Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B-85 - Traffic Signs Application

Roads BranchPublic Works Department Malaysia

Jalan Sultan Salahuddin50582 Kuala Lumpur

Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B/85

5.0m5.0m

7.0m7.0m

Traffic Sign

Application

TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS

PREFACE

The purpose of this manual is to establish uniformity in design and application of all trafficsigns and control devices in Malaysia for the benefit of road users, road and traffic authorities, andmanufacturers of traffic signs.

This manual supersedes and forms part of the revised version of JKR/J(Rb) 0001/80, ManualOn Traffic Control Devices - Traffic Signs. The Manual is now divided into the following parts:

1. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 - Standard Traffic Signs. Standard traffic signs drawings for Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs are illustrated complete with dimensions. Acoloured chart for all the traffic signs indicated acceptable colours for each sign.

2. Arahan Teknik (Jalan)2B/85 - Traffic Sign Application. It consists of, with the exceptionof Temporary signs, design criteria and location requirements for all traffic signs.

3. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 -- Temporary Signs and Work Zones Control It consists of standard temporary sign drawings and their application in the work zones.

4. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2D/85 - Road Markings and Delineation Standard road line paints, road markings and delineators are identified together with guides on their applications.

The specifications in this manual are recommended to be used for all new signs and for all replacements of existing signs which have outlived their usefulness.

MANUAL ON TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICESTRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS


Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

SUMMARYTRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS

1. Types of Traffic Sign

a) Regulatory Signs i) Prohibitive Signs ii)Mandatory Signs

b) Warning Signs c) Guide Signs

i) Destination Signs ii) Distance Signs iii)Information Signs

- General Service Signs- Historical & Cultural - Interest Area Signs - Recreational Area Signs- Town Name Signs - River Name Signs

d) Route Markerse) Temporary Signs

2. Shapes and Sizes of Traffic Sign a) Circular

i) Size when used with traffic signal :Diameter = 300 mm

ii) Minimum size : Diameter = 600 mm

iii) Normal size : Diameter = 750 mm

b) Octagonali) Minimum size : Width = 600 mm. ii) Other size : Width = 900 mm

c) Triangular (Equilateral)i) Minimum size ; Width = 600 mm ii) Normal size : Width = 750 mm

d) Diamond (square with vertical diagonal)i) Minimum size : Width 400 mm ii) Normal size : Width = 600 mmiii)Other size : Width = 750 mm &

900 mm.

e) RectangularSize varies according to legend (word message/symbol) on sign.

3. Functions of Colours on Traffic Signa) Red on White background or vice versa

i) Prohibitiveii) Warning for extreme danger

b) White on Blue background i) Mandatoryii) Directive (destination and dis

tance)iii) Inform on general services.

c) White on Green background i) Inform on river namesii) Inform on historical and cultural

interest areas.

d) Yellow on Dark Green backgroundi) Inform on recreational areas

e) Black on White background i) Prohibitive for some cases ii) Inform on town names

f) Black on Yellow background i) Warning

g) Black on Orange background i) Temporary

h) Red on Blue background i) Prohibitive for some cases

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY



MANUAL ON TRAFFIC CONTROLDEVICES


CONTENTS

PREFACE

PART ONE: TRAFFIC CONTROLDEVICES

1.1 Purpose of Traffic Control Devices1.2 Function of Traffic Control Devices1.3 Requirements of Traffic Control

Devices1.4 Effectiveness of Traffic Control

Devices

PART TWO: TRAFFIC SIGNS2.1 Function of Traffic Signs2.2 Effectiveness of Traffic Signs2.3 Application of Traffic Signs2.4 Excessive Use of Traffic Signs2.5 Standardization of Traffic Signs2.6 Design of Traffic Signs2.7 Location of Traffic Signs2.8 Overhead Traffic Signs

2.9 Vertical Clearance for Traffic Signs2.10 Lateral Clearance for Traffic Signs2.11 Erection of Traffic Signs2.12 Post and Mounting o£ Traffic-Signs2.13 Maintenance of Traffic Signs2.14 Traffic Sign Materials2.15 Colour Code for Traffic Signs

SECTION 2A: Regulatory Signs2A.1 General on Regulatory

Signs2A.2 Design o£ Regulatory Signs

SECTION 2B: Warning Signs2B.1 General on Warning Signs2B.2 Design of Warning Signs

SECTION 2C: Guide Signs2C.1 General on Guide Signs2C.2 Classification of Guide Signs2C.3 Colour and Shape of Guide Signs2C.4 Size of Guide Signs2C.5 Lettering on Guide Signs2C.6 Border on Guide Signs2C.7 Directional Symbols on Guide Signs2C.8 Destination Signs2C.9 Distance Signs


4. Clearances for Traffic Sign.Vertical Lateral

Rural areas :a > 1.5 m With road shoulders : b > 0.6m Business & Residential areas : a > 2.2m Without road shoulders : b > 3.6mDivided Highways : a> 1.8 m Outside curb face,a > 2.2 m for destination signs. guardrail line,

paved shoulder : b>,, 0.6 m



2C.10 Information Signs2C.11 Route Markers

PART THREE: GUIDE ON APPLICATION 3.1 Scope of Guide3.2 Intersections3.3 Hills, Turns and Curves3.4 Narrow Bridges, Culverts and

Roadside Obstacles3.5 Railroad Grade Crossings3.6 School Zones3.7 Speed Zones3.8 Permanent Weighbridge Stations3.9 Recreational, Historical and Cultural

Interest Areas 3.10 Place Name

SUMMARYAPPENDIX A - Location of Traffic Signs

PART ONE: TRAFFIC CONTROLDEVICES

1.1 Purpose of Traffic Control DevicesThe purpose of traffic control, devices and warrants for their use is to help ensure highway safety by providing for the orderly and predictable movement ofall traffic, motorised and non-motorised, and to provide the necessary guidance and warnings to ensure the safe and informed operation of every road user on the highway.

1.2 Function of Traffic Control DevicesRoad users depend upon traffic control devices to be advised of the require-ments or conditions affecting road use atspecific places and times so that appropriate action can be taken to avoid accidents, delays etc. Functionally, the traffic control devices in use are divided into the following three groups:

1.2.1 Regulatory devices have the authority toimpose precise requirements upon the actions of road users.

1.2.2 Warning devices call attention to poten-tially hazardous roadway conditions or unusual traffic movements which are notreadily apparent to on-coming traffic. They impose the responsibility upon the individual road user to employ added caution.

1.2.3 Guiding devices show route designa-tions, destinations, directions, distances, points of interest, and other geographicalor cultural information.

1.3 Requirements of Traffic Control DevicesTo be effective, all traffic control devices should meet the following five




elementary requirements:(a) They should fulfill an important

need.(b) They should command attention.(c) They should convey a clear, sim

ple meaning.(d) They should command the

respect of road users.(e) They should give adequate time

for proper response.

1.4 Effectiveness of Traffic Control DevicesThe effectiveness of traffic control devices used is directly dependent upon the degree to which the above mentioned basic requirements are met: To ensure these requirements are fulfilled, consideration must be given to five major factors viz. design, placement, operation, maintenance and uniformity.

1.4.1 Design of the devices should ensure thatsuch features as size, contrast, colours, shape, composition, and lighting or reflectorization are combined to draw attention to the devices, that shape, size, colours, and simplicity of message combine to. produce a clear meaning; that legibility and size combine with placement to permit adequate time for response; and that uniformity, legibility, reasonableness and size to command respect.

1.4.2 Placement of the device should ensure that it is within the optimum visual cone, i.e. 100 to 200 on the horizontal axis of the cone base and 50 to 80 on thevertical axis, of the viewer so that it will command attention; that it is positioned with respect to the point, object, or situation to which it applies to aid in conveying the proper meaning; and that its location, combined with suitable legibility, is such that a driver traveling at normal speed has adequate time to make the proper response.

1.4.3 Operation or application should ensure that appropriate devices and related equipment are installed to meet the traffic requirements at a given location.Furthermore, the device must be placed and operated in a uniform and consistentmanner to ensure, to the extent possible, that vehicle operators can be expected toproperly respond to the device, based ontheir previous exposure to similar traffic control situations.

1.4.4 Maintenance of devices should be to highstandards to ensure that legibility is retained, that the device is visible, and that it is removed if no longer needed. Clean, legible and properly mounted devices in good working condition command the respect of road users. In addition to physical maintenance, functional maintenance is required to adjust needed traffic control devices to current conditions and to remove unnecessary traffic control devices. Thefact that a device is in good physical condition should not be a basis for deferring needed replacement,or change.Furthermore, carelessly executed maintenance can destroy the value of agroup of devices, throwing them out of balance; e.g. replacement of a sign in agroup or series by one that is disproportionately large may tend to deprecate others in the vicinity.The following procedures on cleaning can be used for specific maintenance purposes:(a) TAR, OIL, DIESEL, SMUT,

BITUMINOUS MATERIALUse a mild solvent such as mineral spirits. Then wash the surface with mild detergent and water, and rinse with cleanwater.

(b) POLLEN AND FUNGUSWash the surface with a 3-50/o sodium hypochlorite solution followed by detergent and water. Rinse with clean water.




(c) LIPSTICK, CRAYONUse a mild solvent such as mineral spirits to remove the material. Follow with detergent and water, and rinse with clean water.

(d) PAINTIt may be possible to remove paint sprayed onto an Engineering Grade Sheeting sign face using a commercial paint remover designed for this purpose.The type of paint, length of exposure, andtype of remover used may affect the performance life of the sheeting. Following cleaning, clear coating may benecessary, depending upon surface conditions.

1.4.5 Uniformity of traffic control devices simplifies the task of the road user because it aids in recognition and understanding. It aids road users, police officers, and traffic courts by giving everyone the same inter pretation.It aidsJKR and road authority officials througheconomy in manufacture, installation, maintenance and administration. In otherwords, uniformity means treating similarsituations in the same way. The use of uniform traffic con trol devices does not, in itself, constitute uniformity. Astandard device used where it is not appropriate is as objectionable as a nonstandard device; in fact, this may be worse, in that such misuse may result in disrespect at those locations where the device is really needed.

PART TWO: TRAFFIC SIGNS

2.1 Function of Traffic SignsTraffic signs are used to regulate, warn, or guide road users. Signs should be usedonly where necessary and justified by facts and field studies. Traffic signs are essential where special regulations applyat specific places or at specific times only,

or where hazards are not self-evident. They also give information as to highwayroutes, directions, destinations and pointsof interest. Traffic signs ordinarily are notneeded to confirm rules of the road. Functionally, traffic signs are classified asfollows:(a) Regulatory signs give notice of

traffic laws and regulations.(Refer to Section 2A where RP - regulatory prohibitive and RM- regulatory mandatory)

(b) Warning Signs call attention to conditions on, or adjacent to, a highway that are potentially hazardous to traffic operations.(Referto Section 2B where WD - warning danger)

(c) Guide signs show route designations, destinations, directions, distances, services, points of interest,and other geographical, recretioal,historical or cultural information (Refer to Section 2C where GD - guide destination, GX - guide dis-tance, GI - guide information andGR - guide route marker)

In order to differentiate these functions, traffic signs are shaped differently, such as those listed below:

SIGN TYPES AND SHAPES

Regulatory

Warning

Guide




2.2 Effectiveness of Traffic SignsThe effectiveness of any traffic sign depends upon its attention, meaning, time and respect values. The increased volume and speed of traffic on our highways today has made the requirements of directional signing more exacting. Allunofficial and non-essential traffic signs should be removed as they weaken the value of the necessary signs.

2.3 Application of Traffic SignsEach standard traffic sign shall be displayed only for the specific purpose prescribed. Signs required by road conditions or restrictions shall be removed immediately when those conditions cease to exist or the restrictions are with drawn. Before any new highway, detour, or temporary route is opened to traffic, all necessarysigns shall first be put in place. Identical conditions should always be marked with the same type of sign.It must be recognised that urban conditions differ from those in rural areas in such aspects as speed, frequency of intersections, traffic congestion, number of pedestrains, parking, lighting, etc. that sometimes necessitate the traffic signs to be applied and located differently. If this occurs, the general principles set in this manual., as to colour, design, shape, and size should be followed wherever practicable.

2.4 Excessive Use of Traffic SignsExcessive use of traffic signs is bad practice and care should be taken not to install too many signs. A conservative use of regulatory and warning signs is recommended as these signs, if used to excess, tend to lose their effectiveness. On the other viand, a frequent display ofroute markers and directional signs to keep the road user informed of his location and his course will not lessen their value.

2.5 Standardization of Traffic SignsIn situations where messages are required other than those here in provid ed for, the signs shall be of the same shape and colour as standard signsof the same functional type.The basic requirements of a traffic sign are that it be legible to those for whom itis intended and that it be understood in time to permit proper response. This means high visibility, lettering or symbols of adequate size, short word messages, and simple symbol designs for quick comprehension by a road user approaching a sign at high or low speed.Standard sized colours and shapes are specified so that the several classes of traffic signs can be promptly recognised.

2.6 Design of Traffic SignsUniformity in design includes shape, size, colour, word messages, symbols illumination or reflectorization. The manual Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 shows many typical, standard traffic signs approved for use on the highways. All symbols shall be unmistakably similar to those shown, and where a word message is applicable, the wording shallbe as therein provided.Standardization of these designs does not preclude further improvement by minor changes in the proportion of symbols, width of borders, or layout of word messages, but all shapes and colours shall be as indicated.

2.7 Location of Traffic SignStandardization of position cannot always be attained in practices; however,the general rule is to locate traffic signs on the left-hand side of the roadway. On highways where some degree of lane-use control is desirable, or where space is not available at the roadside, overheadsigns are often necessary. Signs in any other locations ordinarily should be considered only as supplementary to signs in the normal locations. Under




some circumstances signs may be placed on channelizing islands, or medians, on sharp curves and on the right-hand shoulder of the road. A supplementary sign located on the right of the roadway is often helpful on a multilane road where traffic in the left-hand lane may obstruct the view to the left.Normally, traffic signs should be individually erected on separate posts or mountings except where one sign supplements another or where route or directional signs must be grouped. In general., signs should be located to optimize night time visibility and minimize the effects of mud splatter andin conformance with safety factorsrelated to fixed obstacles near theroadway. Signs should be located so thatthey do not obscure each other or are hidden from view' by other roadside objects. Signs requiring different decisions by road users must be spaced sufficiently far apart for the required decisions to be made safely. Some examples on locations of traffic signs are shown in Appendix A.

2.8 Overhead Traffic SignsThe operational requirements of our present, highway system are such that overhead signs will have value at many locations. The factors ;justifying the erection of overhead sign displays are not definable in specific numerical term,but the following conditions deserve consideration. However, the existence ofany one or more of the conditions listed does not automatically justify the use of overhead signs.(a) Traffic volume at or near

capacity.(b) Complex interchange design.(c) Three or more lanes in each

direction.(d) Restricted sight distance.(e) Closely spaced interchanges.(f) Street lighting background.

(g) Multi-lane exits.(h) Large percentage of trucks.(i) High Speed Traffic.(j) Consistency of sign message

location through a series of interchanges.

(k) Insufficient space for ground mounted signs.

2.9 Vertical Clearance for Traffic SignsTraffic signs erected at the roadside in rural areas shall be mounted at a height of at least 1.Sm above the level of the roadway edge, measured from thebottom of the sign. In business andresidential areas where parking, pedestrian movement, and other obstructions are likely to occur, the height shall be 2.2m.On expressways or divided highways, this height shall be at least 2.2m for destination signs, but 1.8m for warning, regulatory, and other types of guide signs. If however, a secondary sign has to be mounted below a major sign, the height of the secondary sign may be 0.3m less than the appropiate height specified above.Refer to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 in Appendix A.Overhead traffic signs shall provide avertical clearance of not less than 5m with further consideration for three cycles of overlay over the entire width of the pavement and shoulders except where a lesser vertical clearance is used for the design of other structures.

2.10 Lateral Clearance For Traffic SignsTraffic signs should not be placed less than 0.6m from the edge of road shoul-der, or if none, 3.6m from the edge of the traveled way.Where a raised curb, guardrail., or pavedshoulder is present, a sign should be placed with its nearest edge at least 0.6m outside such curb face, guardrail line, or paved shoulder edge.




Nevertheless, in urban areas where sidewalk width is limited or where existing poles are close to the guardrail, a clear-ance of 0.3m is permissible. Refer to Fig. 1 and Fig.2 Appendix A.

2.11 Erection of Traffic SignAll traffic signs shall be mounted approximately at right angles to the direction of and facing the traffic that they are to serve, i.e.870 tilt if the sign iserected 5m or more away from the road-way edge, or 930 tilt if the sign is erect-ed less than 5m away from the roadway edge. Where mirror reflection from the sign face is encountered in such degree as to reduce legibility, the sign should beturned slightly away from the road. Where signs are offset 9m or more fromthe roadway edge, signs should general-ly be turned toward the road. At curved alignments, the angle of place-ment should be determined by the course of approaching traffic rather than by the roadway edge at the point where the sign is located. Sign faces normallyare vertical, but on grades it may be desirable to tilt a sign forward or back-ward from the vertical to improve the viewing angle. Refer to Fig. 3 in Appendix A.

2.12 Post and Mounting of Traffic SignsTraffic sign posts, mountings, and their foundations shall be so constructed as tohold signs in a proper and permanent position, to resist swaying in the wind ordisplacement by vandalism.In areas where ground mounted sign supports cannot be sufficiently offset from the roadway edge, sign supports should be of a suitable breakaway or yielding design. Concrete base for sign supports should be flush with the groundlevel. In some cases, signs can be cor-rectly placed on existing supports used for other purposes, such as traffic signals, street lights, and public utility

poles where permitted, thereby saving expense and minimizing sidewalk obstruction. Standard ,JKR post and taunting procedures should be used for all. posts and mountings of traffic signs.Over crossing structures can sometimes serve as the support for overhead traffic signs, and under some circumstances, may be the only practical solution that will provide adequate viewing distance. Use of such structures as sign supports will eliminate the need for the founda -tions and sign supports along the roadside. On urban expressways or divided highways where overhead crossings are closely spaced, it is desirable to place signs on overpasses or bridges to enhance safety and economy.

2.13 Maintenance of Traffic SignsAll traffic. signs should be kept in prop-er position, clean and legible at all times.Damaged signs should be replaced without undue delay. A suitable schedule for inspection, cleaning and replacement of signs should be established. Special attention and necessary action should also be taken to see that weeds, trees, shrubs and construction materials do notobscure the face of any sign. JKR, police, other governmental employees and the general public should be encouraged to report any damaged or obscured signs at the first opportunity to AR or the road authorities at the Maintenance Section.

2.14 Traffic Sign MaterialsExcept for signs erected along major highways and all BERHENTI signs, which uses High Intensity retroreflectivesheeting, the minimum requirement for traffic signs in Malaysia is a material known as Engineering Grade retro-reflective sheeting. However, it is recog-nised that technological progress may develop new and more satisfactory or superior materials for traffic signs, par-ticularly in the fields of illumination andreflectorization. This Manual should not




be interpreted to exclude any new mate-rial that meets the standard requirementsfor colour and legibility, both by day andby night.

2.15 Colour Code For Traffic Traffic SignsThe following colour code has been established and identified by JKR as being appropriate for use in conveying traffic control information.

Note: The colours coded below are used for road furnitures, other than traffic sign faces, such as road markings, traffic sig-nal and traffic sign posts, guardrails,

curbs and so on, and should be of gloss finish paint or of higher quality material. Traffic sign and signal posts should be striped with alternating colours of

orange and black of 0.3 m interval.

Yellow - No. 356 British Standard 381C (Golden Yellow)

White - Part 1 clause 1.3.2 and 1.3.3 British Standard 873

Black - Part 1 clause 1.3.2 and 1.3.3 British Standard 873

Orange - British Standard 0.004

Note: The colours used for all traffic sign facesshould be comparable to that formed by the chromaticity coordinates below, and should be of retro-reflective material.


COLOUR1 2 3 4

XY

XY

XY

XY

Red 0.6900.310

0.5950.315

0.5690.341

0.6550.345

Orange 0.610 0.390

0.5350.375

0.5160.394

0.5810.418

Yellow 0.5040.458

0.5250.473

0.4930.507

0.4740.488

Green 0.1400.380

0.1350.440

0.1100.438

0.1150.378

Dark Green 0.0400.460

0.1000.460

0.1000.380

0.0300.380

Blue 0.1340.043

0.1690.097

0.1540.125

0.1140.007

White 0.3500.360

0.3000.310

0.2850.325

0.3350.375

CHROMATICITY COORDINATES



SECTION 2A: REGULATORY SIGNS

2A.1 General on Regulator Signs2A.1.1 Regulatory signs inform road users

of traffic laws or regulations and indicate the applicability of legal requirements that would not otherwise be apparent. These signs shall be erected whenever needed to fulfillthis purpose, but unnecessary mandates should be avoided. Regulatory signs are recognised as those that generally impose certain obligations or prohibitions to road users. For example, a sign giving notice to merging traffic to give-way is includ-ed in the regulatory group.

2A.1.2 Regulatory signs shall be erected at those locations where regulations apply. The sign message shall clearlyindicate the requirements imposed bythe regulation and shall be easily vis-ible and legible to road users.

2A.2 Design of Regulatory SignRegulatory signs are generally circular in shape except for the BERHENTI, BERI LALUAN and ZON HAD LAJU SIGNS. Colours dimensions, letterings and/or symbols shall be as specified and shown in Part 1 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85. These illustrations are divided into the following parts:

(i) Prohibitive signs - prohibit cer-tain maneuvers

(ii.) Mandatory signs - mandate cer-tain maneuvers

SECTION 2B: Warning Signs

2B.1 General On Warning Signs

2B.1.1 Warning signs are used when it is deemed necessary to warn traffic of existing or potentially hazardous

conditions on, or adjacent to, a high-way. Warning signs require caution on the part of road users and may call for reduction of speed or a maneuver in the interest of safety. Adequate warnings are of great assistance to road users and are valuable in safe-guarding and expediting traffic. The use of warning signs should be kept to a minimum because the unnecessary use of them to warn off conditions which are apparent tends to breed disrespect forall signs.

2B.1.2 Warning signs are placed In advance of the conditions to which they call attention to. New warning signs, like all other new signs that are not readily recognisable by the public, shall be accompanied by educational plaques which are to remain in place for at least 3 years after the initial installation. No special effort need bemade to remove the educational plaques as long as they are in serviceable conditions.

2B.2 Design of Warning Signs28.2.1 Warning signs are generally diamond

in shape (square with one diagonal vertical), however, there are a few which are rectangular. The colours shall be black symbols and borders onyellow background except for the signs AWAS, and OBSTRUCTION MARKER. All warning signs must be in accordance to those shown and specified in Part 2 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

SECTION 2C: GUIDE SIGNS

2C.1 General on Guide Signs2C.I.I Guide signs are necessary to guide

road users along highways to direct them to towns, villages, or other important destinations, and to inform-him of interesting routes.




These signs are essential to identify nearby rivers and streams, parks, forests and historical sites. In a gener-al way, guide signs give road users theinformation that will help them alongtheir way in the most simple, direct manner possible.

2C.1.2 Guide signs, unlike other signs, do notlose effectiveness by frequent use. Therefore, in case of doubt as to theirnecessity, guide signs should be erect-ed as frequently as practicable. However, the amount of information on any one sign should not exceed three destinations, and in addition, must be so located as to allow any necessary maneuver to be made with-out confusion.

2C.1.3 Guide signs for highways must be large and legible enough to be read from moving vehicles at high or low speed. At interchanges, road users depend on signs in choosing the prop-er roadways, and an error in turning may increase the distance of the trip.Besides, a last minute maneuver mayresult in an accident on busy high-ways. on controlled access high-ways, it is essential that road users beinformed where and how to reach cer-tain service facilities that are not directly visible or accessible from thehighways.

2C.2 Classification of Guide Signs2C.2.1 Guide Signs are generally classified

into the following four parts:

(I) Destination Signs (ii) Distance Signs (iii) Information Signs (iv) Route Markers

2C.3 Colours and Shapes of Guide Signs

2C.3.1 Guide Signs are all rectangular in

shape, and the colours are generally either white letters and/or symbol andborder on blue background. For destinations to local streets, the letterings and arrows should be yellow.

2C.4 Size_ of Guide Signs2C.4.1 The size of guide signs must be such

as to be legible to road users approaching them. Route markers should be of standard designs and of fixed standard sizes. however, for other guide signs, the legend Is so variable that the size must be fixed in terms ofthe length of word messages and the size of lettering and spacing necessaryfor proper legibility.

2C.4.2 The size of a guide sign is not alwaysdependant on the word message and/or the symbol. In the case of overhead signs mounted over a particular roadway lane to which it applies,the size is limited in length to the width of lane. Overhead signs are also, generally, limited in their verti-cal dimensions because of roadway clearance and visibility requirements.

2C.4.3 It is recommended that the size of guide signs follow the standard sizes produced by the manufacturers or in fractions and multiples of the standardmanufactured sizes. This is to reducewastage and unsightly joint marks.

2C.5 Lettering On Guide Signs2C.5.1 Except for names of places and rivers,

sign lettering shall be in clear, open capital letters of the type approved. Names of places and rivers shall be inlower-case lettering, with initial capi-tals. The initial capitals and numer-als shall be of a height 1 1/3 times the"loop" height of the lower case letters.The use of very narrow alphabet is not recommended for guide signs.

2C.5.2 The size of lettering used must be such as to be legible at distance that




will give road users sufficient time toread the sign before passing it. In general, for highway in rural districts other than major highways; the principal word message on guide signs shall be in letters at least 150mm in height. On less important rural roads and urban streets, the principal word mes -sage shall be at least 100mm high.On expressways and major high-ways the principal word messagesshall be in letters at least 200mm high.

Letter height = 2tV + 5.7s (mm) 0.04d

where t = time required for a sim-ple glance (1.5 seconds for a simple sign)

v = vehicle speed in meter per second

s = distance from the center of sign to the line of travel of the road user (6.6 meters for signs less than 6 meterslong)

d = distance in meter at which 25mm letters can be read (d = 15m)

See Table 1 in Appendix A.

2C.5.3 The height-stroke width ratio should be approximately 1:5. The height-width ratio varies with individual let-ters.

2C.5.4 In general, the spacing between lettersof the same word should be about 1.5times the stroke width for paralleled strokes but for strokes of opposing slope the spacing may be reduced proportionately. Agenerous spacing isadvisable whenever practical, for high legibility and is mandatory in numerals. The spacing between

words and lines should not be less than 3/4 of the letter height. However,when only capitals are used the spac-ing between rows of words may be reduced to 1/2 letter height.Nevertheless, the task of spacing let-tering Series 1 has been made simplerby the introduction of letter mosaics.The size of each letter mosaic is fixed.Therefore in order to form a word, therelevant letter mosaic is taken and placed adjacent to one another. The positioning of the alphabet within themosaic is already calculated. Lettering Series 1 is used on all guidesigns. See Appendix 2 in Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

2C.5.5 Legibility distance for guide signs is influenced by:

(i) alphabet design(ii) letter height (iii) letter width

(iv) letter stroke (v) letter spacing (vi) sign margin(vii) word and line spacing(viii) colour, contrast and bright-

ness

2C.6 Border on Guide Signs2C.6.1 The use of a narrow border improves

the appearance of a sign and makes itmore conspicuous. The border shouldbe of the same colour as the word message or symbol and should be at or just inside the edge. A dark bor-der should be set in from the edge, while a light border should extend to the edge of the plate.

2C.6.2 In general, a 750mm sign with a lightbackground use a border of 15mm to20mm in width, and set in 1Omm from the edge. For other sizes of signs, border widths should be of sim-ilar proportions but should not ordi-




narily exceed the stroke-width of the largest letter on the sign. For highspeed highway, guide signs exceeding2 meters by 3 meters in size, the bor-der should be about 50mm and on unusually large signs about 70mm.

2C.6.3 The corners of the sign panels shall berounded and corners of sign borders should be similarly rounded to fit thesign panel. Rounding the corners improves the appearance of the signs,and for signs mounted at a height of less than 2.2m, this is an important safety measure. A suitable corner radius for sign panels up to 7.50mm in the greater dimension is 40mm to 50mm with similar proportions for larger size panels. On very large guide signs, corners should be round-er on a radius approximately 1/18 of the lesser side dimension, but not to exceed 300mm.

2C.6.4 Border line or dividing line across thesignboard, stacking, shall be used when the destinations indicated are ofdifferent directions on a destination signboard. It is not required on a dis-tance or information signboard.

2C.7 Directional Symbols on Guide Signs

2C.7.1 Arrows are used to indicate the directions toward destinations. The arrowsshould be made to point horizontally or vertically or at any desired angle toconvey a clear comprehension of the direction to be taken. At right-angle intersections a horizontal. arrow is appropriate. On a roadside sign a directional arrow for a straight-through movement should point verti-cally upwards. For a turn the arrow should be pointed upward at a 45-degree angle related to the sharpness of the turn. If there is more than one

arrow, the arrangement of these arrows must be in anti -clockwise direction. See Table 2.

2C.7.2 Arrows may be placed below or to one side of the word message or sym-bol. The width across the barbs of thearrow (between 650 and 900) should be at least equal to the height of the largest letter on the sign, and should have a uniform shaft long enough to stand out, distinctly from the back of the head. See Appendix 4 in Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

2C.7.3 The use of diagramatic signs should be confined to "Roundabouts" and other more complicated interchanges.(This should not be confused with theuse of symbols in signs such as thoseenumerated in the Road Traffic Ordinance).

2C.7.4 Where cardinal directions have to be shown, they should be indicated before the names of towns in that

direction. however, the use of cardinalsigns should be kept to a minimum.

2C.8 Destination Signs2C.8.1 Destination signs shall be a horizontal

rectangle carrying the name of townsvillages or other objectives and direc-tional. arrows. The distance to the place named may also be shown. If several, destinations are shown on a single panel, the several names are soplaced with an arrow (and the dis-tance, if desired) for each name. If more than one destination lies In the same direction, a single arrow may beused for such a group of destinations.however, adequate separation or stacking should be made between anydestination or group of destinations inone direction and those in other directions.

2C.8.2 On a destination sign, an arrow point-




ing to the right shall be at the extremeright of the name and an arrow point-ing left or vertically shall be at the extreme left, unless there is only one direction to turn, in which case the arrow may be at the bottom of the sign. The distance figures, it used, shall follow after the destination name. The horizontal or sloping arrow should be of sufficient length toclearly distinguish them from the ver-tical arrows, See Table 2.

2C.8.3 Not more than two or three names should normally be used in combina-tion on one or more sign. As a gen-eral rule, the next important town or point lying straight ahead should be atthe top of the sign, and below it the next important destinations to the leftand to the right, in that order. In the case of overlapping routes, there should be shown only one destinationin each direction for each route. If there is more than one destination shown in any direction, the name of the nearest city or town shall, appear above that of any farther away. The destination shown for each direction should ordinarily be the next principaltown rather. than a more distant desti-nation.

2C.8.4 If preferred, the names of major desti-nations may be in larger letters than those of minor destinations on the same sign. If several individual, name panels are assembled into a group, all panels in the assembly should be of the same length.

2C.8.5 Destination signs should be generallylocated at a distance not less than 100m and not more than 150m in advance of the intersections on local streets and minor roads. Road users must be given sufficient time to makeup their minds as to the direction theywish to go before reaching the intersections, so that they can get into the

proper lane for turning if necessary. Supplementary or confirmatory desti-nation signs may be erected on the farleft-hand corner before entering the intersection or at a °T' or °Y' junction,on the far side of the junction directlyahead of approaching traffic. Refer toFig.4 in Appendix A.

2C.8.6 High speed highways require special types of destination signs. Such signsshould indicate destinations and directions, in a single large sign, placed in such a sequence as to give road users advance information con-cerning diverging roadways and con-firming information at the actual pointof divergence.

2C.8.7 Three destination signs in advance ofa diverging roadway, such as a slip road or a ,junction, and one sign at thejunction itself shall be provided on allheavily trafficked major roads or multi-lane highways. The first advance destination sign shall be erected one kilometer away from the junction, and shall carry both the name(s) of town(s) of the turning roadway and the distance one kilo-meter. The second advance destina-tion sign shall be erected 500 meters away from the junction and shall be similar to the first sign except it will carry the distance 500 meters.The third sign which is an ordinary destination sign, shall be erected 100m to 150m in advance of the junc-tion. The final sign shall be erected inthe gore area or on the tar left-hand side on entering the junction. A warn-ing sign normally supplements these signs, and is generally placed 50m (urban) or 80m (rural) away from, butbefore coming to, the third destinationsign. Refer to Fig. ,5 and Fig.6 in Appendix A.

2C.8.8 The omission of any reference to the exit or junctions in the final destina-




tion sign will indicate that road users have reached the point where the route begins to diverge.

2C.8.9 The distances to the places named should not be given on the advance first, second and third destination signsince road users are still concerned with selecting and getting on their right route. However, on the final andother confirmatory signs, after the correct route has been reached, distances to the place named may be given.

2C.9 Distance Signs2C.9.1 Distance signs shall be of a horizontal

rectangle, carrying the name of not more than three towns and the dis-tance (to the nearest kilometer) to thecenter of these places. As a general rule the top most name should be thatof the major destination of the route or the town in which the greater por-tion of the through traffic is interestedwhile the second name from the top should be that of the next town. The bottom-most. name should remain thesame on successive signs throughout the length of the route until the desti-nation is reached.

2C.9.2 Distance signs shall be erected on important routes leaving municipali-ties, and just beyond intersections in rural districts, or at intervals of approximately 20 km along the route.However, these signs need not be used on minor roads.

2C.9.3 Distance signs shall be erected on theleft-hand side of the road, facing the traffic, approximately 100m from an intersection or 70m beyond an accel-eration lane. Where a road passes through a municipality, distance signsshall be erected 100m outside the municipal limits or at the edge of the built-up districts. Refer to Fig.4 and Fig.6 in Appendix A.

2C.10 Information Signs2C.10.l Information signs shall be rectangular

in shape, informing road users of the names of towns, recreational and his-torical places, and the availability of facilities or services such as gas, telephone, bus-stop, etc.

2C.10.2 Information signs may be either sym-bols or word messages, and shall be erected according to the nature of theinformation to be given; e.g. a bus-stop sign should be erected at a partic-ular bus-stop, but for a gas station ahead, it should be erected at a suit-able distance in advance of the sta-tion. Information signs are divided into the following parts:

(i) General Service SignsColours : White letters, symbols

and borders, Blue background

lettering : Series 1, 100mm height (on supplementary plaque)

Utilization : Inform road users of the availability of facilities or services such as gas, telephone, etc.

(ii) Historical and Cultural Interest Area Signs Colours : White letters, symbols and

borders, Green backgroundLettering: Series 1, 100mm heightUtilization : Inform road users of the

names and directions ofhistorical or culturalinterest areas.

(iii) Recreational Area SignsColours : Yellow .letters, symbols and

borders Dark Green background

Lettering . Series 1, 100 mm heightUtilization : Inform road users of the

names and directions of recre-ational areas.




(iv) Town Name Sign.Colours : Black letters and borders

White backgroundLettering : Series 1, 300mm heightUtilization : Inform road users of the

names of towns .

(v) River Name SignColours : White letters and borders

Green backgroundLettering : Series 1, 100mm heightUtilization : Inform road users of the

names of rivers.

2C.11 Route Markers2C.11.1 Route markers shall be used to identi-

fy and mark all numbered highways. Route markers are ordinarily incorpo-rated as JKR logo, for Federal Highways and State highways, on large directional (destination and dis-tance) guide signs and on kilometer posts. They should be used for identi-fication of roads, for route confirma-tion, and for guidance and reassur-ance along the highway. On State Highways, the route markers should be initiated with the same alphabet designated on car registration num-bers which has already been assignedfor that particular state e.g. T for Terengganu , C for Pahang , and etc.

2C.11.2 Route markers shall be placed, on directional guide signs and kilometerposts, at 5km interval. Refer to Fig. 7in Appendix A.

NOTE: Standards and examples of guide signs shall be shown in Part 3 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

PART THREE : GUIDE ON APPLICATION

3.1 Scope of GuideThis part sets forth basic principles and

prescribes standards for the application ofthe various types of traffic signs at vari-ous locations for roadway safety. The principles outlined are applicable to bothrural and urban areas. Since it is not prac-tical to prescribe detailed standards of application for all the situations that mayconceivably arise, minimum standards are presented here for the most commonsituations. It is emphasized that these areminimum desirable standards for normalsituations and that additional protection must be provided when special complex-ities and hazards prevail.

3.2 IntersectionsThe basic rules of the road require that adriver approaching an intersection yield to a vehicle approaching an intersection leg which is on his left. This uncontrolledintersection is found on many 'Low vol-ume rural roads. The uncontrolled intersection requires that each driver be able to see other vehicles and determine who has the right to enter the intersection first.Because of the difficulty of maintaining adequate sight. distances, this method ofintersection control has fallen into disfavour. Most intersections require the installation of. a traffic control device to allocate the right-of-way. The BERHENTT and BERT LALUAN signsare the two signs which may be used forthis control.

3.2.1 BERHENTT Sign (RP.1)Because the BERHENTT sign causes a substantial inconvenience to motorists, itshould be used only where warranted. ABERHENTT. sign may be warranted at an intersection where one or more of thefollowing conditions exist:(a) intersection of a less important

road with a main road where application of the normal right-of-way rule is unduly hazardous.

(b) Road entering a through highway.(c) Unsignalised intersection in a sig-

nalised area.




(d) other intersections where a combi-nation of high speed, restricted view, and serious accident record indicates a need for control by theBERHENTT sign. BERHENTTsigns should not be used for speedcontrol.

Generally, a BERHENTT sign should belocated in line with the Stop Line, whichis placed normally not more than 10m nor less than 1.2m in advance of the nearest edge of the intersecting roadway. however, if a marked crosswalk is pres-ent, the BERHENTI sign should be erect-ed at a distance of not less than 1.2m in advance of the crosswalk. The vertical and lateral clearances for this BERHEN-TI sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 Appendix A.

3.2.2 BERI LALUAN (RP.13)The BERI LALUAN sign may be war-ranted on a minor road at the entrance toan intersection where it is necessary to assign right-of-way to the major road, butwhere a stop is not necessary at all times,and where the safe approach speed on theminor road exceeds 20 kilometers per hour, and at any intersection where a spe-cial problem exists and where an engi-neering study indicates the problem to besusceptible to correction by use of the BERI LALUAN sign.A BERI LALUAN sign should be erect-ed in the same manner as the BERHEN-TI sign, but at a location where the vehi-cle is to stop (not to be located in con-junction with a Stop Line) if necessary, toyield the right-of-way such as, on the entrance ramp to an expressway where an acceleration lane is not provided, or atthe exit of a separate left-turn lane wherethe acceleration lane is not adequate, or on the approach leg to a roundabout where the safe approach speed on the legexceeds 20 kilometers per hour.The vertical. and lateral clearances for

this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 9 in Appendix A.

3.2.3 Cross Road Signs (WD.3)The Cross Road sign is intended for use on a through highway to indicate the presence of an obscured cross-road intersection. Since a motorist is not expected to stop on a major road or a through highway, this sign should not be used in conjunction with a BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign.This sign should be erected at a distance200m or not less than 150mm in urban areas, and 230m or not less than 180m inrural areas or high speed highways in advance of the intersection. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are asstated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 4 and Fig. 6 in Appendix A.

3.2.4 Side Road Sign (WD27b, WD.2'7c,WD.27d,WD.27e

,WD.28a ,WD.28b)The Side Road sign, showing a side-roadsymbol, either left or right, and at an angle of either 90 or 45 degrees, isintended for use on a through highway inadvance of a side-road intersection or sliproad. Since a motorist is not expected to stop on a major road or a through high-way, this sign should not be used in conjunction with a BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign.The location of this sign is as stated above for Cross Road sign, Clause (3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 in Appendix A.

3.2.5 T- Symbol Sign (WD.27a)The T-Symbol sign is intended for use towarn traffic approaching a T-intersectionon the road where traffic must make a turn either to the left of the right. This sign should not generally be used for a T-intersection that is channelised by traffic




islands. It may be desirable to place a double-headed chevron (WD.44) sign at the head of the T, directly in line with approaching traffic.The location of this sign is as stated above for Cross Road sign, Clause (3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 8 in Appendix A.

3.2.6 Y -- Symbol Sign (WD.42)The Y-Symbol sign is intended for use towarn traffic approaching a Y-intersectionon the road that forms the stem. of the Y.The sign should not generally be used for a Y-intersection that is channelised bytraffic islands. It may be desirable to place a double-headed chevron (WD.44)sign at the fork of the Y directly in line with approaching traffic.The location of this sign is as stated above for Cross Road Sign, Clause (3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 8 in Appendix A.

3.2.7 BERHENTI Ahead Sign (WD.18)And BERI LALUAN Ahead Sign (WD.19)A BERHENTI Ahead or BERI LALU-AN Ahead sign is intended for use on anapproach to a BERHENTI orBERI LALUAN sign, respectively, that is not visible for a sufficient distance to permit the driver to bring the vehicle to stop at the BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign. Obstruction(s) causing the limitedvisibility may be permanent or intermit-tent. In some cases, such as at locationsalong high speed roads or where there ispoor observance of the BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign, the respective BERHENTI. Ahead or BERI LALUANAhead Sign should be used for emphasis.This sign, either BERHENTI Ahead or BERI LALUAN Ahead sign, should be erected at a distance 200m or not less than 150m in urban areas, and 230m or not less than 180m in rural areas, or highspeed highways in advance of the respec-

tive BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign. The vertical and lateral clearances for either of these signs are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 inAppendix A.

3.2.8 Traffic Signal Ahead Sign (WD.22) And Roundabout AheadSign (WD.31)A Traffic Signal Ahead or Roundabout Ahead Sign is intended for use on an approach to a signalised intersection or aroundabout (respectively) that is not visi-ble for a sufficient distance to prepare motorists of the unpredictable change or conflicting flow of traffic at the intersec-tion. At locations along high speed roads,the respective Traffic Signal Ahead or Roundabout Ahead sign should be used for emphasis.This sign, either Traffic Signal Ahead or Roundabout Ahead Sign, should be erect-ed at a distance 200m or not less than 150m in urban areas, and 230m or not less than 180m in rural areas or high speed highways in advance of the respec-tive traffic signal or roundabout. The ver-tical and lateral clearances for either of these signs are as stated in Part Two ear-lier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig. 9 in Appendix A.

3.2.9 Chevron Sign (WD.44)A Chevron sign is used to give notice of a sharp change in alignment in the direc-tion of travel It is not to be used where there is no change in the direction of trav-el (ends of median, center pier, etc). TheChevron sign, when used, shall be erect-ed on the far side of an intersection, in line with and at right angles to, approach-ing traffic. To be effective the Chevron sign should be visible for at least 150 meters and trial runs by day and night might be desirable to determine final positioning.The vertical and lateral clearances for thissign are as observed in Part Two earlier,




Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. However, a lateral clearance of 4.5m is desirable whenever possible. Refer to Fig.8 in Appendix A.

3.3 Hills, Turns and CurvesIn areas where the horizontal and verticalelements of a road change unexpectedly,it is necessary to provide traffic control devices to notify the driver of the impending change. This is especially critical when a major change in the road character occurs. The following traffic control devices can be used to provide this notification whenever the effective design speed changes and/or sight dis-tances are not sufficient or when a sectionline road intersects a standard parallel andthe offset correction occurs in the road.

3.3.1 Curve Sign (WD.10a, WD.10b)The curve sign is intended for use whereengineering investigations of roadway, geometric, and operating conditions show the recommended speed on the curve to be in the range between 50 and 100 kilometer per hour and equal to or less than the speed limit established by law or by regulation for that section of highway. Additional protection may be provided by use of an advisory Speedplate. If the curve is to the right, a Right Curve sign (WD.l0a) shall be used, and ifthe curve is to the left, a Left Curve sign(WD.10b) shall be used. (See Clause 3.3.3), Winding Road Sign for location ofsign).

3.3.2 Reverse Curve Sign (WD.2a,WD.2b)The Reverse Curve sign is intended for use to mark a succession of two or morecurves in opposite directions to each other. The warrant for this sign is when the chord distances separating the curvesis less than 180 meters. If the first curve is to the right, a Right Reverse Curve sign(WD.2a) shall be used, and if the first curve is to the left a Left Reverse Curve

sign (WD.2bshall be used. (See clause (3.3.3), Winding Road sign for location of sign).

3.3.3 Winding Road Sign (WD.11)The Winding Road sign is intended for use where there is a series of turns or curves, as defined in the warrant for Reverse Curve sign, separated by chord distances of less than 180 meters. When the Winding Road sign is used, it shall beerected in advance of the first curve. Additional. guidance may be provided bythe installation of road delineation mark-ers and by use of the advisory speed plate.The advisory Speed plate is intended foruse to supplement. Warning signs. It maybe used in conjunction with any standardyellow Warning sign to indicate the max-imum recommended speed (determined by an engineering study) around a curveor through hazardous .location. It shall not be used alone.This Winding Road sign should be locat-ed at a distance 2.30m in advance of the tangent point to the first curve. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as observed in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 10 Appendix A.

3.3.4 Chevron Delineator Sin (WD.39a,WD.39b)A Chevron Delineator sign may be used to supplement standard delineation treat-ments. It is intended to provide additional emphasis and guidance for vehicle operators as to changes in horizontal alignment in the direction of travel. It is not to be used where there is no change inthe direction of travel(ends of median, center piers, etc). The Chevron Delineator signs, when used, shall be erected on the outside of a curve, lateral-ly 6m apart from each other, in line withand at right angles to, approaching traffic.




To be effective, the Chevron Delineator sign should be visible for at least 150 meters and trial runs by day and night might be desirable to determine final positioning.The vertical and lateral clearances for thissign are as observed in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. However, a lateral. clearance of 1.8m is recommendable. Refer to Fig. 10 in Appendix A.

3.4 Narrow Bridges, Culverts and Roadside ObstaclesMany old bridges and culverts were builtfor a single lane of traffic. Many others are defined as narrow when they are not 1.2 meters wider than the approaching roadway. The total definition states that anarrow bridge or culvert is any bridge orculvert which is narrower than the distance from edge of shoulder to edge of

shoulder of the roadway. These bridges should be marked to provide guidance tothe drivers. Many special. problems existin rural. areas with bridges. The follow-ing section shows devices which can be used in conjunction with narrow bridgesand culverts. Obstruction Markers are used to mark obstructions within or adja-cent to the roadway.

3.4.1 Narrow Bridge Sign (WD.35)A Narrow Bridge sign is intended for useon two--way roadways in advance of a bridge or culvert having a clear roadwaywidth of less than .5 meters or having a clear roadway width of less than 6 meterswhen a high proportion of the traffic is commercial vehicles. In other words thissign is intended for use on roadways in advance of a bridge having roadway clearance less than the width of the approach pavement. The Narrow Bridgesign is also intended for use when there exist a poor alignment on the approach to

a structure having a clear roadway widthof 6 meters or less.A Narrow Bridge sign should be provid-ed on approaches to all narrow bridges orstructures. The sign shall be erected at a distance of 150m in advance of the struc-ture.The vertical and lateral clearances for thissign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig .ll in Appendix A.

3.4.2 Obstruction Marker (WD.24)Objects not actually in the roadway maybe so close to the edge of the road that they need a marker. These include under-pass, piers, bridge abutments, handrails and culvert headwalls. In some case there may not be a physical object involved, but other roadside conditions such as narrow shoulder drop-offs, gores,small islands and abrupt changes in the

roadway alignment may make it undesirable for a driver to leave the roadway. Obstruction Markers are intended for useat such locations.An Obstruction Marker should be locatednot more than 6m in advance of an obstruction, with its inside edge in line with the inner edge of the obstruction. When erected, this marker should have avertical clearance of 1.2m above the levelof the roadway edge, measured from thebottom of the marker.Preferably, three Obstruction Markers should be erected on each side of the roadin advance of underpass piers, bridgeabutments, handrails and culvert. headwalls. These markers should be placed 2m apart from each other, and the one nearest the obstruction should be placed 2m in advance of the obstruction. The markers should be arranged such that theone furthest from the obstruction would be erected 3.6m away from the road edge. Refer to Fig. l and Fig.12 In Appendix A.




3.5 Railroad Grade CrossingsRailroad grade crossings are the location,of serious injury and deaths whenever a typical, vehicle-train accident occurs. The low volume crossing presents a special hazard because the drivers do notexpect to find a train and signs are often ignored. Vehicles are required to stop fortrains when:

(a) An electric or mechanical device (such as a traffic signal) gives warning.

(b) A gate is lowered or a flagman signals.

(c) A train is within 450 meters.

(d) A train is visible and in hazardousproximity.

3.5.1 Railroad Grade Crossing Sign (WD.4, WD.5, WD.6, WD.7) A Railroad Grade Crossing sign shall beused on each roadway in advance of every grade crossing. This sign is recom-mended to be erected at most 230 metersaway from the crossing on both sides of the road.This sign should be located at a distance230m or riot less than 200m in rural areas, and 150m and not less than 75m inurban areas, in advance of the railroad gate or railroad track for the ones withoutgates).The vertical and lateral. clearances for this sign are as stated In Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig.13 in Appendix A.

3.6 School ZonesPedestrian safety depends in large measure upon public understanding of accepted methods for efficient traffic control.. This principle is never more important than in the control of pedestri-ans and vehicles in the vicinity of schools

(school zones). Neither school. children nor vehicle operators can be expected to move safely in school zones unless they understand both the need for traffic and the ways in which this control function for their benefit. The following section shows traffic control devices which can be used in conjunction with school zonesto provide traffic control.

3.6.1 Children Crossing Sign (WD.15 ).The Children Crossing sign is intended for use in advance of locations where school buildings or grounds are adjacentto the highway, and at established markedcrossings including signalized locations used by pupils going to and from school.However, at crossings located on roads where the flow of traffic is heavy and/or fast moving, BERHENTI Kanak-Kanak Melintas signs (RP.15) should be placed in conjunction with this signs.When used, the Children Crossing Sign should be erected at the crosswalk, or at the minimum distance possible In advance of the crosswalk. It should also be located not less than 50m nor more than 200m in urban areas, and not less than 80m nor more than 230m in rural areas, in advance of school buildings or grounds. The vertical and lateral clear-ances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig.14 in Appendix A.

3.6.2 BERHENTI Kanak-Kanak Melintas Sign (RP.15)The BERHENTI Kanak-Kanak Melintassign is to be exhibited by a school cross-ing patrol at places where school childrencross the road on their way to or from schools between the hour of six in the morning and seven in the evening. Generally, this sign is intended for use atestablished school crossings, which are located adjacent to the school buildings or grounds where the flow of traffic is




heavy and/or fast moving. Refer to Fig. 14 in Appendix A.

3.6.3 School Speed Limit Sign (WD.43)The School Speed Limit sign shall be used to indicate the speed limit where a reduced speed zone for a school are has been established (after an engineering and traffic investigation) or when a speedlimit is specified for such areas by statute.This sign should be erected at a distance200m or not less than 150m in urban areas, and 230m or not less than 180m inrural areas or high speed highways, in advance of Children Crossing sign (WD.1.5). The vertical and lateral clear-ances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig.14 inAppendix A.

3.7 Speed ZonesA speed zone is an area where a speed limit has been established by law, or by regulation, after an engineering andtraffic investigation has been made in accordance with established traffic engineering practices. In general, speed zones are town areas and those residentialareas that are adjacent to rural, or high-speed open highways. The following section describes, in order, the traffic signs that are used in conjunction with speed zones.

3.7.1 ZON HAD LAJU Sign (RP.16)The ZON HAD LAJU sign is intended tobe used on highways in rural. areas to inform the motorist of a reduced speed zone ahead when an advance notice is needed to comply with the speed limit posted ahead. This sign is not ordinarily needed in urban areas where speeds are relatively low.When used, this sign shall be erected 100m in advance of the boundary line ofthe established speed zone. The vertical

and lateral clearances for this sign are asstated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 15 in Appendix A.

3.7.2 Speed Limit Sign (RP.17)The Speed Limit sign shall display the limited speed established by law, or by regulation, after an engineering and traffic investigation has been made in accordance with established traffic engineering practices. The speed limits shown shall be in multiples of 10 kilo-meter per hour.In order to determine the proper numeri-cal, value (speed limit) for a speed zone,the following factors should be consid-ered:

(a) Road surface characteristics, shouldercondition, grade, alignment and sight

distance.(b) The 85-percentile speed and pace

speed.(c) Roadside development and cul-

ture, and roadside friction.(d) Safe speed for curves or

hazardous locations within the zone.

(e) Parking practices and pedestrian activity.

(f) Reported accident experience for a recent 12-month period.

A Speed Limit sign, indicating a speed limit for which posting is required by law,shall be located at the point of change from one speed limit to another, and at apoint 100m away from a ZON HAD LAJU (RP.16) sign ie. on the boundary line of the established Speed Zone. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig. 15 in Appendix A.




3.7.3 End Of Speed Limit Sign (RP.9).End of Speed Limit sign is intended to beused on highways In rural areas,in conjunction with ZON HAD LAJU sign (RP.16) to inform the motorist that he hasreached the end of the speed zone and should proceed with the normal speed limit posted earlier (before the speed zone) for that highway. When used, this sign shall be erected 100 m away from the boundary line of the established speedzone. The vertical. and lateral clearancesfor this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 15 in Appendix A.

3.8 Permanent Weighbridge StationsIn some places, such as at ports of entry,the law provides for the establishment ofPermanent Weighbridge Stations which requires that trucks, lorries, and other heavy vehicles to stop at these stations forweighing, inspection, and clearance. Signs are usually necessary to direct the concerned traffic into the Permanent Weighbridge Stations. The following section shall describe in order, the signs that should appear at the approach to eachPermanent Weighbridge Station.

3.8.1 TIMBANG Sign (WD.41)Two TIMBANG signs shall be used at the approach to each Permanent Weighbridge Station. The first sign shall be located 500m in advance of the accessroad to the station. An advance destination sign carrying 'Lencongan KeJambatimbang' and the distance 500m shall be mounted, as a secondary sign, onthe same post as the first sign. The secondsign shall be located at the access road tothe station with a destination sign, carrying an arrow and KENDERAAN BERAT, attached to It as a secondary sign.

The vertical and lateral clearances for these signs are as stated in Part Two earlier, clause (2.9) and (2.10)respectively. Refer to Fig. 16 in Appendix A.

3.8.2 Supplementary SignsAWAS (WD.1'7), KURANGKAN LAJU and KENDERAAN BERATIKUT KIRI signs normally supplement the TIMBANG (WD.41) signs mentioned above. The AWAS, KURANGKAN LAJU and KENDERAAN BERAT IKUT KIRI signs shall be located lkm, 250m and 700m respectively, in advance of the access road to the Permanent Weighbridge Station. Their vertical and lateral clearances are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 16 In Appendix A.

3.9 Recreational, Historical, and Cultural,_ Interest AreasWhen recreational, historical, and cultural interest areas are a significant destination on a highway, special Information signs may be posted for suchareas, at least to the first point at which anaccess road intersects the highway. Arecreational, historical or cultural Interestarea information sign may be posted on its own, or as a secondary (placed belowa primary sign) sign. Similar to other guide signs, this special. information signwould be rectangular in shape and usinglettering series 1 for its word messages. However, unlike any other guide sign, thecolours assigned for this special sign depend on its purpose, as are the following;

(i) Recreational Area signs have yellow letters, border and symbolson dark green background.




(ii) Historical and Cultural Interest Area signs have white letters, border and symbols on green background.

The vertical and lateral clearances for these special information signs are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer also to theillustrations in Part 3 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

3.10 Place Name SignsPlace name signs are information signs which inform road users of the names oftowns or villages along their traveling route.These signs are rectangular in shape withblack letterings and borders on white background.A place name sign should be located at the beginning of the built-up area and noton the boundary of the urban or rural district as this may often be some distance from the town or village namedand can cause confusion.The vertical. and lateral. clearances for this sign are as stated in Clause (2.9) and(2.10) respectively. Refer also to theillustrations in Part 3 of the Arahan Teknik.(Jalan) 2A/85.

SUMMARY

In the location of a signboard, the followingsteps of action may help.

(i) Define the purpose of the signboard.(ii) Decide on the legend or wording

required.(iii) Find outthe conditions of the traffic

and surrounding.(iv) Choose the size of lettering required.(v) Make sure the size of lettering, colour,

and spacing conform to requiredstandards.

(vi) Find out the area of board and thus determine the number of post required.

(vii) Select a site based on the conditions stated for that type of sign.

(viii) Ensure that the board is sufficiently clear of the edges of the pavement and In line of the best vision. (ix) Clear all unwanted or surplus material away from the shoulder.

(x) Ensure that the board is always cleanand visible.





APPENDIX A LOCATION OF TRAFFIC SIGN




TABLE 1RECOMMENDED LETTER HEIGHT



NOTE:

1) Refer to 'A Guide On Geometric DesignOf Roads' for classification details of road design standard where 'R' stands for 'Rural' and 'U' stands for 'Urban'.

2) Terrain: F - FlatR - RollingM - Mountainous

3) Area Type: I -Relatively free in road location with very little problems as regards to land acquisition, affected buildings and other socially sensitive areas.

Il - Intermediate between I and III

III - Very restrictive in road location with problems as regards to land acquisition,affected buildings and other sensitive areas.





TABLE 2

ARRANGEMENT OF DIRECTIONAL ARROWS IN DESCENDING ORDER

Should be located on the upper left-hand side of the sign to indicatestraight through movement

Should be located on the left-handside of the sign to indicate sharpturning movement to the left.

Should be located on the lower left-hand side of the sign to indicateright-angle turning movement to theleft .

Should be located on the tower right-side of the sign to indicate fight - .turning movement to the right.

Should be located on the right-handside of the sign to indicate sharpturning movement to the right .




FOR LOCAL SIEEI AND MINOR ROADS

FIG. 4 TYPICAL LOCATION FOR DESTINATION SIGNS




FIG. 5 TYPICAL LOCATION FOR DESTINATION SIGNS




FIG. 7 TYPICAL LOCATION OF ROUTE MARKERS ON DIRECTIONAL GUIDESIGNS AND ON KILOMETRE POSTS

ROUTE MARKER SHOWN ON A KILOMETER POST

ROUTE MARKER SHOWN ON A DIRECT04AL GUIDE SIGN




FIG. 10 TYPICAL LOCATION 1. SIGNS FOR CURVES

NOTES :1. ON GUADRAIL CURVES THERE SHOULDALWAYS BE TWO CHEVRON

DELINATOR SIGN IN THE DRIVER’S LINE VISION.2. NUMBER OF CHEVRON DELINATOR SIGN SMALL DEPEND ON THE LENGTH

OF CURVE THE LONGER THE CURVE THE MORE THE NUMBER OF SIGN.3. CHEVRON DELINATOR SIGN SMALL BE ERECTED AS INDICATED ABOVE.4. ADVISORY SPEED SMALL BE DETERMINED BY THE ENGINEER AND THE

SPEED WILL NOT BE GREATER THAN THE POSTED SPEED LIMIT.5. USE CURVE SIGN IF THE ROAD HAS NO REFETITIVE CURVE.6. USE WINDING ROAD SIGN IF THE ROAD HAS MANY CURVE AND TURNS

SUCH AS THOSE ROADS IN HILL AREAS.




KANDUNGAN KERTAS INI TELAH DILULUSKAN OLEH BENGKELPIAWAIAN DAN GARIS PANDUAN YANG TELAH DIADAKAN DI

IBU PEJABAT J.K.R KUALA LUMPUR PADA27- 28, NOVEMBER, 1885

Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B-85 - Traffic Signs Application

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