Architecture

“Architecture is an art for all to learn because all are concerned

with it.” -John Ruskin

ARCHITECTUREBoth the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures.

ARCHITECTUREArchitectural works are often perceived as cultural

symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural

achievements.

Latin "architectura" Greek, "arkitekton” "master builder”“

ARCHITECTURE

ScienceArt

“Architecture is the mastery, correct and magnificent play of masses brought

together in light” -

Le Corbusier

Architecture is……

Art of designing and constructing buildings and other types of structures. It is often referred t as “MOTHER OF THE ARTS” because it houses, serves as background for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art.[Sanchez, Abad, Jao. Introduction to Humanities. 2002]

Architecture is……

It is also by its definition functional. One of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfil a need that led to its creation. Since the needs of different periods

in history varied, different architectural styles and characters evolved.

"Architecture" can mean:

• A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.

• The art and science of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures.

• The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.

• The knowledge of art, science & technology and humanity.

"Architecture" can mean:

• The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings, or built environments.

• The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).

Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture are called the FINE ARTS. They appeal to the eye as music

does to the ear. But architecture is not judged by visual appeal alone. Buildings affect all of the human senses – sound, smell, touch, taste, and

vision.”

–Forrest Wilson

The practice of architecture involves both the conception of an idea and its ultimate expression in building materials.

(G. Salvan)

“The act of creating Architecture is a problem solving or design process” (F.D.K. Ching)

The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications,

defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Architect

A person who practices Architecture

A professional - practices architecture and is Registered and Licensed

Architecture also exists without necessary assistance from an architect; and architects

sometimes create buildings which are not architecture. (Norval White)

Architecture is developed by ordinary people, for ordinary people; therefore it should be easily comprehensible to all.

(Steen Eller Rasmussen)

“It became apparent to us that architecture is generally assumed to be a highly specialized system with a set of prescribed technical goals rather than a sensual social art responsive to real human desires and feelings. This limitation is most frighteningly manifested in the reliance on two-

dimensional diagrams that lay more stresses on the quantifiable features of building organization than on the polychromatic and three-dimensional qualities of the whole architectural experience.”

-Kent Bloomer & Charles Moore

Theories and principlesApplied

in Architecture

Architecture depends on order, arrangement, eurhythmy, symmetry, propriety, and economy. All of these must be built with due reference to durability, convenience, and beauty.

Architecture is a complex subject. It will help our understanding to consider separately the four elements or aspects that constitute it. These are:

I. Human ConditionII. The Architectural RealityIII.The Architectural FormIV.The Architectural Meaning

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century

AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of:

FirmitasUtilitas

Venustas commonly known by the original translation

FirmnessCommodity

Delight

STYLEStyle must accommodate and express the function of the structure. It must also address the future, providing or adaptability and the capacity to survive the loss of its original function. It must also be able to provide for functions which are unknown at the moment of construction.

MATERIALSMaterials used in a building and the methods which are used

in assembling them are among the factors contributing to architectural style. Availability of materials is an important

factor in architecture. Durability and beauty are factors considered in the choice of materials.

PLANIs the beginning of a building. It is the foundation upon which the scheme of the structure rests. It relates various units to one another and the most important element of a volume.

“We should proceed from within to without.”

Architectural Design

The process of developing an idea to a point at which solution of the problem at hand.

Design must concern itself with both the practical and the aesthetic. If the resulting structure is to be satisfactory, the two must always be combined and not separated.

“Art is solving problems that cannot be formulated before they have been solved. The shaping of the question

is part of the answer.” (Piet Hein)

“Design is above all a wilful act, a purposeful endeavour.” (Ching)

Color The hue, intensity, and total value of a form’s surface;

Inherent or applied color caused by spectrum hues;The attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form fro its

environment

Psychology of colors

Color UsageCan be used functionally; can be used to maximize/minimize size

of objects; can be used to express architectural form

Red Yellow Orange

Brown Gray

White Purple

Blue Green

Architectureform.space.order

Form – primary identifying characteristic of a volume; determined by shape and interrelationships of planes that describe boundaries of the volume

Primary Elements: point. line. plane. VolumeProperties: shape. size. color. texture. position. orientation. visual inertia


Form ………………………identifies SPACE

Any three dimensional form naturally articulates the volume of space surrounding it and generates a field of influence/territory which it claims as its own.Spatial Relationships: Space within a space. Interlocking space.

Adjacent space. Spaces linked by common space


Oder………………. through Proportion and Scale

Proportion. Proper or harmonious relation of one part to another or to a whole

Scale. Size of something compared to a reference standard or to the size of something else

Theories of Proportion: Golden Section. Classical Orders. Renaissance Theories. Modulor. Ken. Anthropometry. Scale

Periods and styles in architecture

Pre-Historic

Egyptian Byzantine

The HistoricalTimeline of Architecture

Greek Roman Early Christian

Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C:Revival

20th C:

Modern

Near East Islamic

Pre-Historic

AncientMesopotamian/West-AsiaticEgyptiansAegean and GreekEtruscan and Roman

MedievalEarly Christian

ByzantineRomanesqueGothic

Modern Renaissance Baroque

Contemporary

The Historical Timeline of Architecture(Winand Klassen –History of Western Architecture)

The Beginnings of Architecture

Prehistoric Architecture

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Pre-Historic Architecture

Beginnings of architecture must be placed within the

Neolithic Age and the New Stone Age (8000-3000 BC)

Neolithic Revolution = Industrial Revolution of our age

Transition from food gathering to food production

Brought about perhaps the most significant transformation of the human condition and

made possible the achievements that followed --- including Architecture

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Cave Paintings of Altimara, Spain and Lascaux, France (15, 000-

10, 000 BC)

Venus of Willendorf – one of the earliest pieces of Scupture found in Central Europe (30, 000 – 25, 000 BC)

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Settlement of Jericho (8, 000 – 7, 000 BC)

• One of the earliest settlements we know of through excavation

• Located on a plateau in the Jordan River Valley

Excavations of the Jericho Settlement Site

Aerial view of Jericho

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Settlement at Catal Huyuk (6500-5700 BC)

• An early settlement in Anatolia (Turkey) around 7000 BC

• Excavated between 1961-1963• Largest Neolithic city with 13 hectares of land

for a population of about 10, 000 people

Catal HuyukExcavations at the Catal Huyuk Site

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Megalithic Architecture

• 3500 BCE – man has developed a form of architecture based on megaliths probably intended for burial ritual

• Megalith – large standing stone; an enormous stone usually standing upright or forming a part of a prehistoric structure

• Carnac, Brittany, France – where the largest number of megaliths can be found. More than 3000 are found there dating back to the period between 5000-10000 BC

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3 Main Types of Megalithic Structure

MENHIRDOLMENSTONES ARRANGED IN CIRCLE / CROMLECH

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MENHIR

- A huge stone standing vertically in the ground- Such stones are usually standing in the middle of a

filed or arranged in rows - Widely distributed across Asia, Africa and Europe,

but most numerous in Western Europe

Menhirs at Avebury, Wiltshire, UK

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DOLMEN

Prehistoric structure thought to have been used a tomb or altar that consist of a large horizontal slab of stone supported by two or more vertical slabs

Kilclooney Dolmen near Ardara in County Donegal, IrelandPentre Ifan dolmen, Wales

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STONES ARRANGED IN CIRCLE / CROMLECH

-Believed to be an ancient stone burial chamber-Best example is the Stonehenge

Stonehenge at the Salisbury Plains, Southern England

The Stonehenge from above

Swinside, England

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TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE

• Dominant tomb type• Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber

Passageway inside a Tumulus

Ancient Architecture

West Asiatic Architecture

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Mesopotamia• Flourished in the fertile river valleys and deltas of the

Euphrates and Tigris• “Cradle of Civilization”

AkkadiansSumeriansAssyriansBabylonians

Architecture of the Ancient Near East

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Architecture of the Ancient Near East

Persia • Achaemenid Architectural heritage began with

the expansion of the empire around 550 B.C.E under Cyrus the Great

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Architectural Character

General Characteristics: Traditions of clay in Mesopotamia and traditions of wood in PersiaMesopotamia – massive and arcuated (true arch with

radiating voussoirs)Persia – columnar

System of Construction:Mesopotamia – arch and vault, sometimes domicalPersia – columnar and trabeated

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Buildings : Massive, towered fortifications

Temple Complexes (ziggurats)Palaces (Assyria, Persia)Tombs (Persia)

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Colossal winged-bull

Murals

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Columns

Interiors

Persepolis

Apadana, Persepolis

Palace of ashurbanipal (sennacherib)

Gate of Nations

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

Tomb of Artaxerxes

Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad

Ruins of the White Temple of Anu, Uruk

Babylon

Ishtar Gate

Model of a Sumerian Ziggurat

Egyptian Architecture

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Architecture of the civilization that flourished along the Nile River from before 3000 BC until its annexation by Rome in 30 BC

Characterized by the axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, use of trabeated construction with precise stonework, and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief

The preoccupation with eternity and the afterlife dominated the building of funerary monuments and temples

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

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Chief Character:

Simplicity, solidity, and grandeur or monumentality, obtained by broad masses of unbroken walling

Principal Buildings:

Temples and Pyramids

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Columns

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Walls and Roofs

Openings

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Architecture of Ancient Egypt Ornaments

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Architecture of Ancient Egypt Obelisk

The Great Sphinx of Giza

Avenue of Sphinxes

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Egyptian Dwellings

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Mastaba

Pylon, Edfu Temple

Temple of Abu Simbel

Step Pyramid of Zoser

Bent Pyramid of Senefru

Great Pyramids of Giza

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Der El-Bahari

Greek Architecture

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Architecture of Classical Greece

Early Period Aegean and Mycenaean Architecture

Notable for structures rough and massive in character

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Palace of King Minos, Knossos

Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

The Lion Gate of Mycenae

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Hellenic PeriodClassical GREEK ArchitectureThe recognized style of the Greek ArchitectureCharacterized by simplicity and purity of line, perfection of proportions, and refinement of detailDignity and grandeur in spite of smallness in scaleColumnar and trabeatedPracticed refinements to correct optical illusions - entasis

ORDERS

Of

CLLASICAL

GREEK

ARCHITECTURE

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Plans

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The GREEK Theatre

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Mouldings

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Ornaments

PARTHENON, Acropolis, Athens

Acropolis, Athens

Stoa of Attalos

Agora(Town Square/Market Place)

Stadium at Delphi BouleuterionCouncil Hall

of Miletus

Roman Architecture

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Architecture of the Romans

Early Influence – EtruscansEarliest civilization around Rome

Brought Eastern and Greek culture to the region

Introduced the Tuscan order which became popular with the Romans

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Etruscan Temple

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Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia

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Roman Architecture

Gave special importance to the internal space intended for worship

Integral view of the art combining beauty and sumptousity with utility and practical sense

Interest in public works and engineering Monumental and Colossal to show Roman power Characterized by the use of post-and-lintel

construction, arch and vault construction, and the use of domes

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Engineering Achievements

Arch Vault

Dome Aqueduct

Concrete Bridges

Paved Roads

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Arch

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Roman Orders

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Vault

PONT DU GARD: ROMAN AQUEDUCT (SOUTHERN FRANCE)

PONS: ROMAN BRIDGE (CHAVES)

Roman Forum(equivalent of the Greek Agora)

Roman Circus

The Coliseum, Rome

Roman Theatre

BASILICA ULPIA: ELEVATION DRAWING

Roman Thermae

Pantheon, Rome

ARCH OF TITUS, ROME

Insulae(Roman House)

Domus(Housing for the Upper Class)

Medieval Architecture

Early Christian Architecture

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Plain and simple exterior; richness in the interior Gives the feeling of horizontality Trussed, arcuated, columnar and trabeated Buildings: Basilican Churches, baptisteries Plans followed the basilican model for the new churches The period where the bell tower or campanile dates from

SIMPLICITY IN DESIGN, COARSENES IN EXECUTION


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Mosaics

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Basilican Church

Erected over the burial place of the saint to whom the church was dedicated to

Usually oriented to face east; later medieval churches are oriented to the west

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Baptisteries

•Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany• Large separate building from church, sometimes adjoined atrium

Santa Sabina, Rome (c. 422-432)

Santa Costanza, Rome (c. 345)

Old Saint Peter’s, Rome (c. 330)

Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem (c. 345)

Byzantine Architecture

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Byzantine ArchitectureSIMPLICITY AND RICHNESS

Gives a feeling of verticalitySimplicity of the exterior treatment and

richness in the interiorFusion of the domical construction of the east

with the classic columnar style of the westBuildings: Churches and Monasteries Columnar and trabeated, arch and vault,

domical

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Church Plans

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Pendentive

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Ornaments

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Turkey)

St. Mark, Venice

Romanesque Architecture

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Romanesque Architecture Roman-like

Sober and dignified, and picturesque Buildings: Churches, Monasteries, Castles Arch an vault using semicircular arches Plans based on the Roman Basilica with the

addition of the transept and prolongation of the sanctuary = WELL DEFINED LATIN CROSS

Towers were prominent features

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Openings

Vault

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Ornaments

Wall

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Plans

Santiago de Compostela

Pistoia Cathedral (Central Italy)

Pisa Cathedral (North Italy)

St. Zeno Maggiore, Verona (North Italy)

Monreale Cathedral (South Italy)

Angouleme Cathedral (Southern France)

St. Michael, Hildesheim (Northern Germany)

GothicArchitecture

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Gothic Architecture

LITHUANIALofty and Aspiring

Structural Honesty (Arch and Vault Construction)Economy in the use of materialsSpecial Features: Pointed Arch Gargoyles

Buttresses (flying buttress) Stained Glass

Pinnacles Towers and SpiresBuildings: Cathedrals

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Gothic ArchitectureLITHUANIA

Flying Buttress Pointed Arch

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Gothic ArchitectureLITHUANIAVaults

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Gothic ArchitectureLITHUANIA

Ornaments

Westminster Abbey (English Gothic)

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris (French Gothic)

Antwerp Cathedral (Belgian Gothic)

Cologne Cathedral (German Gothic)

Milan Cathedral (Italian Gothic)

Modern Architecture

RenaissanceArchitecture

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Renaissance Architecture

LITHUANIARenaissance means rebirth from Italian rinascita the rebirth of the Classical Style

Purists – artists who were very strict following the classical style and allowed no modifications

Filippo Brunelleschi – considered the father of Renaissance

Florence, Italy – place where the Renaissance originated

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Renaissance Architecture

LITHUANIAArchitectural Character:

- Employment of the classic Roman orders- Dignity and Formality achieved through symmetry- Skylines characterized by horizontal cornices and ballustrades

*Columnar and trabeated, arch and vault, domical

Buildings:Churches, Palaces, Mansions

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Renaissance ArchitectureLITHUANIAPrincipal Phases of the Renaissance Period

1. Renaissance / Quattrocento (Early Renaissance). 1400-1500

2. High Renaissance – Golden Era. 1500-1525

3. Mannerism. 1520-1600

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Renaissance ArchitectureLITHUANIA

Distinct Features

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Notable Renaissance ArchitectsFilippo Brunelleschi Leon Battista AlbertiDonato Bramante RaphaelGiacomo Barozzi da Vignola MichaelangeloBernini Pietro LombardoAndrea Palladio

English Renaissance Architects

Sir Christopher WrenIñigo Jones

Dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore

By Filippo Brunelleschi

Foundling Hospital by Brunelleschi

Sant’ Andrea, Mantua by Alberti

Santa Maria Novella, Florenceby Alberti

Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, Italy

by Donato Bramante

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Architects commisioned for the Saint Peter’s Basiica

1. Donato Bramante (1505-1514)2. Raphael Sanzio (1514-1520)3. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1520-1546)4. Michaelangelo Bounarroti (1547-1564)5. Giacomo della Porta (1573-1602)6. Carlo Maderno (1603-1629)7. Gianlorenzo Bernini (1629-1680)

The Saint Peter’s Basilica

Sistine Chapel

Palazzo Farnese by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger

Palazzo Medici by MICHELOZZO DIBARTOLOMMEO

Palazzo Te by Giulio Romano

Villa Capra “La Rotunda”, Vicenza

San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, Italy

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Baroque Architecture (Late Renaissance)LITHUANIAThe revolt against the formal rules and standard

proportions of the Renaissance followers of Vitruvius

Freedom in plan design and ornamentation

Interiors with exaggerated detail of carved ornament

Features: Twisted ColumnsCurved and Broken PedimentsHuge, Wavy Scrolls

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Baroque ArchitectureLITHUANIARococo Style

More delicate and intimate version of Baroque originating in France

Features: ScrollsCupidsCartouche

Santa Susanna by Carlo Maderno.

Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza by Francesco Borromini. Château de Maisons by François

Mansart

Santiago de la Compostela Cathedral, Spain

Contemporary Architecture

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Architectural Styles in Continental Europe(18th-19th Century)

LITHUANIA

Classic RevivalGothic Revival

Eclectism

The Crystal Palace by Sir Joseph Paxton

Palace of Studies, L’Ecole des Beaux Arts by Felix DubanLibrary of St. Genevieve by Henri Labrouste Sagrada Familia by Antonio GaudiSacre Coeur by Paul AbadieParis Opera House by Charles Garnier

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIAArts and Crafts and Related Movements

- Began in England around 1860 and continued into the first decade of the 20th century and shared many of the ideas of Art Nouveau

- A craft-based alternative- Emphasized local traditions and materials and was

inspired by vernacular design

The Red Houseby Philip Webb William Morris

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIAArt Nouveau

- Flourished in Europe between 1890 and 1910 - Artists and designers transformed modern industrial

materials such as iron and glass into graceful, curving form

- Designers interested in architecture as a form of stylistic expression rather than as structural system

Tassel House /Hotel Tasselby Victor Horta

Casa Batllóby Antonio Gaudi

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIA

An overarching movement and period in architectural history during the 20th CenturyModernism (Modern Architecture)- Broadly characterized by simplification of form and

subtraction of ornament from the structure and theme of the building

- After the artistic Innovations in Europe and the US increased in a rapid succession of movements of “isms”

- Lasted through the first half of the 20th Century- Rejects old, traditional ideas and styles in art an

design - Reveals rather than conceal the inner structure of the

building

Guggenheim Museum, New Yorkby Frank Lloyd Wright

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Age of MachinesExpressionism and Rationalism

-emerged in Germany after WWII

Expressionism-after the war, architects grew less enchanted with the with the machine and sought a design ideal that would express emotion and the essence of life

Einstein Tower / Einsteinturmby Erich Mendelsohn

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Age of MachinesExpressionism and Rationalism

-emerged in Germany after WWII

Rationalism - Architects called for designs of great clarity that paid

strict attention to function and made use of modern materials and technologies

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIADe Stijl

- European architects began to strip away the heavy masonry of Wright’s buildings to reveal the purity of his flowing plans, typically in modern glass structures with interlocking volumes

- Dutch painter Peit Mondrain and designers Theo van Doesburg and Gerrit Rietveld were the chief exponents of De Stijl

Rietveld Schröder House by Gerrit Rietveld

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Art Deco- Combined the exuberance of expressionism with the

clean functional lines of rationalism - Streamlined art deco architecture mimicked the sleek

design of ocean liners, but also drew on the decorative qualities of Art Nouveau and the following forms of expressionism

Chrysler Buildingby William Van Alen

Metropolitan Theatre, Manilaby Juan M. Arellano

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIAInternational Style

- Emphasis more on architectural style, form and aesthetics than the social aspects of the modern movement as emphasised in Europe

- Characterized by rectilinear forms; light, taut plane surfaces completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; open interior spaces; visually weightless quality

- Materials: glass and steel, in combination with usually less visible reinforced concrete

Villa Savoyeby Le Corbusier

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIAConstructivism

- A form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s

- Combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose

Narkomtiazhprom By Vesnin Brothers

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Totalitarian

- type of architecture created by totalitarian states. - typically designed to be imposing and large in

size to portray a sense of power, majesty, and virility.

- Drew on simplified Neo-Classicism, and sculpture based on C19 realism and Classicism for massive oversized State monuments

Palace of the Soviets By Boris Iofan and Vladimir

Shchuko

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Skyscraper • Tall, multistoried building, usually designed for office or

commercial use.• Are of metal frame construction in which a stable

system of structural members supports curtain walls, floors, and roof

• First skyscrapers were built in Chicago and New York in the 1880s

• Essential to the development of skyscrapers was the invention of the lift by US engineer Elisha Otish

Origins

Home Insurance Building Masonic Temple Building

New York Giants

American Surety Building Empire State Building

Post World War

World Trade Center, New York Sears Tower, Chicago John Hancock Center, Chicago

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Post Modernism- late-20th-century movement that was a departure

from modernism- heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and

reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism

- typically marked by revival of historical elements and techniques

- also been described as neo-eclectic- “Less is more” to "Less is a bore"

Sony Tower by Philip Johnson and John Burgee

Vanna Venturi House

by Robert Venturi

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIAStructuralism

- a movement - evolved around the middle of the 20th century

- a reaction to CIAM-Functionalism which had led to a lifeless expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms

- In a general sense is a mode of thought of the 20th century

- elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure

Kimbell Art Museumby Louis Kahn

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High Tech- Also known as Late Modernism or Structural

Expressionism - Emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of high-

tech industry and technology into building design - This category serves as a bridge between modernism

and post-modernism- Buildings reveal their structure on the outside as well

as the inside, but with visual emphasis placed on the internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure

Centre Georges Pompidou by Renzo Piano

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Deconstructivism- a development of postmodern architecture that

began in the late 1980s influenced by the theory of "Deconstruction“

- characterized by fragmentation, an interest in manipulating a structure's surface, skin, non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope

- visual appearance of buildings is characterized by unpredictability and controlled chaos

UFA Cinema Center by Coop Himmelblau

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbaoby Frank Gehry

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Organic Architecture- Chief proponent is Frank Lloyd Wright- Follows a principle that a building should be

developed out of its natural sorroundings - Philosophy of architecture which promotes

harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site, that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.

Kaufmann Residence (Fallingwater)by Frank Lloyd Wright

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIAMetabolism

- Post-war Japanese movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth

- Contends that buildings and cities should be designed in the same organic way that life grows and changes by repeating metabolism

- Envisioned the complete transformation of Japan into resilient spatial and organizational patterns adaptable to change

Nakagin Capsule Towerby Kisho Kurokawa

Marine Cityby Kikutake Kiyonori

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Architecture in the Modern World LITHUANIABrutalism

- Flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s- Originates from the French béton brut, or "raw

concrete”- Typically massive in character, fortress-like, with a

predominance of exposed concrete construction

Habitat 67 (Habitat)by Moshe Safdie

Islamic, and Asian, Architecture

Islamic Architecture- Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with

no architectural tradition- Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many different

circumstances

Character: - Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric, calligraphic

and plant motifs, with a preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element

- Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect creation)- Centered upon God- Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards Mecca

LITHUANIA

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Taj Mahal, India

Jama Masjid

Indian ArchitectureStrong influence of religion: Islam. Hinduism. Buddhism

Characterized by multiplication of motifs and profuse carved ornamentation, often combining the religious and the sensuousBuilding Types: Stambhas or Laths

MandiraViharasChaityasStupasMausoleums

LITHUANIA

Great Stupa in Sanchi

Ellora CavesBrahmeswara Temple

Red Fort

Chinese ArchitectureCharacter:- Use of timber as principal building material- Color plays vital part in their structures- Use of pantiles or “S-tiles” for roofing - Emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry- Use of Siheyuan (courtyard)- Religious and ethical influences: Confucianism. Taoism. Buddhism

Building Types : Pagoda Pai-LouTemples Palaces and Houses

LITHUANIA

Fogung Temple PagodaPuning Temple Great Red Gate

Forbidden City

Great Wall of China

Japanese Architecture- Use of wood and tiled or thatched roof - Building elevated slightly off the ground- A realistic response to the natural environment - Buildings traditionally unpainted - Use of fusuma (sliding door) instead of walls- Absence of mouldings - Roof are the most visually impressive feature w/ oversized slightly-

curved eaves - Traditional houses designed for people seated on the floor Building Types: Pagoda Temples

Palace Tea HouseBath House

LITHUANIA

Himeji Castle (White Heron Castle)Byodo-in TempleKinkaku-ji (Temple of the Golden Pavilion)

Ninomaru Palace

Japanese Tea House or Chashitsu

Architecture in the Philippines- Shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna around it- Developed and evolved trough the various periods of colonization

LITHUANIA

4 Periods Pre-Colonial Period

Spanish PeriodAmerican Period

Post-war and Modern

Examples:Cave Dwellings

Tree HousesLean-Tos

Bahay KuboBahay na Bato

Spanish ChurchesCivic and Government Buildings

Famous Filipino Architects

Juan ArellanoTomas Mapua Antonio ToledoJuan Nakpil -

Pablo Antonio – Fernando OcampoAndres Luna y San

PedroLeandro LocsinFelipe Mendoza

Francisco Mañosa

Ifugao HouseTausug House (baysinug)

Badjao HouseboatTorogan San Agustin Church Miag-ao Church, Iloilo

Manila Cathedral

Quiapo Church by Juan NakpilManila Central Post Office by Juan Arellano Leyte Capitol Building by Antonio ToledoCultural Center of the Philippines

Architecture

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