Architecture on Ancient Near East writing systems (Kalyanaraman, Aug. 13, 2013)

7/27/2019 Architecture on Ancient Near East writing systems (Kalyanaraman, Aug. 13, 2013)

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Architecture on Ancient Near East writing systems

AbstractArchitectural terms are deployed as hieroglyphs on Ancient

Near East writing systems. The hieroglyphs occur on Indus

Writing and on many pictorial motifs of Mesopotamian cylinder

seals and Ancient Near East artifacts. The glyphs relate in

rebus readings to glosses of Meluhha (Mleccha) language

words. These glosses have cognates in Indian sprachbund.

Many inscriptions of Ancient Near East are thus catalogs of

stone

mason/lapidary-smithy work. The scarf is carried as a standard on a Mohenjo-daro

seal, together with two other standards: young bull with one-horn and standard device

normally shown in front of this young bull. The three standards denote: dhatu, scarf,

mineral; knda, young bull, engraver; and sangaa/sangara lathe/portable furnace,

fortification.Executive summaryReconstructed facade of the Neo-

Sumerian Great Ziggurat of Ur, near

Nasiriyah, Iraq, 4th millennium BCE.

Select rebus Meluhha readings of Indus

Writing indicate use of architectural

terms: kndais engraver, lapidary

setting or infixing gems, sangatarsu is

a stone-cutter, and kolleis a

blacksmith. ko, is astore-house,


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kohgra, sangarais a stone fortification, and kole.l is a smithy, temple. That a

smithy should be called a temple holds the clue for early gestalton dhytmik

enquiries which got documented and recorded ca. in the 4th millennium of the Bronze

Age. The pair of scarves on Warka vase are read rebus: sangaapair, rebus:

sgm. frame of a building ;sangarafortification; km. the stalk or

stem of a reed, grass, or the like, straw, rebus: k stone; khblob atop standard

rebus: khmetal alloy; dhatuscarf, rebus: dhatumineral. Thus, the pair of scarved

reeds describes a stone fortification (to store) metal alloys, minerals. sangaais also an

allograph, shown as a standard device of a lathe and portable furnace in front of a

young bull with one-hornknda, engraver. The standard of two scarved reeds may

refer to the temple of a tamkrumerchant; hkur smith. A temple could have been a

dhatugarbha, dagobaevidenced as monumental structures of ziggurats in Uruk or as

shown on Sumers Sit-shamshi bronze for morning prayer to the Sun orstupaof

Mohenjo-daro.

A note on Afghan sangar fortification; sangar-bar stone cutterGlyph: sangaalathe, portable furnace Rebus: sangar a temporary fortifiedbreastwork of stones. The word was linked to sang stone. The term as understood by

the British Army was meant to be a protected sentry post, normally located around

the perimeter of a base. Its main function is to provide early warning of enemy/terrorist

activity/attack in order to protect forces both within the base and those deployed within

sight of the sangar. It is an observation post to collect information.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)

Sangar from the Western Sahara conflict overlooking

the Grart Chwchia, and probably dating from the

1980s. Al Gada, Western Sahara.

Pushto language: sang-baror sang-

tars, s.m. (5th) A stone cutter. Pl. sang

barnor tarsn.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)


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S sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road;

lines, entrenchments. Pl. sangarnah. See

P sang, s.m. (9th) A stone, weight. Sing. and Pl. (used in composition).

sang-i-aswad, The name of a black stone at Makka. sang dil, adj. Hard-

hearted, stony-hearted, cruel, obdurate, severe; (Fem.) sang dilah.

sang-dil, s.f. (3rd) Hard-heartedness, cruelty. Pl. a. sang-rezah, s.f.

(3rd) Gravel, pebble. Pl. ey. sang-rez, s.f. (3rd) Flinging or throwing stones.

Pl. a, sang-i-sam, Porphyry. sang-sr, s.m. (6th) Stoning to

death. Sing. and Pl. sangsr kawul, verb trans. To stone to death.

sang-i-masnah, The stone, the gravel. sang-i-marmar, s.m. (6th) Marble.

Sing. and Pl. See

P sangn, adj. Weighty, heavy, of stone, stony, solid, thick;

(Fem.) sangnah. sangn dil, adj. Hard-hearted; (Fem.)

sangn dilah.Smithy, lapidary workshopThe store-room or warehouse is denoted by the hieroglyph (Glyph 244) with three

platforms to hold stone ware, metalware, weapons, tools, pots and pans. The word for

this glyph: ko

The name of the Dholavira village is koTDa. Sign 244 and variantscould be a representation of a warehouse. See the photos of a

number of warehouses in

Harappa; and of what is

called a "granary room" in

Mohenjodaro. These

structures compare with

the Sign 244. These

structural remains have also been interpreted by many archaeologists as a granary.


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Slide 11. The so-called "Great Granary" in

Mound F at Harappa. Its earliest levels date to

2450 B.C. A similar structure, also about 50

meters long and built on a massive brick or mud-

brick platform, was found at Mohenjo-daro.

Influenced by European precedents, early

archaeologists quickly identified the buildings as

granaries. At Harappa, two sets of 6 rooms are aligned on either side of a central

passageway. (www.harappa.com) At Mohenjo-daro evidence for wooden sockets in

various areas suggests that a large wooden superstructure once covered these

buildings. Hence, some call these structures 'great halls'.

If so, the structures could be compared with kohgra with three partitions, depicted

on Sohgaura copper plate .

Evidence for the types of pillars shown on Sohgaura copper plate comesfrom a number

of tablets with Indus writing. One reconstruction suggested by this author is that three

stone pillars would have been erected on each of the three platforms on either side of

the granaryto create a covered area with three platforms to hold the inventory of

stoneware and metalware.

m1409At m1409Bt Ring-stones stacked on a pillar; the motif is carved

in high relief on the reverse side of the inscribed object.

The text of the inscription on one side of many tablets, read rebus: ko, store-

house, kohgra+ kaa kankarim of jar (Santali) Rebus: kaafurnace,

fire-altar (Santali); khanakaminer karakascribe (Skt.) karaabusiness +[mh] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi) Rebus:

meiron.

On the obverse of the tablets, the image of ringstones or coping stones assembled on a
http://www.scribd.com/doc/32193575/The-Sohgaura-Copper-Plate-4th-Centhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/32193575/The-Sohgaura-Copper-Plate-4th-Cent


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pillar (possibly wooden pillar) is depicted. This reads rebus: mehipillar Rebus:me

iron.

Polished stone pillars comparable to the image on the tablets have been found in

Dholavira:

Ring-stones around a pillar with coping stones in a building-

structure as at Dholavira.

Evidence of Indus writing in bas-relief, on 7 tablets showing architectural members ofcopingstones assembled on wooden pillars to provide for a building structure to hold aroof.

m0457At m0457Bt m0457Et m0458At

m0458Bt 3227 m0459At m0459Bt 3225

m0460At m0460Bt 3228 m0461At m0461Bt 2806 Pict-

73

m0462At m0462Bt 3215 m0463At m0463Bt


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2813

The following 33 tablets of Indus writing corpora show comparable copingstoneassemblages on pillars mounted on a standard device. Obverse of the tablets show atree on a platform:

h1779A h1779B

h1780A h1780B h1781A h1781

B h1782A h1783A h1783B h178


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5A h1785B h1786A h1786B h17

87A h1787B h1788A h1788B h1

791A h1791B h1792A h1792B h736At

h736Bt h737At h737Bt h738At h738Bt h739At

h739Bt h191A h191B 4332


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h192A h192B 5340 h193A h193B

5332 h194A h194B h195A h195B

m1407At m1407Bt m1408At m1410At

m1410Bt m1411At m1411Bt m1412At

m1412Bt m1413At m1413Bt m1414At m1414Bt

The following 28 tablets in bas relief also have an identical Indus Writing inscription onthe reverse with a one-horned bull shown on the obverse. The first glyph of theinscription is an arched roof atop a pillar with ring-stones.

h252A h252B 5215 h253A

h253B 5219 h254A h254B

5214 h255A h255B 5208

h256A h256B 5213 h257A


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h257B 5216 h258A

h258B 5217 h259A h259B

5218 h260A h260B

h261 5212 h262 5220h263 5262 h264

4315 5207, 5208, 5209, 5210, 5212, 5213, 5214,5215, 5216,

5217, 5218,5219, 5220, 5262 h252, h253, h255, h256, h257, h258, h259,

h260,h261, h262, h263, h264, h265, h276, h277, h859, h860, h861, h862,h863,

h864, h865, h866,h867, h868, 869, 870

One-horned bull. koiyum heifer (G.)[ kiya ] ke, kiya. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. .

k* A young bull. Plumpness, prime. . a pair of

bullocks. ke adj. Young. ke-ku. n. A young man..[ kruke ]

kru-ke. [Tel.] n. A bull in its prime.[ kha ] m A young bull, a bullcalf.

(Marathi)[ gda ]gda. [Tel.] n. An ox. A beast. kine, cattle.(Telugu)

koiyum (G.) Rebus: ko artisans workshop (Kuwi).

sango a lathe (G.); aghai = a pot for holding fire (G.) sangatarsustone-cutter

(Telugu). sang 2 m. a stone (Rm. 199, 143, 1412; YZ. 557). Marathi.[

sagna ] a( P) Built or made of stone. sang--sr- mengro should, thus, mean

stone artisan.

The inscription is read rebus: mehipillar (of) ko, store-house,

kohgra + tagaratabernae montana, tin + salsplinter, workshop +

Fish + scales, ayasfish + scales,Rebus: ayo amu metallic stalks of stone ore +

khaarrow, Rebus: tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware. Thus, the entire

inscription describes the stone mint/workshop for tin metal, of the stone mason who has


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a storehouse, metallic nodules of stone ore (to make) tools, pots and pans and

metalware.

The hieroglyphs on the tablets m0478, m0479 and m0480 describe the work carried out

at a lapidary/smithy workshop.

m0478A (Three identical tablets were found: m0478, m0479, m0480).

[ mh] A twist or tangle arising

in thread or cord, a curl or snarl

(Marathi) Rebus: meiron.

Kneeling adorant holding pot in front of

a tree. bahu large pot, furnace, kuhitree, smelter (for) baranalloy of copper, zinc

and tin) Thus, the hieroglyphs on either side of the text refer to the smithy at work on 1.

Iron and 2. Alloy of copper, zinc and tin.

The text of inscription: 1. dulkkoWorkshop for stone and cast metal; 2. kasa

bronze; 3. khaa bahufire-altar, furnace (for baa iron)

gaafour (Santali). kaafire-altar, furnace (Santali). khaatools, pots and pans

and metal-ware

k 2 a man's length, the stature of a man (as a measure of length) Rebus :k

stone. Ga. (Oll.) kan, (S.) kanu (pl. kankil) stone. dula two, pair Rebus: dul cast

(metal). koa one Rebus: koartisans workshop (Kuwi). Thus, the circumscribed

measure of mans stature glyph composition denotes: workshop for stone and castmetal.

G. kgsf. comb Bshk. kgcomb , Gaw.khg, Sv. khgi, Phal. khygia,

kgf., kgacombing -- Rebus: kasa= bronze (Te.) ksri pewterer (Bengali)


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ksr; H. kasr m. maker of brasspots (Or.)

bre, brae = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast

(Tu.) barada, barda, birada = a vow (G.lex.) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4

zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.) S. bahu m. large pot in which grain is parched, Rebus;bhah m. kiln (P.) baa = a kind of iron (G.)

bhaa furnace (G.) baa = kiln (Santali); baa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaha -- m.n.

gridiron (Pkt.) bahu large cooking fire bah f. distilling furnace; L. bhah m.

grainparcher's oven, bhah f. kiln, distillery, aw. bhah; P. bhah m., h f.

furnace, bhah m. kiln; S. bhah ke distil (spirits). (CDIAL 9656)

kuhi kua, kui, kuha a tree (Kaus.); kua tree (Pkt.); ku tree; kaek tree, oak

(Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228). Kuha, kua (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.) kuhra, kuha, kuaka

= a tree (Skt.lex.) ku, kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khu = id. (Or.) kua, kuha = a

tree (Ka.lex.) Rebus: kuhi smelterfurnace (Santali) ku f. fireplace (Hindi); krvI f.

granary (Wpah.); ku, kuo house, building(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232) kui hut made of

boughs (Skt.) gui temple (Telugu) kui, smelting furnace (Mundari.lex.).kuhi, kui (Or.;

Sad. Kohi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith; kuire bica duljako talkena, they

were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name ofkui has been given to the fire

which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be

spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kut.hi-o of a smelting furnace, to be

made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2 6 dia. At

the base and 1 6 at the top. The hole in the center, into which the mixture of charcoal

and iron ore is poured, is about 6 to 7 in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller

one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on

the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari)

m0478B On this side of the tablet, lid glyph is ligatued to a rim-of-jar glyph.


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kaa kankarim of jar (Santali)

kaafurnace, fire-altar (Santali);

khanakaminer karakascribe (Skt.)

karaabusiness. aren, aaren

cover, lid (Santali); rebus: aduru native metal (Ka.) Thus the composite hieroglyph

connotes -- business (of working with) adurunative metal.

Other glyphs of the tablet read rebus: kola tiger, jackal (Kon.) Rebus: kol working in

iron, blacksmith, alloy of five metals, pacaloha (Tamil) kol furnace, forge (Kuwi)

kolami smithy (Te.) erg a = act of clearing jungle (Kui) [Note image showing two men

carrying uprooted trees]. Rebus: eraka copper.

Glyph oppositon: *mthaopposing, quarrelling with . [mith] Pa. mdhaka-- , aga--

m. quarrel, abuse ; L.mhm. accusation, reproach . (CDIAL 10314) mamu. A

fight, battle, . mdamu-pousu. v. n. To fight a

battle., a cock fight. [ mricu ] mnrinsu. [Tel.] v.

a. To divide, cut, sever;

. (Telugu) Rebus: mhtiron; mht icenathe iron is

rusty; ispat mhtsteel, dul mhtcastiron; mht khaairon implements

(Santali) me. (Ho.)(Santali.lex.Bodding) meed, med, mdiron; enga meed soft iron;

sani meedhard iron; ispt meedsteel; dul meedcast iron; i meedrusty iron, also

the iron of which weights are cast; bica meediron extracted from stone ore; bali meed

iron extracted from sand ore (Munda)

meed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda) bica meed

iron extracted from stone ore; bali meediron extracted from sand ore (Munda) kuire

bica duljako talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore (Santali) samr.obica,


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stones containing gold (Mundari) pasra meed, pasra meed = syn. of koe meed =

forged iron, in contrast to dul meed, cast iron (Mundari)

This glyptic composition depicting the act of clearing jungle may be a phonetic

determinant for the person seated on the tree branch and the glyph of a woman pushing

them apart: eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) heraka = spy (Skt.); er to look at

or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.) Rebus: eraka copper (Ka.)

[ klh ] [ klh ] A jackal (Marathi) kul tiger (Santali); kluid. (Te.) klupuli

= Bengal tiger (Te.) Pk. kolhuya-- , kulham. jackal Rebus: kolfurnace, forge

(Kuwi) kol alloyof five metals, pacaloha (Tamil)

Rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan- blacksmith (Ta.); kollan blacksmith,artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133) kolme = furnace (Ka.) kole.l 'temple, smithy' (Ko.); kolme

smithy' (Ka.) kol = pacaloha (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pacaloha= a metallic

alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of

five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhtu;Nnrtharatnkara 82;

Mangarjas Nighau. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron

smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals (Santali)

Mhface Rebus: mheingot (Mu.) kolhe tehen me~he~tko mh akata= the Kolheshave to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.)

Hieroglyphs read rebus in Meluhha languagem0308 seal is a standard of Mohenjo-daro. It is a catalog of

lapidary/smith work. Glyph: tapower to resist. (Brahui)(DEDR

3031) Rebus: dhatumineral (Santali) One-eyed glyph: ka

one-eyed; rebus: kametal (stone ore); bhaasix (hair-

knots); rebus: bhaa furnace. Slide 90 harappa.com (one-

eye glyph) kolatiger. kolawoman (Nahali. Assamese).

Rehus: kolablacksmith (Ka.); Ko. kollblacksmith (DEDR 2133). panarladder,


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stairs (Bshk.)(CDIAL 7760) Rebus: pasrasmithy (Santali) mh forked post Rebus:

meiron. Rebus: mehmerchants helper (Gujarati) salsplinter Rebus: salhouse,

workshop. ayask fish, arrow Rebs: metal tools, weapons, pots and pons.

Mudhif (Toda Mund)Sumerian mudhif structure

Sumerian Reed-houses. Clay plaque. Uruk. Sumer.

4000 BCE.

Sumerian mudhif faade, with uncut reed fronds and

sheep entering, carved into a gypsum trough from

Uruk, c. 3200 BCE. British Museum.Two lambs exit

a reed structure identifical to the present-day mudhif

on this ceremonial trough from the site of Uruk in

southern Iraq. Neither the leaves or plumes have been

removed from the reeds which are tied together to form

the arch. As a result, the cross-over, feathered reeds

create a decorative pattern along the length of the roof, a

style most often seen in modern animal shelters built by

Midan. Dating to ca. 3000 BCE, the trough documents

the extraordinary length of time such arched reed buildings have been in use. (After Fig.

5.b in Expedition, 40(2): 29-39, 1998.)


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Cylinder seal and

impressions: cattle herd at

the cowshed. White

limestone, Mesopotamia,

Uruk Period (4100 BC3000 BCE). A 25 (Klq 17) Louvre

Cattle Byres c.3200-3000 B.C. Late Uruk-Jemdet Nasr period. Magnesite. Cylinder seal.

In the lower field of this seal appear three reed cattle byres. Each byre is surmounted by

three reed pillars topped by rings, a motif that has been suggested as symbolizing a

male god, perhaps Dumuzi. Within the huts calves or vessels appear alternately; from

the sides come calves that drink out of a vessel between them. Above each pair of

animals another small calf appears. A herd of enormous cattle moves in the upper field.

Cattle and cattle byres in Southern Mesopotamia, c. 3500 BCE. Drawing of an

impression from a Uruk period cylinder seal. (After Moorey, PRS, 1999, Ancient

materials and industries: the archaeological evidence, Eisenbrauns.

I suggest that the pair of reed glyphs with scarfs on the Uruk stone vessel carved in

alabaster stone denote: dhatu eruvamineral copper. It is a narrativereliefsculpture,dated to c. 3,2003,000 BCE. A thousand Sumerian economic texts were found in Uruk

(Warka) which are the most ancient script documents of the world (Werner Ekschmitt).

The other two glyphic pairs: goat + eight-petaled flower: milakkhuarahako copper,

large metal ingot (G.) Eight petals (daa) denote 8 parts of copper alloyed with one part
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief


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arsenic, daa to create the brass alloy. areeight (Mu.). Rebus: aracopper. dula pair.

Rebus: dul cast(metal). The document reads: dhatu eruvamilakkhudularahako

mineral copper smeltercopper, cast copper (metal) ingot.

Glyph: reed: Ta. eruvai European bamboo reed.

Rebus: eruvai copper (Tamil). Glyph: dhau

scarf (WPah.). Rebus: dhatu mineral (Santali).

Glyph: ``^flower'':Sa. baha`flower, blossom, to

flower'.Mu. tarai-ba(A) `a kind of marsh-flower'. ~ baa(H) ~ baha(N) `flower, blossom,

to flower'.Ho ba`flower, blossom, to flower'.Bh. baha`flower, blossom, to flower'. KW

baha|Cf. So. ba'a`to blossom'.@(V021,M111)

Rebus:``^make'':Sa. bai`to make'.Mu. bai`to make'.KW bai@(M100)

Glyph: melh, mrekagoat; rebus: mehmerchants clerk (Pkt.) milakkhucopper (Pali)

dhau scarf; rebus: dhatu mineral (Santali) dhtu mineral (Pali) dhtu mineral

(Vedic); a mineral, metal (Santali); dhta id. (G.) H. dhn to send out, pour out, cast

(metal) (CDIAL 6771).

The petals glyphic element may relate to an alloying mineral, arsenic.

Representing arsenic in Indian hieroglyphs. Possible allographs:

Glyph: petal: [daamu] daamu. [Skt.] n. A leaf. . A petal. A

part, . dala n. leaf, petal MBh. Pa. Pk.dala-- n. leaf, petal , G.

M. dan.(CDIAL 6214). (MP) {N} ``^branch, ^twig''. *Kh.(D) `dry

leaves when fallen', ~, ~ `twig', Sa., Mu., ~ `big

branch of a tree', ~ `a twig or small branch with fresh leaves on it', So. `branch', H., B., O., Pk.. %7811.

#7741.(Munda etyma)


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Glyph: Ta. Tu. koi flag; Ka. kui top, flag,

banner; gui point, flag, banner (DEDR

2049). Rebus 1: kuikai hut made of leaves,

temple; Ko. guy temple; To. kuy Hindu

temple; Ka.Te.Pa.Ga. gui house, temple; Go. gui, (Mu.) gui, (S. Ko.) gui temple

(DEDR 1655). Rebus 2: ko artisans workshop (Kuwi.G.)

kole.l 'temple' (Kota.) Rebus: kole.l 'smithy' (Kota) Ta.eruvaiEuropean bamboo reed.

Rebus: eruvaicopper (Tamil).The Toda mund (Iraqi mudhif) is decorated with bamboo

reed. Hence, the hieroglyphic composition denotes a copper smithy or metals

workshop.

The rebus reading of the pair of reeds in Sumer standard is: Glyph: k 2 m. a

section, part in general; a cluster, bundle, multitude (iv. 32). k 1 m. the

stalk or stem of a reed, grass, or the like, straw. In the compound with dan 5 (p. 221 a, l.

13) the word is spelt k (Kashmiri). Rebus: khnatools, pots and pans and metal-

ware.[ lkha ]a() Composed of iron; relating to iron.

S.knum. reed ,nf. topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw,

porcupine's quill ; L.knm. stalk of the reed Sara ,nf. pen, small spear;

P. knnm. the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp Or. ka, k

stalk, arrow ; Bi. kstem of muja grass (used for thatching) ; Bhoj. ka

reeds ; H. kam. reed, bush( EP.?); G.km. joint, bough, arrow

(CDIAL 3023). kraarmed with arrows P., m. archerlex. [ka-- ]H.

kanrm. a caste (usu. of arrow -- makers) (CDIAL 3026) L. kanrm. mat --

maker H.kerm. a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers . (CDIAL 3024).

M. kn. f. straw ,kf. little stick, blade of grass (CDIAL 3017). Vikalpa: B.

khg, khg reed for pens , Or. khaga the reed Saccharum spontaneum .

Allograph: Pk. khaggi -- rhinoceros .(CDIAL 3786). Rebus: kgar portable

brazier (Kashmiri)


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Allograph: [ kae ] kae. [Tel.] n. A head or ear of millet or

maize. . Mth. kstack of stalks of large millet (CDIAL 3026).

Rebus: kstone. Ga. (Oll.) kan, (S.) kanu (pl. kankil) stone (DEDR 1298).

Pa. kaa-- m.n. joint of stalk, lump. A rock, stone. kha m. rock lex. [Cf.knta-

- 2 m. stone lex.]Bshk. krlarge stone AO xviii 239.(CDIAL 3018).

pasaramu, pasalamu = quadrupeds (Telugu); pasra smithy, forge (Santali)

Glyph: [kaa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) go = the place where cattle are

collected at mid-day (Santali); goh (Brj.)(CDIAL 4336). Goha (Skt.); cattle-shed (Or.)

ko = a cow-pen; a cattlepen; a byre (G.)cattle-shed (Marathi)[ k ] A penor fold for cattle.[ gh ] f C (Dim. Of ) A pen or fold for calves.

(Marathi) Allograph: kohaka1 (nt.) a kind of koha, the stronghold over a gateway,

used as a storeroom for various things, a chamber, treasury, granary Vin ii.153, 210;

for the purpose of keeping water in it Vin ii.121=142; 220; treasury J i.230; ii.168; --

storeroom J ii.246; kothake pturahosi appeared at the gateway, i. e. arrived at the

mansion Vin i.291. (Pali) ku, kuo house, building(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232)[ kh ] f

(S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse, treasury, factory, bank.

(Marathi) The grain and provisions (as of an army); the commissariat

supplies. Ex. -- -. [ khy ][ kh ] m

(S) A large granary, store-room, warehouse, water-reservoir &c. 2 The

stomach. 3 The chamber of a gun, of water-pipes &c. 4 A bird s nest. 5 A

cattle-shed. 6 The chamber or cell of a hun in which is set down in figures

the amount.[ khr ] n A storehouse gen (Marathi)

Rebus:[ kndaa ] n () Setting or infixing of gems.(Marathi) kdto turn in a

lathe(B.)


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m0702 Text 2206 showing Sign 39, a glyph which compares with the

Sumerian mudhif structure.

Text 1330 (appears with Zebu glyph) showing Glyph 39. Pictorial

motif: Zebu (Bos indicus) The first glyph of text is comparable to the

cattle byre of Southern Mesopotamia dated to c. 3000 BCE. go = the place where cattle

are collected at mid-day (Santali); goh (Brj.)(CDIAL 4336). Goha (Skt.); cattle-shed

(Or.) ko = a cow-pen; a cattlepen; a byre (G.)cattle-shed (Marathi)[ k ] A

pen or fold for cattle.[ gh ] f C (Dim. Of) A pen or fold for calves. (Marathi)

Architectural glyphs of Indus script: mudhif (reedhouse,Mesopotamia) and a dot, circle

glyph of Indus script depicted atop a bull on Urseal 18 (Gadd)

Kohaka1 (nt.) a kind of koha, the stronghold over a gateway, used as a store

room for various things, a chamber, treasury, granary Vin ii.153, 210; for the purpose of

keeping water in it Vin ii.121=142; 220; treasury J i.230; ii.168; -- storeroom J ii.246;

kothake pturahosi appeared at the gateway, i. e. arrived at the mansion Vin i.291.; --

udakak a bathroom, bath cabinet Vin i.205 (cp. Bdhghs expln at Vin. Texts ii.57);

so also nahna k and pihik, bath room behind a hermitage J iii.71; DhA

ii.19; a gateway, Vin ii.77; usually in cpd. Dvra k door cavity, i. e. room over the

gate: ghara satta dvra kohakapaimaita a

mansion adorned with seven gateways J i.227=230, 290;

VvA 322. Dvra kohakesu sanni pahapenti they spread mats in

the gateways VvA 6; esp. with bahi: bahi dvrakohak nikkhmetv

leading him out in front of the gateway A iv.206; e thia or nisinna standing or sitting in

front of the gateway S i.77; M i.161, 382; A iii.30. balak. a line of infantry J i.179.

kohakakamma or the occupation connected with a storehouse (or bathroom?) is

mentioned as an example of a low occupation at Vin iv.6; Kern, Toev. S. v. someone

who sweeps away dirt. (Pali)


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urseal15 Gadd, PBA 18 (1932), p. 13, Pl. III, no. 15; Legrain, MJ (1929), p. 306, pl. XLI,

no. 119; found at Ur in the cemetery area, in a ruined grave 9 metres from the surface,

together with a pair of gold ear-rings of the double-crescent type and long beads of

steatite and carnelian, two of gilt copper, and others of lapis-lazuli, carnelian, and

banded sard. The first sign to the left has the form of a flower or perhaps an animal's

skin with curly tail; there is a round spot upon the bull's back.

There is a round spot upon the bulls back.

[ gd ] m A circular brand or mark made by actual cautery (Marathi) [ g ] m

A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) 2 A marble. 3 A large

lifting stone. Used in trials of strength among the Athlet. 4 A stone in temples

described at length under5 fig. A term for a round, fleshy, well-filled body. 6 A

lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe.or[ gu or

g ] a () Spherical or spheroidal, pebble-form. (Marathi)

Rebus: krvi f. granary (Wpah.); ku, kuo house, building(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232) [

kh ] f (S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse, treasury, factory, bank.

(Marathi)

The grain and provisions (as of an army); the commissariat supplies. Ex.

-- -.[ khy ] [ kh ] m (S) A large granary,

store-room, warehouse, water-reservoir &c. 2 The stomach. 3 The chamber of a gun, of

water-pipes &c. 4 A birds nest. 5 A cattle-shed. 6 The chamber or cell of a hun in

which is set down in figures the amount.[ khr ] n A storehouse gen

(Marathi)

The continued tradition of building reed huts by Todas is comparable to the mudhifs of

ancient Sumer. Even the word used in Toda language is concordant with mudhif. The

Toda word is mund.


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Word for Toda mundin Indian sprachbund: Ta . mau hall of assembly, Ko. manToda mund (i.e. village); burning place for dry funeral; mandm (obl.mandt) meeting. To . mo (obl. mot-) locus of tribal activity, including village with dairy,dairy apart from village, and funeral place; patrilineal clan. Ka. mandu hamlet of theTodas on the Nilagiri. Ko.mand village green.(DEDR 4777). Or. chmui temporaryawning, shelter of branches and twigs (CDIAL 5028). WPah.kg. mhm. shed for

sheep on high altitudes ; Md.mui chicken -- coop ; maha1 m. hut, cottage, esp. cellof an ascetic MBh.,mahik-- f. Da. [Seemaapa -- ]Pk. maha -- m.n., h-- f. hut ; K.marm. hut ,morum. dove -- cot, fowl -- house ; S.mahum. place of

residence ,mahf. place where an ascetic lives ; L.mahf., mult. mahf. small

tomb over ashes of a Hindu ; P.mahm., mahf. monument, tomb ; Ku.maf. hut

, maulf. shed ; N.mar(h)oany temporary erection ; A.mar tuft of grass at either

end of ridgepole of a house ; Or.mai hut ; Bi.maragrass hut , (Patna)maruk

shed on threshing floor ; Mth.mahhut, house ,mahahforest hut ;

H. mah, mah, mhm. open hut or shed ,mahf. cottage, hut, shed, cell,

small temple ; G.mahm. temple ,mah, huf. hut , M.mahm., mahf.;

Si. mau --vhut . -- Rather < maapa -- : Bi. (Patna) maa shed on threshing floor

; Mth. maaihut .(CDIAL 9727). maa6 some sort of framework (?) . [Innau --man. du. the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers ofa boat (?) Br. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bdhi-- maa-- n.

perh. thatched cover rather than raised platform (BHS ii 402). If so, it may belong

to maap -- andmaha -- ] Ku. mm. pl. shed, resthouse (if not < *mh

Architecture on Ancient Near East writing systems (Kalyanaraman, Aug. 13, 2013)

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Transcript of Architecture on Ancient Near East writing systems (Kalyanaraman, Aug. 13, 2013)