ARCH 1250 APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CLASS FIVE HYDROLOGY · 2012-02-05 · sidwell friends...
Transcript of ARCH 1250 APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CLASS FIVE HYDROLOGY · 2012-02-05 · sidwell friends...
9/27/2012
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ARCH 1250APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
CLASS FIVEHYDROLOGY
John Seitz, RA, LEED APAdjunct Assistant Professor
Professor Paul C. King, RA, AIA, ARAAssistant Professor
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Soon to be the world’s most precious commodity
It is already the world’s third largest industry. When wastewater treatment is included it is valued at over 500 billion $US annually.
Of the 6 billion people on earth, 1.1 billion do not have access to safe, clean drinking water.
Nearly 1.8 million children under the age of five die annually from diarrheal diseases (such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery) attributable to a lack of safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
While the average American uses 150 gallons of water per day, those in developing countries cannot find five
Water
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Hydrologic cycle from Derek Elsom’s, Earth,
The Making, Shaping
and Workings of a
Planet, 1992
The Hydrologic CycleWater delivered to your rooftop, no bills included.
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Dewpoint
If we cool air without changing its moisture content, eventually we'll reach a temperature at which the air can no longer hold the moisture it contains. At this point water will condense out of the air, forming dew or fog.
This is the dewpoint.
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Precipitation
Describes various forms of water vapor condensation that fall from the sky under gravity.
This includes rain, sleet, drizzle, snow and hail.
Precipitation occurs when a local portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates.
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Evaporation
Typically describes the movement of water molecules from a wet surface to the air as water vapor.
This may happen at the surface of water bodies, wet soil particles or other site materials and plant stomata (where it is called transpiration)
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Transpiration
Is a process similar to evaporation. It describes how water absorbed at plant roots, moves upward through the vascular tissues and evaporates through openings known as stomata.
A fully grown tree may lose several hundred gallons of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. We transplant plants in cooler weather and provide extra water for the first year to reduce stress on the plant through transpirational losses.
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Where does our water come from?
2,000 square miles of watershed send more than 1 billion gallons of water to NYC daily
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
WATER NEEDS
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
STORAGE and TREATMENT STRATEGIES
CULTURE and EDUCATION
NEXT CLASS
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
A 7,000 mile network of water mains, tunnels and aqueducts carry water from 21 reservoirs to your tap
A valve chamber beneath Van Cortland Park in the Bronx
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
7,400 miles of sewers carry waste to 14 waste treatment plants throughout the city
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Newtown Creek Waste Treatment plant North River Waste Treatment Plant with Riverbank State Park above
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
More than 460 Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO’s) still release raw sewage into the harbor during major rain events
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Water in Culture
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
By means of water,
we give life to everything.
Koran, 21:30
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Water in Culture
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
If there is magic on the planet, it is
contained in the water.
Loren Eisley
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Cairn and Tide, Andrew Goldsworthy, 1999
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Water in Ecosystems
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Ecological systems have developed a variety of infrastructures to conserve, protect and cleanse water.
Many plants and animals have developed regulating mechanisms that allow them to conserve water in dryer times (and in some cases store it in wetter times).
Forests and layers of vegetation create protective canopies and microclimates that retard water loss. Wetlands, soil systems and streams support a host of organisms that clean our waters.
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Wetlands
• An area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally
• Wetlands include swamps, marshes, and bogs and may have salt, fresh or brackish waters.
• Wetlands are the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems.
• Wetlands are often part of an integrated sustainable site design where they absorb and filter stormwater runoff
• Despite many state and federal protections wetland loss continues at the rate of nearly 60,000 acres per year.
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
The Viele water map of lower Manhattan (1864) illustrates how quickly the original outlines and contours disappeared and pushed outward.
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
100 year floodplain map for lower Manhattan
Protecting floodplain functions
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 2008
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Emerald Necklace, Metropolitan Boston, 1878-1896 by Frederick Law Olmstead
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
USGS Maps of Brooklyn from 1900 and 2010
Brooklyn was once ringed by salt marshes, some of the most ecologically productive land in the world.
9/27/2012
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Site Hydrology - Groundwater
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Water table diagram per USGS 2012
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Site Hydrology - Stormwater
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
As more and more land becomes paved, reducing infiltration and absorption by plants, the destructive force of stormwater has increased significantly.
Municipalities across the country now require many new developments to hold storm water surges and provide strategies to reduce suspended solids before release into public sewer systems.
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
SELECTION & BOUNDARIES
ANALYSIS and MAPPING
PROGRAMMING and INTEGRATED DESIGN
CLIMATE
PRODUCTIVITY & BIODIVERSITY
MAINTENANCE
INTRO TO TERM PROJECT
NEXT CLASS
Designed wetlands - Bioswales
Open planted trenches designed to gather, treat and slowly move rainwater from adjacent hardscape areas. Silt and pollutants are removed through mechanical and biological processes.
9/27/2012
15
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
SELECTION & BOUNDARIES
ANALYSIS and MAPPING
PROGRAMMING and INTEGRATED DESIGN
CLIMATE
PRODUCTIVITY & BIODIVERSITY
MAINTENANCE
INTRO TO TERM PROJECT
NEXT CLASS
Designed wetlands - Rain Gardens
Planted depressions that provide a temporary holding place for rainwater from adjacent hardscape areas. Water may leave through a combination of plant transpiration, evaporation or absorption (images from City of Portland)
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Sidwell Friends School, DC
A green roof and constructed wetland reduce stormwaterrunoff, improve the quality of infiltrated runoff, and reduce municipal water use.
The green roof slows the flow of rainwater and diverts it through a series of scuppers, downspouts, and flowforms to the biology pond and rain garden in the courtyard.
The naturally treated water is eventually reused in the toilets and cooling towers.
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
9/27/2012
16
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Sidwell Friends School, DC
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Site Hydrology - Erosion Control
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Erosion is the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of natural elements, such as water and wind.
It is strongly influenced by the
Type of soil
Steepness of slope
Speed of water or wind
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LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Erosion Control
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Site strategies to reduce erosion must address both construction activities and the completed project.
They may include regrading, retaining walls, geotextiles, plantings, riprap
Above Geotextile
Below riprap
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Sustainable irrigation strategiesinclude drip irrigation, rain controllers and appropriate plantings
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
9/27/2012
18
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Rainwater capture and cisterns have long been a part of indigenous building, particularly in dry climates. Water can be easily stored in closed below ground cisterns.
Catchment systems
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Basilica Cistern, Istanbul
9/27/2012
19
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Magney House, Australia by Glenn Murcutt
9/27/2012
20
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
WATER NEEDS
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
STORAGE and TREATMENT STRATEGIES
CULTURE and EDUCATION
NEXT CLASS
Making the story of water more visible
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Nuremberg PrismaNuremberg, Germany
9/27/2012
21
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Nuremberg PrismaAtrium view
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Municipalities generally recognize two categories of wastewater and treatment requirements will vary.
Greywater -is generated from domestic activities such as laundry, dishwashing, and bathing. This water can generally be applied to toilet flushing and irrigation with a minimum of treatment.
Blackwater - is wastewater from toilets and requires signficant treatment before reuse is allowed.
Water Reuse (treatment) strategies
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
9/27/2012
22
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Ecological wastewater treatment
In 1976 NASA developed the first operational wastewater treatment system for both domestic sewerage and industrial wastewater. This first system relied upon the Water Hyacinth.
Further development and research revealed that a mixture of water plants in combination with a rock filter provided the optimum combination. The rock added to the available surface area, allowing larger colonies of bacteria and microorganisms to thrive. As the water moves through the system the oxygen content improves and allows larger organisms and protozoa to feed on the bacteria.
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
WATER NEEDS
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
STORAGE and TREATMENT STRATEGIES
CULTURE and EDUCATION
NEXT CLASS
Living machine diagram
9/27/2012
23
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
WATER NEEDS
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
STORAGE and TREATMENT STRATEGIES
CULTURE and EDUCATION
NEXT CLASS
Noorder Zoo, Emmen, Netherlands (treats 220,000 gals daily)
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
WATER NEEDS
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
STORAGE and TREATMENT STRATEGIES
CULTURE and EDUCATION
NEXT CLASS
Additional water plants used with success include ………
Duckweed Arrowhead Pickerelweed
Bulrush Cattails Calla Lily
9/27/2012
24
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
SELECTION & BOUNDARIES
ANALYSIS and MAPPING
PROGRAMMING and INTEGRATED DESIGN
CLIMATE
PRODUCTIVITY & BIODIVERSITY
MAINTENANCE
INTRO TO TERM PROJECT
NEXT CLASS
Designed wetlands - Living Machines
A trademarked form of biological wastewater treatment designed to mimic the cleansing functions of a wetland.
The living machine designed for El Monte Sagrado, a New Mexico resort forms the centerpiece of the design and treats more than 4,000 gallons of water daily
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
SELECTION & BOUNDARIES
ANALYSIS and MAPPING
PROGRAMMING and INTEGRATED DESIGN
CLIMATE
PRODUCTIVITY & BIODIVERSITY
MAINTENANCE
INTRO TO TERM PROJECT
NEXT CLASS
Designed wetlands
The living machine at Old Trail School, Bath Ohio is indoors to allow it to function year round. It processes more than 5,000 gallons of wastewater daily
9/27/2012
25
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Stormtreat unit
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Potsdamer Platz, Berlin
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
9/27/2012
26
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Illustration of cleansing biotype and cistern systemTHE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Solaire, Battery Park City
Wastewater treatment system treats 25,000 gallons of wastewater daily. Cleaned water is used for toilet flushing, refilling the cooling tower and irrigation.
Reclaimed water is often in purple
pipes
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
9/27/2012
27
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Site Hydrology - The Water Balance
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
It has become the task of every building professional to match site water needs with site resources. We do this through a combination of
Water conservation
Rainwater capture and use
Used water recycling
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Rainfall in NYC averages 48” per year. This amounts to …..
4 feet x 27,878 400 (Sq feet in Sq mile) x 350 (area in sq miles of NYC) = 39,029,760,000 cubic feet
39,029,760,000 cubic feet x 6.429 (gallons in a cubic foot) = 250,922,327,000 gallons of water that fall on city annually
250,922,327,000 / 365 (days in year) = 687,458,430 gallons daily
We can harvest more than half of our water requirements from rainfall
9/27/2012
28
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
LEED and LBC criteria
LEED awards points as follows
WEprereq Requirement to reduce water use by 20% below a standard practice baseline.
WEc1 Reduce irrigation requirements by 50% (2pts)
Or completely (4pts)
WEc2 Utilize an innovative wastewater system or reduce potable water by 50% (2pts)
WEc3 Further reduce water use by up to 40% (2-4pts)
Living Building Challenge has the following imperative
05 One hundred percent of occupants’ water use must come from captured precipitation or closed loop water systems
(that are purified without the use of chemicals).
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
9/27/2012
29
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Water from fog
Collecting dew drops for drinking water is an ancient practice that has received renewed attention in arid areas with frequent fogs (current projects in Chile, Ethiopia, Nepal, South Africa, Morocco).
Today’s technology is modeled in part on the water attracting and repelling qualities of the Darkling Beetle from the Namibian desert.
Image American Museum of Natural History Image National Geographic Society
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Water from fog
Today’s fog catchers include high tech materials in nets and skyscrapers that seek to recreate the water attracting and repelling quality of the beetle’s exoskeleton.
Alberto Fernández and Susana Ortega’s, Fog Tower project, Chile 2008
Shreerang Chhatre’s fabric with both water repelling and attracting properties 2011
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
9/27/2012
30
LECTURE FIVE
HYDROLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Some good local references
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER in CULTURE
WATER in ECOSYSTEMS
SITE HYDROLOGY
GROUNDWATER
STORMWATER
EROSIONCONTROL
IRRIGATIONSYSTEMS
CATCHMENTSYSTEMS
TREATMENTSYSTEMS
THE WATERBALANCE
Water Matters; A Design Manual for Water Conservation in Buildings, NYC DDC 2010
Guidelines for the Design and Construction of StormwaterManagement Systems,NYC DEP 2012