW LIFE by

Marian Kielt

Geofizyka Torun Sp. z o.o.

ARCHIVAL ANALOGUE GEOPHYSICAL LOGS – A NEW LIFE Geofizyka Torun Sp. z o.o. www.GTservices.pl 2 / 17

In Poland, the analogue geophysical logging in boreholes has been performed during 35

years. In the archives there are a lot of geophysical analogue data from thousands of wells.

The application of digital recording caused the necessity to make the data analysis again and

this way to prepare appropriate technical, pre-interpretation and interpretation procedures [8,

11].

INTRODUCTION

Basing on the analogue geophysical log analysis and well data from different parts of the world it was possible to create a catalogue of errors most often occurred. The catalogue helped to prepare the appropriate procedures that allowed speeding up the analysis of geo-physical logs. The errors are of a different genesis and frequency of occurrence. The arrange-ment of the database and verification of information contained there is often a time-consuming work and requires a lot of professional knowledge, many years’ experience, pa-tience and appropriate software. Most often such a work is considered by geologists and geo-physicists to be uninteresting. They forget the basic fact that they would work on such a data-base as they prepared or accepted before.

To discuss the digital archival geophysical databases one should consider two cases [7, 8]: - Scanning and converting the analogue geophysical logs into a digital form. - Work on a disordered database obtained from an outsider’s analogue-to-digital con-

version performer. In the first case it is possible to prepare the digital database according to uniform rules

given by the geophysical logs owner or interpreter. The second case is much more difficult, because the interpreter and earlier – the unconscious owner of geophysical logs receives a disordered database.

In this paper the conventional procedures applied in such situations are presented: - “Investigation” procedure in order to identify the content, - Quality control and evaluation of data usefulness, - Organisational procedure (assignation of geophysical logs to particular boreholes

and intervals), - Re-animation procedure (identification of types and places of errors, their removal

etc), - Reproduction procedure (search for a relation between particular geophysical pa-

rameters and its determination, construction of missing parameters), - Determination of lithotypes in a borehole plan, - Interval formational interpretation.

Sets of archival analogue geophysical logs

Taking into account a long period of time and modified sets of geophysical logs the archi-val logs should be understood as non-standardised logs recorded in an analogue form [1-6].

They can be divided into the following groups: - The first Schlumberger set containing SP and 3 x EL, applied till mid-forties, - Extended Schlumberger set containing SP and 5 x EL, continued and developed dur-

ing many years in the SU and countries using Russian-type recorders (GR, NGR, PS, 3 – 6 x EL, AL, CAL),

- Traditional set containing SP, GR, NG, 3 x EL and then AL.


The amount and type of geophysical measurements do not play an important part for the scanning and analogue-to-digital transformation but they are essential for the interpretation work according to the rule that the lesser geophysical logs are to a disposal the lesser geologi-cal information can be obtained.

Characteristics of archival analogue geophysical logs The archival geophysical logs performed during tens of years are characterised by [9]:

- Common application of non-compensated tools, - Different and not complete logging sets, - Missing standardisation, - Not very clear relations between geophysical and petrophysical parameters and geo-

logical features, - Analogue recording (today often not understood by the users – fig.1).

For a long time the geophysical logs have been recorded and stored in an analogue form in different regions of the world. Beginning from the nineties they have been successively scanned and transformed into a digital form. However, their specific features cause a lot of errors in geophysical logs and because of that they are not suitable for interpretation in their original form.

Fig. 1 Example of archival diagrams containing original measurements (Poland).

Analogue-to-digital transformation

In 1991 the author of this paper initiated the work on formation of a complex digital data-

base instead of hitherto existing analogue database (fig. 2). Orlik J. and Podolak J. elaborated appropriate programs. The catalogues prepared contained the following data [8]: - Data related to borehole geophysics, - Geophysical logs together with identification codes, - Basic analogue characteristics of geophysical logs.


Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the pre-interpretation and interpretation procedures (Romaniuk W.).

The following procedures were also prepared:

- Organisation of scanning and analogue-to-digital transformation of geophysical logs (log identification, verification of measuring units, reading of maximum indications for par-ticular logs, determination of initial and final depth, division into measuring time inter-vals, determination of scale types, automatic coding of logs);

- Analogue-to-digital transformation of geophysical logs (controlled by an organisational procedure);

- Digital recording (with automatic division into measuring intervals in LAS format); - Creation of archives and catalogues of digital data sets for particular boreholes.

Such a routine (removal of errors before the transformation and organisational work)

makes it possible to obtain the databases ordered and prepared separately for each borehole. It enables management of the borehole data. The digitised geophysical logs may be presented identically (according to API rules) with logs recorded digitally (fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Examples of digitised geophysical logs.


Creation of archival geophysical logs databases

Generally, the digital databases containing the geophysical logs can be divided into disor-

dered and ordered (arranged) ones. The disordered databases are not suitable for the direct interpretation work and require a

change into databases friendly for the user.

Disordered databases

The disordered analogue databases are most often a reason for the formation of disordered digital databases. Accidental people most often perform the scanning and analogue-to-digital transformation and this way the disordered and most often not verified databases are created containing thousands of various data sets. Though they do not occupy physically a lot of space, they are unclear for a potential user for two reasons. Firstly, they are not related to a catalogue (not a mathematical record of data sets with accidental names) and secondarily, the original analogue materials necessary for comparisons and graphical verification of digital data sets are missing. They also contain original errors, connected with recording, interpreta-tion variants, author’s approach, etc. Besides, there are also scanning and digitising errors (in case of several logs crossing) [9, 10].

Ordered databases

The other situation is when the scanning and digitising of analogue geophysical logs run

according to the prepared procedure called ORGANIZACJA. It enables verification of pro-files before scanning and transformation into a digital form.

The disordered databases require verification, catalogues, removal of errors and improperly prepared data, description of problems, etc. It is performed in the 2nd stage of the verified da-tabase construction (= verification stage). It requires several reports containing the data re-lated to [9, 10]: - Preliminary total and thematic contents, - Number and type of useless data sets, - Number and type of repaired data sets, - Number and type of missing data sets - Useful data sets, - Final recommendations.

Re-animation (detective) work

The digitised data sets are usually a “digital copy” of analogue geophysical logs. It means,

that they contain all original errors and limitations. Pretty often the digitising errors are added. It concerns particularly the disordered databases discussed earlier. Thus, the following opera-tions should be performed before using the geophysical logs [8]: - Quality and usability control (knowledge about the tool types, verification of scales, iden-

tification of acoustic cycle skips and recording of cavernous intervals, verification of zero records);

- Transformation of the physical units scale into pseudo-petrophysical one (API, porosity, resistivity) by means of lithological benchmarks;

- Pre-interpretation (removal of acoustic cycle skips, approximate elimination of the bore-hole diameter effects) (fig. 4 and 5);


- Computation (interval time computation from original times and comparison with the measured interval time, computation of pseudo-laterologs of two penetration ranges based on at least 3 electric logs of different length) (fig. 5);

- Comparison of the scaled curves with skeleton values and verification of their consis-tency.

The above operations make it possible to obtain a set of geophysical logs useful for inter-pretation or to reject non-informative measurements.

Fig. 4. Graphical visualisation of corrected geophysical logs (GR, NGR and AL) using the

INZAL program (Furgal G.).

Fig. 5. Graphical visualisation of corrected geophysical logs (GR, NGR and EL) and pseudo-

laterologs computed by means of the INZAL program (Furgal G.).


Geological standardisation of geophysical logs

On the way from physical parameters to information and geological features there are the

following “stops”: non-standardised geophysical logs – standardisation – standardised geo-physical logs – calibration of indications and geophysical images on models based on inter-preter’s experience – information and geological phenomena. During a long period of the borehole geophysics evolution the greater part of this way has been fully automatised, how-ever, the last part – calibration is only partly automatised. The theoretical and practical knowl-edge of the interpreter is still very important on this stage. The interpreter should have knowledge of borehole geophysics, petrophysics and geology [9, 11].

SET3.GR_2

GAPI0 17

SET3.SP_1

MV95 -5

4980

5000

5020

5040

5060

5080

5100

5120

5140

5160

DEPTHMETRES

SET3.EL02_1

OHMM0.2 200

SET3.EL03_1

0.2 200

SET3.EL07_1

0.2 200

SET3.EL14_1

0.2 200

SET4.DT_2

US/M350 150

SET3.NECN_2

0 25SET6.LL3_1

OHMM0.2 2000

SET6.LL3_2

OHMM0.2 2000

Fig. 6. Example of re-standardisation of selected geophysical logs (Poland, Miocene).

In case of the interpretation of non-standardised geophysical logs the interpreter must go this way unaided, using his knowledge and experience (fig. 6).

It should be emphasised, that a presentation of geophysical logs in petrophysical units (API, bulk density, porosity, resistivity) is only a preparation of the parameters measured in standardised (comparable) units for the formational and geological interpretation [1 – 17].

Interpretation methods applied Types of interpretation work There are three basic groups of the interpretation work:

- General interpretation including a construction of selected profiles of combined geophysi-cal logs, scaled in pseudo-petrophysical units (natural gamma-ray intensity, neutron porosity, interval time, resistivity) and computation of acoustic interval times for seismic purposes, unless such measurements have been performed or thy are of poor quality;

- Geological interpretation enabling the basic lithofacies and lithophysical units of different types to be determined and computation of synthetic interval times and bulk pseudo-density, based on a known lithology.


- Formational interpretation, which makes it possible to evaluate the properties and satura-tion of collector horizons with fluids.

The following interpretation methods are very useful [11]: - Macroscopic analysis of geophysical logs; - Analysis of petrophysical parameters variability with depth; - Sequential analysis of petrophysical parameters; - Analysis of cross-plots; - Analysis of clay and pure sands line; - Analysis of the bed boundary variability gradient; - Analysis of log shapes; - Analysis of functional relations between petrophysical parameters; - Analysis of petrophysical parameters magnitude.

Modelling During the re-animation and interpretation work the modelling of lithology, fluid types as

well as continuous correcting and comparing of modelled lithofacial profiles with geophysical logs are very useful. Another possibility is a comparison of the obtained results with testing and other geological data. Unfortunately, such data are accessible only in some intervals.

The modelling play an important part, especially when the interpreter has a limited set of geophysical logs at his disposal. In such a situation one should assume different types of lithology and saturation with fluids (hydrocarbons, water) [11].

Software

When the geophysical logs are prepared according to the rules mentioned above, the inter-

pretation does not create a problem. However, one should remember of a limited amount of geological information contained in logs and of their vertical resolution.

When we have a limited set of logs we cannot expect that the results will be the same as in case of modern sets of geophysical logs, in accordance with the rule, that the number of un-known quantities must not exceed the number of known ones.

The INZAL program (Zalayev N.) was applied to the re-animation and some part of inter-pretation work. During the pre-interpretation and interpretation in a borehole scale the GE-OLOG program was used.

Selected results of geological and reservoir interpretation

The interpretation of geophysical logs includes a wide range of geological and reservoir problems. It depends on quantity and quality of accessible geophysical logs, interpretation methods and computation procedures as well as on the interpreter’s knowledge and experi-ence. The interpretation enables localisation and determination of - horizons with a resistivity anisotropy, - basic lithofacies, including horizons saturated with hydrocarbons (fig. 8), - basic lithofacies, porosity class and identification of fluids, - coal horizons (fig. 9), - fault surface and zone (fig. 10), - basic lithofacies (fig. 11).

The interpretation makes it possible to construct the borehole profiles based on selected geophysical logs (fig. 12 and 13).


The formational interpretation is also possible in different litho-stratigraphic units (fig. 14-67) as well as presentation of results of a complex interpretation of borehole geophysical logs in the time and depth scales (fig. 17).

WIRE4.NGR_1IMP/MIN1800 2500

WIRE4.NEGR_1IMP/MIN20000 26000

2450

2475

2500

2525

DEPTHMETRES

WIRE4.EN64_1OHMM0.15 20

WIRE4.EL18_20.2 20

WIRE4.EN16_10.15 15

WIRE4.EL18_2OHMM0.2 20

WIRE4.NGR_1IMP/MIN2500 1800

WIRE4.EN16_1OHMM0 3

WIRE4.ELSP_110 28

WIRE4.NEGR_1IMP/MIN20000 26000

Fig. 7 Horizons with anisotrophy.

SET3.GR_2

GAPI0 17

SE

T3.

GR

_2

SET3.SP_1MV-25 130

SE

T3.

SP

_1

4980

5000

5020

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DEPTHMETRES

SET3.EL14_1

OHMM2 200

SE

T3.

EL1

4_1

SET4.DT_2

US/M350 150

SE

T4.

DT

_2

SET3.NECN_2

C/MN0 25

SE

T3.

NE

CN

_2

SET6.LL3_2

OHMM2 2000S

ET

6.LL

3_2

ilowce

piaskowce zailone

GAS

ilowce

PIC

KS

_1.T

AB

LE_1

Fig. 8 Basic lithofacies.


DESCRIPTION:

- SHALE

- CLAY

- SAND

- C L A Y E Y S A N D - LIGNITE

- SHALE 1 - PROBABLY 70% L IGNITE , 3 0 % S H A L E e t c .

- ANHYDRITE

WIRE_12.GR_1GAPI15 150

WIRE_12.RHOB_1G/C31 4

1450

DEPTHMETRES

WIRE_12.RHOB_1G/C31.1 2.8

WIRE_12.PE_1B/E10 0

WIRE_12.RHOB_1G/C31.1 2.9

WIRE_12.DT_1US/F165 75

LITHOLOGY MODEL RHOB

G/C31.05 2.75



WIRE_2.CAL2_1IN8 18

WIRE_2.CAL2_1IN8 18



WIRE_2.CAL2_1IN8 18

WIRE_2.CAL2_1IN8 18

1650

1700

1750

DEPTHM

ETE

R

WIRE_13.DT_2G/C3215 0


LITHOLOGY

Fig. 9 Coal horizon localisation (India).

Fig. 11 shows a unique example. The analogue geophysical measurements (GR, NGR, 6 x

EL) and digital ones (dipmeter logs, SGR) have been performed in a borehole. Such a combi-

nation of non-standardised and standardised geophysical measurements made it possible to

verify and combine the information obtained from two sources. The Rotliegende conglomer-

ates of different geophysical characteristics (also in other boreholes) could be attributed to the

inter-dune deposit environment and the sandy deposits represent the dune environment. The

combination of the analogue and digital measurements caused an increase in geological in-

formativity of the first ones.


3380

3400

3420

DE

PT

HM

ET

RE

S


WIRE.GR_2GAPI20 80

WIRE5.NTCN_114000 40000

WIRE.POTA_1

%2 0WIRE.URAN_1

PPM0.5 2.5

WIRE.THOR_2

PPM0 4WIRE5.EL28_2

OHMM0.03 500

WIRE5.EL14_10.06 300

WIRE5.EN20_10.07 200

WIRE5.NTCN_18000 40000

WYKRES WEKTOROWYSHIVA 6: 0.5 M X 0.25 M X 45

3387UNCONFORMITY

3389

dune sand16

3405

inter-dune sand19

3424

COMMENTARY

3525

3550

3575

3600

3625

DE

PT

HM

ET

RE

S

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%0 5

WIRE.THOR_1

PPM0 10

WIRE.URAN_1

PPM0 5

WIRE.GR_2

GAPI0 200

WIRE6.GGDN_1

10000 0

WIRE.GR_2GAPI20 200

WIRE.DT_1US/F120 30

WIRE6.EL28_12 17

WIRE6.EL28_1OHMM0 20

WIRE6.EL14_10 25

WIRE6.LL3_1OHMM0 10

WYKRES WEKTOROWYSHIVA 6: 0.5 M X 0.25 M X 45

WYKRES WEKTOROWYSHIVA 6: 1 M X 0.5 M X 45

MO

DE

LO

WY

WY

KR

ES

KR

AW

ED

ZI

PL

AS

ZC

ZY

ZN

TN

AC

YC

H

Fig. 10. Localisation of a tectonic zone and unconformity in the Rotliegendes deposits (Poland).


WELL LOG ANALYSIS

DRILLING MEASURED FROM:

LOGS MEASURED FROM:

LOGS MEASURED BY:

LONGITUDE:

LATITUDE:INTERVAL PLOTTED:

SCALE:

PROBABLY GROUND LEVEL

SCHLUMBERGER

W 3 DEGREE 13.38 MINUTES

N 55 DEGREE 1.53 MINUTES1820.00-2353.10 METRES

1:500

PERMANENT DATUM: PROBABLY GROUND ELEVATION

GROUND ELEVATION:

KB:

173 FTSTATE / PROVINCE: DENMARK

COUNTY:

WELL:

COMPANY:

ABENRA-1UAB MINIJOS NAFTA,LITHUANIA

FIRST RECORDED DEPTH:

LAST RECORDED DEPTH:

ANALYSIS DATE:

ANALYSIS PLACE:

JANUARY 2003

WELL LOG ANALYSIS DEPARTMENT

MARIAN KIELT MEASUREMENT DATE:

7700 FT

JULY 04, 1953WITNESSED BY:

PLOT NO 2

CHROBREGO 50 ST.87-100 TORUN, POLAND

LOGS.GRAPI0 500

GAMMA RAY AND SP LOGS

LOGS.SPMV0 150

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

DEPTHMETRES

DEPTHMETRES

LOGS.L10INOHMM0.05 500

RESISTIVITY LOGS

LOGS.L38INOHMM0.05 500

LOGS.L16FTOHMM0.05 500

GR

PS

EU

DO

-IM

AG

ING

0 2 0 0

1852A 8 ?

1855

A 540

1895

A 418

1913A 3

1915

B 563

1978B 4

41982

B 328

2010B 1

2012

C 87

2019

C 561

2080

C 412

2092

C 39

2101

C 222

2123

D 457

2181

D341

2222

E 916

2238

E 454

2293

E 315

2307

E 226

2333E 1

2335

PRE-ZECHSTEIN13

2349

LIT

HO

ST

RA

TY

GR

AP

HY

LT

HO

LO

GIC

AL

CO

LU

MN

clayey anhydrite

salt

anhydrite

salty anhydrite

salt

anhydrite

dolomite

dolomitic shale

anhydrite

salt

dolomitic anhydrite

dolomite

ooitic limestone

dolomite (breccia)

dolomitic anhydrite

dolomite

anhydritic dolomiteanhydrite

dolomitic anhydrite

anhydrite

limy dolomite

limy anhydrite

anhydrite

dolomite

limestone

dolomite

limestone

dolomitic limestone

limy dolomite

shale breccia

argillite

LIT

HO

LO

GY

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

N

WELL LOG ANALYSIS

DRILLING MEASURED FROM:LOGS MEASURED FROM:LOGS MEASURED BY:

LONGITUDE:LATITUDE:

INTERVAL PLOTTED:SCALE:

PROBABLY ROTARY TABLESCHLUMBERGER

W 3 DEGREE 40.175 MINUTESN 55 DEGREE 10.863 MINUTES1920.00-2500.00 METRES1:500

PERMANENT DATUM: PROBABLY ROTARY TABLEELEVATION:

KB: 3.88 M

32.38 MSTATE / PROVINCE: DENMARK

COUNTY:

WELL:COMPANY:

HONNING VILLAGE

HONNING-1UAB MINIJOS NAFTA,LITHUANIA

FIRST RECORDED DEPTH:LAST RECORDED DEPTH:

ANALYSIS DATE:ANALYSIS PLACE:

JANUARY 2003WELL LOG ANALYSIS DEPARTMENTMARIAN KIELT MEASUREMENT DATE:

2489.5 MOCTOBER 19, 1958WITNESSED BY:

PLOT NO 1

CHROBREGO 50 ST.87-100 TORUN, POLAND

LOGS.GRUR/H0 10

GAMMA RAY LOG

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

2060

2080

2100

2120

2140

2160

2180

2200

2220

2240

2260

2280

2300

2320

2340

2360

2380

2400

2420

2440

2460

2480

DEPTHMETRES

DEPTHMETRES

LOGS.NEUTIMP/MIN0 600

NEUTRON LOG

LOGS.LLOHMM0.25 2500

LATEROLOG

GR PSEUDO-IMAGING

0 5

1924

BUNTER71

1995

Z468

2064

Z3107

2170

Z2236

2406

Z168

2474

PRE-ZECHSTEIN23

2497

LITHOSTRATYGRAPHY

LITHOLOGICAL COLUMN

claystone

anhydrite

salt

salty shalestone

salt

anhydrite

salt

anhydritic dolomite

limy shalestone

anhydrite

salt

shalestone

limy shalestone

shalestone

limy shalestone

clayey anhydrite

shalestone

limy shalestone

anhydrite

shalestone

clayey dolomiteanhydrite

shalestone

limy shalestone

shalestone

limy shalestone

clayey dolomite

limy shalestone

dolomite

anhydrite

dolomiteanhydrite

dolomite

anhydrite

dolomite

shaly breccia

argillite

LITHOLOGY DESCRIPTION

Fig. 11

Determination of basic lithofacies in the Zechstein formation (Denmark).


Fig. 12. Construction of selected geophysical logs profiles (Poland, Miocene). The diameter effects were not taken into account.


The verification and correction of the acoustic interval time is practically very important (removal of cycle skips and borehole diameter effects). Such corrected measurements help to identify seismic velocities.

6

Czw

artorzed +

T

rzeciorzed

24

8

25

4

Ka

jp

er d

ln

38

29

2

Wapien m

uszlow

y

21

0

50

2

Re

t

14

8

65

0

Pstry piaskow

iec srodkow

y

23

6

88

5

Pstry piaskow

iec dolny

32

2

12

08

Le

in

e

57

12

64S

tassfurt

29 12

93

Anhydryt gorny

55

13

48

Sol najstarsza

86

14

34

Wapien podstaw

ow

y

21

2

WIRE1.GR_2GAPI0 5000



WIRE1.CALI_1MM0 700

WIRE1.CALI_1MM700 0

WIRE3.CALI_1MM0 700


WIRE3.CALI_1MM700 0

25

50

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DEPTHMETRES

WIRE1.DTC1_2US/M500 0

WIRE1.NEGR_11000 100000

WIRE3.NENE_1MSEC20000 500000


WIRE1.EL14_31 100

WIRE1.DTC2_1US/M500 0

Fig. 13. Verification and change of selected geophysical measurements scale (Poland, the Zechstein, Bunter Sandstone and Muschelkalk formations).


The INZAL procedure (Zalayev N.) is very essential. It is applied to a formational interpre-tation of geophysical logs recorded in an analogue form. The procedure has several options that support the interpretation process (fig. 14 – 16).

GAMMA RAY LOGCALIPER LOG

FLUIDS FORMATION VOLUMETRICSRESISTIVITYSPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL LOG

LOGS.CALIIN-4 16

LOGS.GRUR/H0 30

LOGS.SPMV150 50

4740

4760

4780

4800

DEPTHMETRES

INZAL.RTOHMM0.1 10000

INZAL.R0OHMM0.1 10000

INZAL.KPBW%0 50

INZAL.KPW1%0 50

INZAL.KPW%0 50

INZAL.KPT%0 50

INZAL.KCL%0 100

INZAL.SAND%0 100

INZAL.KPH1%100 0

INZAL.KPH%100 0

INZAL.KPEF%100 0

Fig. 14 Formational interpretation (Poland, Miocene) (Furgal G.).

Fig. 15 Results of the formational interpretation (Poland, the Miocene and Carboniferous formations) (Furgal G.).


Fig. 16 Results of the formational interpretation (Poland, the Zechstein and Miocene formations) (Furgal G.).

The next, very important and useful type is the interpretation of well logs performed in

the whole well and presented in depth and time scales. The results are lithological bench-marks, which also enable identification of seismic reflecting horizons.

Fig. 17 Results of a complex interpretation in a depth scale (Majak S., Pabian M., Smiechowska E.).


Conclusions The experience acquired during the analogue and digital interpretation of well logs, knowl-

edge of the digital recording properties together with appropriate programs and methods of interpretation make it possible to recover a lot of valuable geological information, which is coded in the analogue measurements. Thus, the opinions of some geologists about a direct loss of numerous geological data contained in the analogue geophysical logs are wrong.

The conception of archives as well as accessible methodical and technical tools allows the data to be stored in databases recorded on compact and magneto-optical discs (fig. 18). This way, the analogue data archives change into ones recorded on different media.

Fig. 18. Digital database.

References 1. Bateman R.M.: Openhole Log Analysis and Formation evaluation. IHRDC, Kluwer Acad.. Publ.

Co., Boston, 1995. 2. Beaumont E.A., Foster N.H. (red.): Formation Evaluation. V. 1 and 2. AAPG, Tulsa, 1990. 3. Crain E.R.: Log Analysis Handbook. V. 1. Blackie-Halst. Press, Glasgow, 1986. 4. Donaldson E.C., Tiab D.: Petrophysics. Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and

Fluid Transport Properties. Gulf Publ. Co., Houston, 1996. 5. Frank R.W.: Prospecting with Old E-logs. Schlumb., Houston, 1986. 6. Hallenberg J.K.: Standard Methods of Geophysical Formation Evaluation. Lewis Publ., Boston,

1998. 7. Kielt M.: Geological Interpretation of Geophysical Logs from Sandy-Clayey Sections of the

Southern Baltic Sea (Interpretacja geologiczna profilowan geofizycznych w poludniowo-baltyckich przekrojach piaszczysto-ilastych). Doct. Dissert. Bibl.Gl. AGH, Kraków, 1989.

8. Kielt M., Orlik J., Podolak J.: Complex Database for Borehole Geophysics. Organisational and Economical Data applied in Geofizyka Torun (Kompleksowa baza danych z zakresu geofizyki wiertniczej oraz danych organizacyjnych i ekonomicznych stosowana w Geofizyce-Torun). VIII KN-T (Well Logging Scientific and Technical Conference), Koninki 1998.

9. Kielt M.: Borehole Geophysics and Prospecting for Hydrocarbons. Structural and sedimentologi-cal Application of Geophysical Logs (Geofizyka wiertnicza w poszukiwaniu weglowodorów. Strukturalne i sedymentologiczne zastosowanie otworowych profilowan geofizycznych). Wyd. A. Marszalek, Torun, 2002.

10. Kielt M., Furgal G., Mackowiak E., Uscinowicz W.: Disordered Digital Databases (Nieuporzad-kowane bazy danych cyfrowych). VIII KN-T (Well Logging Scientific and Technical Confer-ence), Szymbark, 2002.

11. Kielt M.: Methods of Geological Interpretation of Geophysical Logs applied in Geofizyka-Torun (Metodyki interpretacji geologucznej profilowan geofizycznych stosowane w Geofizyce-Torun). Wiad. Naft. i Gaz. No 12, 2005.

Archival Analogue

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