ARCH EXPANSION IN ORTHODONTICSdental.subharti.org/orthodontics/ARCH EXPANSION.pdf•Arch Expansion...
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ARCH EXPANSION IN
ORTHODONTICS DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS SUBHARTI DENTAL COLLEGE SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY
Presented By: Dr Shalu Jain
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INTRODUCTION
• Arch Expansion is a method of gaining space in Orthodontics.
• It is one of the oldest and most conservative method of gaining space.
• It can be used to correct intermaxillary and dental arch relationships primarily in the transverse direction. It also enables correction of crossbites early in treatment.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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Classification
1. Orthodontic or dental expansion- dentoalveolar in nature and produced by various removable expansion plates and conventional fixed appliances.
There is lateral tipping of crown and lingual tipping of roots.
2. Orthopedic or skeletal expansion- Changes
produced are skeletal in nature. Eg- Rapid maxillary expansion.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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3. Passive Expansion- It is produced by shielding of buccal and labial muscles with a resultant expansion of the arches.
This type of expansion is produced by intrinsic forces such as those produced by the tongue. Eg- Fr-2 appliance and lip bumper.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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ANATOMY
The maxilla is a paired bone that articulates with its opposite member and various other bones incl frontal, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, zygomatic and the palatine bones.
Most of the sutural attachments of the maxilla to the adjoining bones are at its posterior and superior aspects leaving the anterior and inferior aspects free, which makes it vulnerable for lateral displacement.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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The inter-maxillary and the inter-palatine sutures are collectively called the mid-palatal suture.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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Mid Palatine Suture plays a key role in R.M.E.
i. Infancy - Y-shape ii. Juvenile - T-shape iii. Adolescence - Jigsaw puzzle
As sutural patency is vital to R.M.E, it is important to know when does the suture closes by synostosis
An average 5% of suture in closed by age 25 yrs, range of ossification between 15-27 years Earliest closure occurs in girls aged 15 yrs and 18 years in boys.
Greater degree of obliteration occurs posteriorly than anteriorly.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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Also known as rapid palatal expansion or
split palate.
It is a skeletal type of expansion that
involves the separation of the mid-palatal
sutures and movement of the maxillary
shelves away from each other.
Emerson C. Angell is considered the father
of rapid maxillary expansion.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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INDICATIONS OF RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION
• Posterior crossbites
• Class III malocclusion- Dental or skeletal cause.
• Cleft Palate patients
• Face mask therapy
• Medical indications- Nasal stenosis, poor nasal airway, septal deformities, allergic rhinitis.
• Selected arch lenghth problems- In selected patients in whom extraction could lead to flattening of profile.
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TYPES OF APPLIANCES USED
Fixed appliances- (a) Tooth borne
(b)Tooth & Tissue borne
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FIXED APPLIANCES
• Appliances that are fixed onto the teeth are more reliable and found to produce consistent skeletal effects.
• TOOTH AND TISSUE BORNE APPLIANCES-
1. Derichsweiler type
2. Hass type
TOOTH BORNE APPLIANCES-
1. Isaacson type
2. Hyrax type
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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1. Derichsweiler type- The first premolars and first molars are banded. Wire tags are soldered onto the palatal aspect of the band. These wire tags get inserted into a split acrylic plate incorporating a screw at its centre.
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2. Hass type- The 1st premolar and molar of either side are banded. A thick stainless steel wire is soldered on the buccal and lingual aspect connecting PM and M bands. The lingual wire is kept longer to extend past the bands. The split palatal acrylic has a midline screw.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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3. Isaacson type- This a tooth borne
appliance without any acrylic palatal
covering. This design makes use of a
spring loaded screw called a minne
expander.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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4. Hyrax type- This type of appliance
makes use of a special type of screw
called HYRAX ( Hygienic rapid expander).
The screws have heavy gauge wire
extensions that are adapted to follow the
palatal contour and are soldered to bands
on premolars and molars.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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EFFECT OF R.M.E. ON THE MAXILLARY COMPLEX
• Rapid maxillary expansion occurs when the force
applied to the teeth and the maxillary alveolar
processes exceeds the limits needed for orthodontic
tooth movement.
• The applied pressure acts as an orthopaedic force
that opens the midpalatal suture.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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• The appliance compresses the periodontal
ligament, bends the alveolar processes, tips
the anchor teeth, and gradually opens the
midpalatal suture.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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OCCLUSAL VIEW
• Palatine processes of the maxillae separated in a nonparallel— that is, in a wedge-shaped
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FRONTAL VIEW
• The maxillary suture was found to separate
superoinferiorly in a nonparallel manner.
• It is pyramidal in shape with the base of the
pyramid located at the oral side of the bone.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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MAXILLARY ANTERIOR TEETH • From the patient's point of view, one of the
most spectacular changes accompanying RME
is the opening of a diastema between the
maxillary central incisors.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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EFFECT OF R.M.E. ON MANDIBULAR COMPLEX
• The mandible rotates downward and backwards due to the
downward movement of the maxillary posterior teeth in a
buccal direction.
• The palatal cusps of the maxillary posterior teeth, which
should ideally occlude in the occlusal grove of the
mandibular posterior teeth, tend to occlude with the
lingual slopes of the buccal cusps of these teeth, there by
giving the effect of opening the bite
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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EFFECT OF R.M.E. ON THE NASAL CAVITY
• The RME tends to increase the intranasal
space as the outer walls of the nasal cavity
move apart and the palatal shelves flatten out,
making the nasal floor broader.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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ACTIVATION OF THE RME APPLIANCE
• Forces generated are close to 10 to 20 pounds.
• An expansion of 0.2 to 0.5 mm should be
achieved per day.
• Screw activated at between 0.5 to 1mm per day
and about 1 cm of expansion can be expected in
2 to 3 weeks
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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• Timms - activation of 90°,morning and evening - patients
up to age of 15 years
In patients above this age- suggests an activation of 45°
four times a day.
• Zimring and lsaacson recommended, two turns per day
initial 4 to 5 days followed by one turn per day in growing
individuals.
For adults : two turns each for the first two days followed
by one turn per day for the next 5 to 7 days and then only
one turn every alternate day till the desired expansion is
achieved. DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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1. Single tooth crossbites
2. Uncooperative patients
3. RME is not carried out after ossification of the midpalatal suture unless accompanied by adjunctive surgical procedures.
4. Vertical growers with steep mandibular plane.
Dr Shalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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5. Skeletal asymmetry of maxilla and mandible and adult cases with severe antero-posterior skeletal discrepancies.
6. Periodontally weak dentition.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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• Oral hygiene
• Length of fixation
• Dislodgement and breakage
• Tissue damage
• Infection
• Failure of suture to open
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SURGICALLY ASSISTED RAPID PALATAL EXPANSION (SARPE)
Patients who exhibit unusual resistance to separation of palatine bones may require surgical intervention. This usually occurs in female patients over 16 years of age and male patients over 18 years of age.
It may also be required in patients exhibiting increased circum maxillary rigidity as a result of aging.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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The main resistance to maxillary skeletal expansion comes from the buttressing effect of zygomatic and sphenoid bones at their point of attachment to the maxilla.
SARPE involves surgical separation of these attachments thereby allowing expansion to be achieved using a conventional RME appliance.
Expansion is carried out at a rate of 0.5mm per day. It has a high relapse tendency because of inelasticity of palatal mucoperiosteum and a degree of overcorrection is valuable.
DrShalu Jain, Subharti Dental College, SVSU
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