Arbor Day Municipal Baseline, Trends, Where do we go from … - Forestry...3 How Many Decision...
Transcript of Arbor Day Municipal Baseline, Trends, Where do we go from … - Forestry...3 How Many Decision...
1
Richard Hauer and Ward PetersonProfessor of Urban Forestry, University of Wisconsin – Stevens PointUrban Forestry Manager, Davey Resource Group
National WebinarSeptember 29, 2016
Municipal Tree Care Management in the U.S.:A 2014 Urban & Community Forestry
Census of Tree Activities
Many Partners and Supports
Universities, Non-profits, Government, Industry
Dr. Kielbaso, Ken Ottman, and Colleagues
Started Collecting Data Since 19741974 >>>> 1993 >>>>1986 >>>>1980 >>>>
Survey Instrument
Long and Short Form Versions
109 Questions 53 Questions
Municipal Tree Care & Management in the U.S.
A 2014 U&CF Forestry Census of Tree Activities
(http://bit.ly/MuniTree)
4 Regions and 9 Divisions
United States Census Bureau Definitions
2
Study Design
Survey Response Rate
60.6
53.6
38.134.1
38.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1974 1980 1986 1993 2015
Per
cen
t R
esp
on
se
Study Design
Survey Response Rate
0102030405060708090100
020406080
100120140160180200
Res
po
nse
(%
)
Res
po
nse
s (#
)
Population
# Responses
% Response
N=668
343
525
1,697
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
1974 1980 2014
Mea
n S
tree
t Tr
ee V
alu
e
Year
Nominal Dollars
Value of Money
Nominal (historic) and Real (adjusted) Values
CPI Adjustment1974 to 2014 = 4.801986 to 2014 = 2.16
343
525
1,6971,648
1,134
1,697
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
1974 1980 2014
Mea
n S
tree
t Tr
ee V
alu
e
Year
Nominal Dollars Real Dollars
N=41 N=86
Value of Money
CPI Adjustment1974 to 2014 = 4.801986 to 2014 = 2.16
Nominal (historic) and Real (adjusted) Values
What’s Your Urban Forest Like?
Many Challenges to Growing the Urban Forest
Conduct Tree Activities
Percentage of Who Said Yes
86.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total, all cities
Over 1,000,000
500,000 - 1,000,000
250,000 - 500,000
100,000 - 249,999
50,000 - 99,999
25,000 - 49,999
10,000 - 24,999
5,000 - 9,999
2,500 - 4,999
Percent
Po
pu
lati
on
3
How Many Decision Making Levels
From the Field to the Highest Level
4.1
0 2 4 6 8
Total, all cities
Over 1,000,000
500,000 - 1,000,000
250,000 - 500,000
100,000 - 249,999
50,000 - 99,999
25,000 - 49,999
10,000 - 24,999
5,000 - 9,999
2,500 - 4,999
Number of Decision Making Steps
Po
pu
lati
on
31
86
57
46
37
31
29
25
24
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total, all cities
Over 1,000,000
500,000 - 1,000,000
250,000 - 500,000
100,000 - 249,999
50,000 - 99,999
25,000 - 49,999
10,000 - 24,999
5,000 - 9,999
2,500 - 4,999
Years Community Has Person Reasonable for Trees
Po
pu
lati
on
Years of Tree Management Responsibility
A Person Responsible for Trees in Community
What’s in your Wallet?
Training and Credentials
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
t
Population
No Training or Workshops
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
t
Population
In-House On-The-Job Training
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
t
Population
Attend Tree Care Workshops
What’s in your Wallet?
Training and Credentials
What’s in your Wallet?
Training and Credentials
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
t
Population
ISA Certified Arborist on Staff
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
t
Population
ISA Municipal Specialist on Staff
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
t
Population
ISA Advanced Credential on Staff
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
t
Population
State License or Credential on Staff
Baseline Indicator: What’s in your Wallet?
Training and Credentials
4
Municipal Department Responsible Public Trees
Had to Pick One Department Only
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pe
rcen
t
Population
Public Works
Streets/Transportation
Municipal Department Responsible Public Trees
Had to Pick One Department Only
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pe
rcen
t
Population
Forestry/Urban Forestry
Parks&Rec
Municipal Department Responsible Public Trees
Had to Pick One Department Only
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pe
rcen
t
Population
Forestry/Urban ForestryParks&RecPublic WorksStreets/Transportation 2.0
2.6 2.32.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2
3.7
2.7
0
1
2
3
4N
um
ber
of
Dep
artm
ents
Population Group
Municipal Department Responsible Public Trees
# of Departments Associated With Tree Management
Community Tree Management Statements
Strength with Agree and Disagree with Statement
0
20
40
60
80
100
Per
cen
t
Population
Municipal Departments Cooperate
SD
D
N
A
SA
n=639
0
20
40
60
80
100
Per
cen
t
Population
Departments Operate Common Goals & Objectives
SD
D
N
A
SA
n=627
Municipal Department Responsible Public Trees
# of Departments Associated With Tree Management
1
2
3
4
5
Agreement
Population
Municipal Departments CooperateSA
D
SD
A
N
n=627
1
2
3
4
5
Agreement
Population
Departments Operate Common Goals & Objectives
n=627
SA
D
SD
A
N
5
Systematic Management
Henri Fayol – Father of Systematic Management
56.050.0
38.5
55.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1974 1980 1986 1993 2014
Pe
rce
nt
Northeast Midwest South West Total, all cities
Systematic Management
% of Communities Rated as Systematic
Baseline Indicators: Pruning Cycle
Current, Desired, & Time Off Cycle
Just What are You Worth?
Compensation is Part of This Answer
Positions and Pay (Annual Earnings $’s)
What Do Municipal Staff Earn?
71,219
64,809
56,058
52,483
47,837
44,874
40,567
39,236
36,558
23,160
58,738
53,468
46,997
46,512
40,433
38,185
34,473
33,038
31,797
21,517
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
Forestry Manager/City Forester
Other
Urban Forestry Specialist/Inspect.
Working Foreman (Crew Chief)
Arborist (pruning/trimming)
Equipment Operator
Truck Driver
Clerical Support Office
Laborer
Seasonal Worker
Annual Base Earnings ($’s)
Po
siti
on Starting
Average
20.10 19.42
15.91
20.4719.44
0
5
10
15
20
25
Midwest Northeast South West Total
Ave
rag
e P
ay (
$)
Region
Arborist
23.8226.17
16.53
22.71 22.36
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Midwest Northeast South West Total
Ave
rag
e P
ay (
$)
Region
Working Forman
28.3830.58
24.25
30.6928.24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Midwest Northeast South West Total
Ave
rag
e P
ay (
$)
Region
Forestry Manager / City Forester
Positions and Starting Pay (Annual Base $’s)
Some Region Examples?
22.2825.05
18.38
25.0622.59
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Midwest Northeast South West Total
Ave
rag
e P
ay (
$)
Region
Urban Forestry Specilalist/Inspector
6
Positions and Pay (Annual Mean Earnings $’s)
How Do Arborists Compare?
33,870 35,150 39,930
42,640 43,390 46,720 46,960 47,837
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
An
nu
al M
ean
Bas
e P
ay (
$)
Sector
0
< Private Sector > <<<<<<<<<< Public Sector >>>>>>>>>>>>
All Occupations National Mean $22.71 or $47,230 annually
Positions and Pay (Annual Earnings $’s)
What is the National Mean for All Occupations?
71,219
64,809
56,058
52,483
47,837
44,874
40,567
39,236
36,558
23,160
47,230
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
Forestry Manager/City Forester
Other
Urban Forestry Specialist/Inspect.
Working Foreman (Crew Chief)
Arborist (pruning/trimming)
Equipment Operator
Truck Driver
Clerical Support Office
Laborer
Seasonal Worker
National All Occupations (BLS)
Annual Earnings ($'s)
Po
siti
on
Just How Much Experience
Mid- to late-career positions
10.7 years in Current Job20.0 years Experience in Tree Care / Management
Just How Many Municipal Jobs
First time this has been estimated?
32,588 ( 5,864) Full-Time Equivalents
49,362 ( 9,675) Total Employees
Social• Aesthetics and Shade• Property Values
Ecologic• Energy Savings• Water Interception• Air Pollutant Removal
Economic• Business activity• Human health
Important functions of trees … value, benefits, money
…that no trees & dead trees don’t provide … liability, costs, money
Municipal Budgets
How Much is Needed?
How much money is needed?
What’s the best comparison method?
What’s the context?
7
Municipal Budgets
Percent Tree Budget of Municipal Budget
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Total, all cities
Over 1,000,000
500,000 - 1,000,000
250,000 - 500,000
100,000 - 249,999
50,000 - 99,999
25,000 - 49,999
10,000 - 24,999
5,000 - 9,999
2,500 - 4,999
Tree Budget / Total Municipal Budget (%)
Po
pu
lati
on
1974
1980
1986
1993
2014
Municipal Budgets
Percent Tree Budget of Municipal Budget
Municipal Budgets
Per Capita Tree Budget
613,061
376,036 352,834
458,063
801,595
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1974 1980 1986 1993 2014
Tre
e B
ud
ge
t / T
ota
l M
un
i Bu
dg
et
(%)
Bu
dg
et (
$)Budget Percent Total Budget
Municipal Budgets
Budget (Real $’s) and Tree Budget as % of Municipal Budget
Solid line: direct measurements
Dotted line: inferred from dendrochronology data confirming EAB‐induced ash mortality from 1994 ‐2004
EAB‐Induced Ash Mortality SE Michigan
The outcome of doing nothing (Image by Dan Herms)
Net Benefit of EAB Management
EAB Management Works, If you like it or not EAB will costs $
8
Net Benefit of EAB Management
EAB Management Works, If you like it or not EAB will costs $
Municipal Budgets
Effect of EAB on Budget
0.46
0.570.52
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
No EAB in State EAB in State All Places
Tree
Bu
dg
et a
s %
of
Tota
l B
ud
get
No EAB in State EAB in State All Places
Municipal Budgets
Effect of EAB
7.88
9.408.76
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
No EAB in State EAB in State All Places
Per
Cap
ita
Tree
Bu
dg
et (
$)No EAB in State EAB in State All Places
Municipal Budgets
Real Budget (2014 $’s) Spent Per Street Tree
39.36
30.94
22.94
7.61
37.50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1974 1980 1986 1993 2014
Do
llars
Per
Tre
e
Year
9
Sources of Funding
Types of Sources Used
0 20 40 60 80 100
General fund
Special frontage tax
Tree mill levy
Road use tax
Endowment
Vehicle tax
Job training/corp
Revenue sharing
Gas tax
Community dev. block grant
Forestry grant
Percent of Budget
Mean 74 - 93
2014
Sources of Funding
Who Pays the Bills?
72.18.5
5.33.12.61.41.40.90.90.80.80.70.50.30.20.20.10.10.10.0490.001
0 20 40 60 80 100
General FundOther
Assessment DistrictGas Tax
Forestry Grants (e.g., State/Federal)Stormwater/Utility
Permit FeesRoad-use Tax
DonationsCommunity Development Block Grants
Special Frontage TaxMill Levy (Forestry/Tree)
Tree MemorialsService Fees
Vehicle TaxEmergency Mgmt./Hazard Mitigation
FinesRevenue Sharing
EndowmentWood Product Sales
Job Corps
Percent of Places
Where Does the Money Go?
The Big Three (Planting, Pruning, Removal) & More
Figure 5. Percent allocation of tree care budget by activity area. (n=268)
Where Does the Money Go?
The Big Three (Planting, Pruning, Removal) by Region
15 16 15 12 1421
1624
36
242834
18 1423
0102030405060708090
100
Midwest Northeast South West Total
Per
cen
t
Region
Planting
Pruning
Removal
Who Does the Work?
A Short Form Story
City Staff54%
Contractor41%
Volunteer5%
6873
8892 93 90
9591
100
88
0
20
40
60
80
100
Per
cen
t U
sin
g C
on
trac
tors
Population
Who Does the Work?
How Common are Contractors Hired?
10
Who Does the Work?
A Short Form Story
21.2 23.0 22.5 21.1
39.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1974 1980 1986 1993 2014
Per
cen
t
Year
Percent of BudgetSpent on Contracting
Cost to Remove Urban Trees and Stumps
368
108
556
174
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Tree Removal Stump Removal
Co
st P
er T
ree
($)
City Staff
Contractor
Results from 2014 Municipal Tree Care and Management (n=48 to 121)
Cost for Activity Per Tree
Should I Contract or Should I In-house
Yup, Depends, What’s Your Question
139 175
368
10862 36
265
168
423
556
174120
195
791
0100200300400500600700800900
Cost ($)
Tree Activity
2014 CostsIn-house
Contract100 129
293
109
32
175247
488
10949
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Triming Planting TreeRemoval
StumpRemoval
Spraying
Cost ($)
Tree Activity
1980 Costs (In 2014 Real $'s)In-house
Contract
97136
289
102
28
194
287
473
121
37
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Triming Planting TreeRemoval
StumpRemoval
Spraying
Cost ($)
Tree Activity
1986 Costs (In 2014 Real $'s)In-house
Contract
Who Does the Work?
A Volunteer Story
270 159 158 368 631 1,090
3,087 2,607
12,538
852
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
Mea
n V
olu
nte
ers
Ho
urs
Population
26.2
7.0 8.4 9.5 9.17.4 8.0
3.7 4.8
9.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Tim
e P
er P
erso
n
Population
34 31 38 211 119 252 324 526
4,069
205
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Nu
mb
er o
f V
olu
nte
ers
Population
5260 61 57
71 75
9182
100
65
0
20
40
60
80
100P
erce
nt
Usi
ng
Vo
lun
teer
s
Population
Who Does the Work?
A Volunteer Story
345,466 (195,754 SEM) people volunteered
1,484,204 (665,460) hours with tree activities
714 (320 SEM) FTE’s (2080 hour base year)
$35 million volunteer impact ($23.56 per hour)
Why Do We Write Standards?
The Concept of Tree Pruning is Complex
11
Standards of Work and Practice
Commonality of Incorporation into Tree Management Procedures
0
20
40
60
80
100
Per
cen
t
Population
ANSI A300
ANSI Z133.1
Have Not Heard of These Standards
Standards of Work and Practice
Use with Hiring Contractors
0
20
40
60
80
100
Per
cen
t
Population
Require use ofANSI Z60.1standards
Require use ofANSI Z133.1standards
Require use ofANSI A300standards
Hiring preferencegiven to ISACertified Arborists
Hiring preferencegiven to TCIAAccreditedcompanies
Standards of Work and Practice
Use with Hiring Contractors
0 20 40 60 80 100
Require use of ANSI Z60.1 standards
Require use of ANSI Z133.1 standards
Require use of ANSI A300 standards
Hiring preference given to ISA CertifiedArborists
Hiring preference given to TCIAAccredited companies
Percent
Know About Your Tree Population?
Commonality of Tree Inventory Systems
30
42
5968
76 79
100
82
67 67
0
20
40
60
80
100In
ven
tory
(%
)
Population
Tree Inventory
What Data is Collected
98
89
88
77
70
55
51
15
6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tree species
Tree diameter
Tree condition
Tree planting locations
Tree removal
Insect/disease problems
Tree risk assessment
Other
Potential debris volume
Percent
Act
ivit
y
Tree Inventory
What They are Used For
0 20 40 60 80 100
Identifying tree planting locations
Selection of tree species for planting
Removal of trees exceeding acceptablerisk rating
Scheduling tree pruning
Communicating tree benefits tocommunity
Tree pruning for height clearance(street/sidewalk)
Policy and ordinance development
Assessing canopy cover changebetween time periods
Percent
Act
ivit
y
12
Tree Canopy
Do you have a goal or developing one?
Tree Canopy
Do you have a goal or developing one?
44
32
13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Canopy Goal (%) Current Canopy(%)
Years to ReachGoal
Un
it (
Yea
rso
r P
erce
nt)
The Urban Forestry Through Your Eyes
What is your urban forest?
Defensive Dieback
Not so Convinced
High Risk Eucalyptus Removal
Policy Through Ordinance
Does a Community have a Tree Ordinance
6773
8895 96 100 100 100 100
91
0102030405060708090
100P
erce
nt
Population
Policy Through Ordinance
Does a Community have a Tree Ordinance
0 20 40 60 80 100
Regulate species planted on street
Regulate species planted on privateproperty
Define tree maintenanceresponsibilities
Regulate removal of dead ordiseased trees
Require developer to plantsubdivisions
Require replacement of publicallyremoved trees
Identify formula for monetary value
Percent
Ord
inan
ce
Mean 1974 - 1993
2014
Policy Through Ordinance
Tree Preservation Ordinance
0
20
40
60
80
100
Per
cen
t
Population
1974198019862014
Tree Preservation Ordinance
13
Critical Root Zone Calculations – “Absolute”
Smiley, E.T. 2008. Root Pruning and Stability of Young Willow Oak. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(2)123-128
Tree Stability and Trenching
Subject Trees: 15 cm (6 in)
Tree Stability and Trenching
3 Times DBH or Further
<30%
Critical Root Zone
Critical and Absolute Values
Critical Root Zone
Critical and Absolute Values (Image by Jeremy Barrick)
Create CAD layers for:
•TREE ID #
•Absolute CRZ
•ISA CRZ
Do You Speak Engineer
Computer Aided Design (CAD) (Image by Jeremy Barrick)
Municipal Forestry Disposal of Removed Trees
Results from a 2014 National Survey
83.5
48.5
31.1
13.5
12.0
8.6
7.2
5.6
5.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mulch
Firewood
Landfilled
Processed into lumber
Biofuel for energy
Made into furniture/flooring/art
Other
Sale of round wood(e.g., sawlogs, pulp, veneer)
Burned in open
Percent
A community may do one or more of these options (n=643)
14
Municipal Forestry Disposal of Removed Trees
Results from a 2014 National Survey (y axis in percent, x axis as population)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 Mulch
0102030405060708090
100
Firewood
0102030405060708090
100
Biofuel for energy
0102030405060708090
100
Burned in open
Municipal Forestry Disposal of Removed Trees
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Processed into lumber
Results from a 2014 National Survey (y axis in percent, x axis as population)
Municipal Forestry Disposal of Removed Trees
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Processed into lumber
Results from a 2014 National Survey (y axis in percent, x axis as population) Treatment by Divine Intervention (Photos by Joe Hoffman)
Innovations in Arboriculture
Tree Diversity and Scale (Landscape Level)
The entire U.S. urban forest is diverse
All RegionsSpecies % FreqAcer platanoides 5.3Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3.2Gleditsia triacanthos 3.0Acer saccharinum 2.8Acer rubrum 2.8Quercus virginiana 1.2Acer saccharum 1.2Pyrus calleryana 0.8Liquidambar styraciflua 0.7Tilia cordata 0.7Platanus x acerifolia 0.7Celtis occidentalis 0.7Ulmus pumila 0.6Lagerstroemia indica 0.6Quercus palustris 0.5
115 Species
71 Genera
32 Families
Tree Diversity and Scale (Regional Level)
Diversity if a city has this tree species (% of total)
Midwest RegionSpecies Places (n) % Freq SEMAcer platanoides 34 14.2 1.6Fraxinus pennsylvanica 31 13.8 1.6Acer saccharinum 37 12.6 1.8Acer rubrum 25 9.8 1.3Quercus palustris 7 9.3 2.0Gleditsia triacanthos 48 8.7 0.6Ulmus americana 7 7.9 2.1Picea pungens 7 7.9 1.4Acer x freemanii 7 6.9 1.6Pyrus calleryana 6 6.7 1.1Acer saccharum 17 6.6 0.7Fraxinus americana 9 6.6 0.7Tilia cordata 11 6.6 1.0Celtis occidentalis 12 5.6 1.0Quercus rubra 5 4.2 0.5
15
Tree Diversity and Scale (Local Level)
Dominance by the top 6 species in a community
61.3
23.7
13.4
8.5
6.3
5.1
4.3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total top six
Most common
Second most common
Third most common
Fourth most common
Fifth most common
Sixth most common
Percent of Total Tree Population
Urban Forestry Program Models
Tree City USAUSDA-FS CARS
SMA Accredited UF ProgramsClark & Matheny 1997 Model
Kenney et al. 2011 Updated Model
Tree City USA Standards
Tree Board or Department
Tree Care Ordinance
Budget $2 Per Capita Annually
Arbor Day Observance & Proclamation
Meet these four Standards and your in
Tree City USA Standards All Four Standards
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total, all cities
Over 1,000,000
500,000 ‐ 1,000,000
250,000 ‐ 500,000
100,000 ‐ 249,999
50,000 ‐ 99,999
25,000 ‐ 49,999
10,000 ‐ 24,999
5,000 ‐ 9,999
2,500 ‐ 4,999
Percent
Population Group 4 3 2 1 0
Meet these Seven Standards and your in
3.16
0
1
2
3
4
Sta
nd
ard
s M
eet
Population Group
Tree City USA Standards All Four Standards Arbor Day Observance & Proclamation
Budget $2 Per Capita Annually
Tree Board or Department
Tree Car Ordinance
Meet these four Standards and your in
Tree City USA Standards All Four Compared
Meet these four Standards and your in
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percent
Population Group
Department
Ordinance
Budget
Arbor Day