Arae Studies- Regional Sustainable Development:China · 3.1. The background for publishing the...

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

CONTENTS

AREA STUDIES - REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CHINA

Area Studies - Regional Sustainable Development: China - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 386 ISBN: 978-1-84826-071-9 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-521-9 (Print Volume) Area Studies - Regional Sustainable Development: China - Volume 2 No. of Pages: 358 ISBN: 978-1-84826-072-6 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-522-6 (Print Volume) Area Studies - Regional Sustainable Development: China - Volume 3 No. of Pages: 340 ISBN: 978-1-84826-073-3 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-523-3 (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : [email protected]

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AREA STUDIES – CHINA: REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

Regional Sustainable Development Review: China 1 H. L. Sun, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People’s Republic of China S. K. Cheng, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People’s Republic of China Q. W. Min, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People’s Republic of China 1. Introduction 2. Current state of China’s population, resources, and environment

2.1. Population and poverty 2.2. Arable land 2.3. Water resources 2.4. Forest 2.5. Wetlands 2.6. Biodiversity 2.7. Water environment 2.8. Atmospheric environment 2.9. Desertification

3. Sustainable development thoughts and practices in ancient China 3.1. Ancient thoughts on sustainable development 3.2. Sustainable practices in ancient China

4. The national strategies for sustainable development 4.1. National basic strategies 4.2. China’s Agenda 21 4.3. Action plans of different sectors to implement China’s Agenda 21

5. Institutional structure for sustainable development 5.1. The leading and management agencies 5.2. China Council for International Co-operation on Environment and Development 5.3. Other institutions

6. Theoretical and methodological research 6.1. Theoretical searching for sustainable development 6.2. Indicator system for assessing sustainable development

7. Practices and actions of sustainable development 7.1. Sustainable techniques system: eco-planning, eco-engineering, and eco-management

7.1.1. Eco-planning 7.1.2. Eco-engineering 7.1.3. Eco-management

7.2. Construction of sustainable communities 7.2.1. Comprehensive experimental sustainable community 7.2.2. Eco-county

7.3. Nature reserves 7.4. NGOs for sustainable development

Demographic Dynamics and Sustainability in China 38 Li Yong-Ping, Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Past Population Activities and Censuses 2. Rapid Demographic Transition and Implications 3. Population Aging and Support 4. Minority Populations

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5. Marriage and Family 6. Population and Development

6.1. Impact of Population Growth on Development 6.2. Urbanization and Migration 6.3. Population Density and Distribution 6.4. Priority Program for Chinas Agenda 21

7. Age Structure 8. Sex Structure and Sex Ratio at Birth Protecting and Promoting Human Health in China 69 Li Yong-Ping, Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China 1. Health Situation 2. Mortality Improvement 3. Smoking and Health 4. Water Improvement in Rural Areas 5. Health Care Services of the Elderly 6. Reproductive Health 7. Reform of Medical System 8. Availability of Contraceptives Children and Youth in Sustainable Development in China 98 Li Yong-Ping, Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China 1. Introduction 2. Malnutrition and Sanitation 3. Compulsory Education and Education of Youths 4. Pre-school Enrollment and Eradication of Adult Illiteracy 5. Child Care and Child Rearing 6. Disabled Children, and Protection and Legal Rights of Children National Action for Women Towards Sustainable and Equitable Development in China 120 Li Yong-Ping, Institute of Population Research , Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China 1. Chinese Women Bear Half the Weight of the Sky 2. Current Projects and Activities Related to Women 3. Labor Force Participation of Women 4. Womens Rights 5. Women's Satisfaction and Role Play 6. Migrant Women of Childbearing Age 7. Abnormal High Sex Ratio at Birth and the Consequences Promotion of Human Sustainable Development in China 141 Li Yong-Ping, Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China 1. Population and New Conditions of Development 2. Family Planning 3. Poverty Alleviation 4. Sports 5. Science and Democracy

5.1. Science and Technology 5.2. Democracy and Reality

6. Population and Welfare 7. Fertility Inhibiting Variables

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7.1. Marriage as the Fertility Inhibiting Variable 7.2. Contraception as the Fertility Inhibiting Variable 7.3. Postpartum Infertility as the Fertility Inhibiting Variable 7.4. Abortions as the Fertility Inhibiting Variable

Changing Consumption Patterns in China 171 Li Yong-Ping, Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Escalating demand for consumption 2. Energy Consumption 3. Traveling Consumption 4. Automobiles in Chinese Families 5. From Housing Assignment to Buying a House 6. Specified Consumption Food Security in China 192 S. Z. GU, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Y. J. Zhang, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China 1. Food Security: One of Chinas Most Important Topics

1.1. Population pressure 1.2. Resource pressures 1.3. Grain is taken as one of the most important topics in China

2. Chinese Understanding of Food Security 2.1. Quantity implications 2.2. Quality implications 2.3. Other implications

2.3.1. Food structure implications 2.3.2. Food-relief for poverty-stricken population

3. The "White Paper: The Grain Issues in China" 3.1. The background for publishing the white pape 3.2. The main contents of the paper

4. Basic Evaluation on Chinas Food Security 4.1. Five-period development of food production

4.1.1. The first period 4.1.2. The second period 4.1.3. The third period 4.1.4. The fourth period 4.1.5. The fifth period

4.2. Domestic production basically meets consumer demand for food 4.3. Stable domestic food market 4.4. Consumers can easily gain their requested food for consumption 4.5. Identification of organic (green) food 4.6. Regional supply-and-demand equilibrium of grain

4.6.1. Grain-deficit regions 4.6.2. Grain-surplus regions 4.6.3. Grain supply-demand balance regions

5. Chinas Main Policies on Food Security 5.1. Policies for protecting cultivated land

5.1.1. Protection of basic farmland 5.1.2. The Ordinance on Protecting Basic Farmland 5.1.3. "Strictest Farmland Management System"

5.2. "Governor Grain Responsibility System" 5.3. "Mayor Vegetable Basket Responsibility System" and "Vegetable Green Channel"

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5.4. Basic self-sufficiency policy of food 5.5. Appropriate import of food 5.6. Development of commercial bases for food production

5.6.1. The state commercial-grain-base counties 5.6.2. The commercial vegetable bases

5.7. Expansion of state grain reserve capacity 5.8. Inter-regional trade equilibrium 5.9. Grain relief system 5.10. Grain marketing system restructuring 5.11. Food hygiene

Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources in China 212 G. D Xie, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), P.R. China C. X. Lu, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), P.R. China

1. Introduction 2. Characteristics of Chinese natural resources

2.1. Land Resources 2.2. Water Resources 2.3. Climatic Resources 2.4. Biological Resources 2.5. Mineral Resources 2.6. Marine Resources 2.7. Energy Resources

3. Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 3.1. Establishing a Natural Resources Management System 3.2. Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources 3.3. Management and Sustainable Utilization of Land Resources 3.4. Sustainable Utilization of Forest Resources 3.5. Exploitation and Conservation of Marine Resources 3.6. Sustainable Utilization of Mineral Resources 3.7. Sustainable Production and Consumption of Energy Resource

Combating Poverty in China 226 S. Z. Gu, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Y. J. Zhang, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China

1. Poverty: a long-term problem in China 2. China’s poverty alleviation campaign 3. China’s policy towards poverty 4. Poverty types and distribution of poverty-stricken areas

4.1. Poverty types 4.2. The Poverty Line 4.3. Poverty Counties 4.4. Poverty Population and its Distribution

5. China’s campaign against poverty 5.1. The top organization for poverty campaign in China 5.2. Province and lower-level poverty relief organizations 5.3. The "State Eighth-Seven-Year Plan on Poverty Relief"

5.3.1. The aims for formulating the plan 5.3.2. The main contents of the plan

5.4. The main contents related to poverty in China’s Agenda 21

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5.4.1. The reasons for action 5.4.2. The targets for action 5.4.3. The contents of action

6. Main Measures for Alleviating and Erasing Poverty Phenomenon 6.1. The national basic policies for poverty relief 6.2. Poverty relief funding plan 6.3. The system of grain relief to poverty-stricken people 6.4. Department partnership support 6.5. The establishment and operation of inter-regional poverty relief partnerships

6.5.1. Background 6.5.2. The Partners 6.5.3. Main tasks of partnership cooperation 6.5.4. Policies for operating partnership cooperation 6.5.5. Governments role in partnership cooperation

6.6. Population control and directed emigration 6.7. Agricultural multi-function development

Sustainable Mountain Development in China 242 Yaxin Zheng, Commission for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources(CISNAR), Chinese Acamedy of Sciences(CAS), China

1. Mountain Conditions in China 2. Mountain development program 3. Case studies 4. Problems and Pressures 5. Counter-measures Protecting the Atmosphere: China 257 WANG Ming-xing, Institute of Atmosphere Physics Chinese Academy, China GAO Qing-xian, Center for Climate Impact Research, SEPA, China 1. Introduction

1.1. Chinas deteriorating atmospheric environment 1.2. Trans-boundary transport and deposition of sulfur oxide 1.3. Environmental effects of aerosol 1.4. The emission of greenhouse gases

1.4.1. Emitting and mitigating carbon dioxide 1.4.2. Emission of methane emission in China and its trend

1.4.2.1. The methane emitted from paddy fields in China 1.4.2.2. Methane emitted from municipal solid waste 1.4.2.3. Emission of methane by livestock 1.4.2.4. Other sources of methane

1.4.3. Other greenhouse gases 1.5. Depleting the ozone shield

1.5.1. The role of ozone in atmosphere 1.5.2. The need to protect China's ozone shield 1.5.3. The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of total ozone in China

1.5.3.1. The geographic distribution of total ozone over China 1.5.3.2. Temporal change of total ozone in China

2. The protection measures for the atmosphere in China 2.1. Introduction of the relevant environmental laws 2.2. The measures of ameliorating atmospheric environment 2.3. Mitigation measures for greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols

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Development and Conservation of Grasslands 275 Z. Zh. Chen, Professor, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Introduction 2. Main Grassland Types and Their Features

2.1. Temperate Meadow Steppe 2.2. Temperate Typical Steppe 2.3. Temperate Desert Steppe 2.4. Alpine Grassland 2.5. Tropical- subtropical Grasslands

3. Functions of Grasslands 3.1. Economic Functions of Grasslands 3.2. Ecological Functions of Grasslands 3.3. Social Functions of Grasslands

4. Issues for Grassland Development and Conservation 5. Strategies and Actions for Sustainable Development of Grasslands

5.1. Technological Measures for Sustainable Development of Grasslands 5.2. Governmental Action for Sustainable Grassland Development

Wetland Conservation in China 286 K. Y. Zhao, Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China C. Q. He, Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

1. Definitions of Wetlands 2. Types, Characteristics and Distribution of Wetlands

2.1. Principle and Basis of Wetland Classification 2.2. Wetland Synthesis Classification System 2.3. Wetland Main Type Character

3. Functions and Benefits of Wetlands 3.1. High Bio-productivity 3.2. Providing Foodstuffs and Raw Materials for Humankind 3.3. The Most Important Freshwater Resources for Mankind 3.4. Adjusting Flux, Controlling Floodwater, Resorting Sediment and Detoxification 3.5. Reducing Storm Impact and Controlling Soil Erosion 3.6. A Gene Bank of Species 3.7. Adjusting the Surrounding Environment

4. Wetland Utilization 4.1. Aquaculture 4.2. Pond-Field System 4.3. Compound Ecological Agriculture 4.4. Ecological Tourism

5. Wetland Conservation 5.1. Current Status of Wetland Conservation 5.2. Wetland Nature Reserves

Protection of Oceans and Their Living Resources - China 300 Jinhai Dong, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Wenqi Wang, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China I-Hsun Ni, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Cowloon, China

1. Introduction 2. Sustainable Marine Development Strategy

2.1. Safeguarding the new international marine order, rights and interests 2.2. Overall planning for marine development and control 2.3. Rationally utilizing marine resources and promoting marine industries

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2.4. Simultaneously planning and implementing the development of marine resources and the protection of the marine environment

2.5. Reinforcing oceanographic technology research and development 2.6. Setting up a comprehensive marine management system 2.7. Actively participating in international co-operation about marine development

3. Rational Development and Utilization of Marine living Resources 4. Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment 5. The Development of Oceanographic Science, Technology and Education 6. The Implementation of Comprehensive Marine Management 7. International Co-operation in Maritime Affairs Index 317 About EOLSS 325

VOLUME II

Water Supply and Demand Status and Water Environment Protection in China 1 H. Wang, Department of Water Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China. D.X. Wang, Department of Water Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China. J. Ma, Department of Water Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China. 1. Water Resources Problems in the Process of Development

1.1. Evolution of the Water Cycle and its Effects on Resources, Ecology and Environment 1.1.1. Changes in the Water Cycle Induced by Large Scale Human Action 1.1.2. Lateral Water Cycle Resulting from Water Development and Utilization 1.1.3. Resources, Ecological System and Environment Effects of the Water Cycle

1.2. Basic Features of Chinas Water Resources 1.2.1. Total Water Resources and Per Capita Availabilityy 1.2.2. Water Resources Temporal and Spatial Distribution 1.2.3. Water Resources Distribution and Production Forces Disposition

2. Chinas Present Situation on Water resources Development and Utilization 2.1. Water Supply and Demand

2.1.1. Water Supply 2.1.2. Water Use

2.2. Water Environment Quality 2.2.1. Present Status for Water Quality of Rivers of Whole Country 2.2.2. Water Quality of Main Rivers 2.2.3. Water Environment of Cities and Towns 2.2.4. Water Quality of Lakes and Reservoirs 2.2.5. Groundwater Quality

2.3. Problems in the Development of Water Resources 2.3.1. Regional Water Shortage in North China and the Growing Urban Water Shortag 2.3.2. Growth of Water Pollution, in Space and Time 2.3.3. Intensification of Ecological Deterioration

3. Water Supply and Demand Status of China in twenty-first Century 3.1. Domestic Water Demand

3.1.1. Population Projection 3.1.2. Analysis of Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption

3.2. Industrial Water Demand 3.2.1. Economic Development Projection 3.2.2. Industry Water Saving Level

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3.3. Agriculture Water Demand 3.3.1. Agriculture Development Projection 3.3.2. Irrigation Quota 3.3.3. Water Use for Forestry, Animal Rearing, Fisheries and Vegetables 3.3.4. Total Agriculture Water Demand

3.4. Total Water Demand and Per Capita Water Demand 4. Sustainable Utilization Options for Water Resources

4.1. Water Resources Rational Disposition 4.1.1. SongLiao River Basin 4.1.2. Yellow, Hailuan and Huai River Basin 4.1.3. Yangtze River Basin 4.1.4. Pearl River and South-east River 4.1.5. South-west River Basin 4.1.6. Inland River Basin

4.2. Protection Options for Water Resources Development and Utilization 4.2.1. Urban and Industrial Water Supply 4.2.2. Agriculture Irrigation 4.2.3. Control and Protection of Aquatic Environments 4.2.4. Composition of Water Supply Sources 4.2.5. Future Prospects for Water Resource Development and Utilization

Biodiversity in China - Status, Threats and Recommendations 39 L. Z. Chen, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China S. Wang, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China S. D. Zhao, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Introduction

1.1. Physical and socio-economic conditions 2. Ecosystem Diversity

2.1. Forest 2.2. Meadow 2.3. Steppe 2.4. Savanna 2.5. Desert 2.6. Marsh 2.7. Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems

3. Species Diversity 3.1. Megadiversity 3.2. Endemism 3.3. Status 3.4. Threats

3.4.1. Habitat Destruction 3.4.2. Over-exploitation 3.4.3. Pollution

4. Genetic Diversity 5. Recent Progress

5.1. Survey and Bioinventory 5.2. Species Conservation 5.3. In Situ Conservation: Nature Reserves 5.4. Ex Situ Conservation

5.4.1. Botanical Gardens and Arboreta 5.4.2. Zoos and Other Breeding Centers 5.4.3. Germplasm and Gene Banks

6. Recommendations 6.1. General Recommendations for Strategy and Actions 6.2. Scientific Research

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Promoting Sustainable Forestry 56 W. H. Li, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China P. L. Shi, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Introduction

1.1. Function of forest 1.2. Current status of forest resources in China 1.3. Forestry in China and its diagnosis

2. Rational management of existing forest resources 2.1. Development of forest survey and monitoring system 2.2. Management of existing forests 2.3. Control of forest fire and protection of forests from pests and insects 2.4. Rational felling and regeneration

3. Maintenance and strengthening of multi-purpose forests 3.1. Establishment of protective shelterbelts 3.2. Construction of nature reserves 3.3. Integrated watershed management in mountain areas

4. Reforestation and afforestation 4.1. Reforestation 4.2. Afforestation 4.3. Agroforestry

5. Effective use of forest resources and development of forest related industries 5.1. Effective use of woody forestry resources 5.2. Effective use of non-wood forest resources 5.3. Development and utilization of landscape forest resources for eco-tourism

6. Promoting sustainable forestry development 6.1. Strategy for sustainable development of forestry 6.2. Activities to be taken for promoting sustainable forestry

7. Scientific Research and Educational Training 7.1. Development of forestry science and technology 7.2. Training of professional forestry personnel and human resource

8. Policy and legislation for forestry 8.1. Establishment of the forestry economic system in conformity with requirements of the market

economy 8.2. Improvement of the forestry legal system

9. International forestry cooperation Combating Desertification 77 L.J. Ci, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China. 1. Introduction 2. Classification and index of Desertification used in China

2.1. Classification system of desertification in China 2.2. Grading index of various desertification patterns

2.2.1. Grading of severity of desertification 2.2.2. Grading index of various desertification patterns 2.2.3. Indicators of degradation of several main land-use types

3. Present Status of Desertification in China 3.1. Geographical scope of potential desertification in China 3.2. Patterns, area and distribution of desertification

3.2.1. Wind-eroded desertification 3.2.2. Water-eroded desertification 3.2.3. Cryopedological desertification (freezing and melting processes on cold plateau) 3.2.4. Soil salinization 3.2.5. Desertification caused by other factors

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3.3. Desertification in main land-use types 3.3.1. Rangeland degradation 3.3.2. Arable land degradation 3.3.3. Woodland degradation

4. Causes and mechanism of desertification in China 4.1. Human activities:

4.1.1. Population growth 4.1.2. Over-grazing 4.1.3. Reclamation and cultivation on steep slopes 4.1.4. Firewood cutting, collection of medicinal herbs and deforestation 4.1.5. Irrational irrigation

4.2. Natural factors 4.2.1. Geographical environment factors 4.2.2. Climatic factors

4.3. Spreading tendency of desertification in China 5. Strategies to combat desertification in China

5.1. Increasing peoples consciousness to combat desertification 5.2. Strengthening legal view, tightening executive forces and perfection of law and legal

regulations 5.3. Training science and technology staff and enhancing effects to combat desertification

5.3.1. Summarize present experiences and technologies 5.3.2. Strengthen capability of science and technology in tackling key problems 5.3.3. International exchanges and cooperation

5.4. Rational resource utilization and sustainable development 5.5. Making preferential policies and increasing fund input 5.6. Governmental efforts at national level

5.6.1. Regreening Commission 5.6.2. Governments at local levels 5.6.3. Principles 5.6.4. Protection 5.6.5. Rehabilitation and revegetation 5.6.6. Financial sources 5.6.7. Nationwide NAP to Combat Desertification 5.6.8. State loan 5.6.9. Technical extension and training 5.6.10. State preferential policies on taxation 5.6.11. Application 5.6.12. Material supplies 5.6.13. Research and technical development projects 5.6.14. Special prizes and rewards 5.6.15. Regulations

Land Resources Planning and Management 105 Y. S. Zhang, Associate Professor, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China

1. Characteristics of chinas land resources utilization 2. The main problems on land utilization 3. Land resources plan

3.1. Overall Land Use Plan 3.2. Contents and system of the Overall Land Use Plan

3.2.1. China's Overall Land Use Plan is a unified and multi-level regional planning system 3.2.2. Main content and requirements of Overall Land Use Plan at every administrative level

3.3. Principles for preparing the Overall Land Use Plan 3.4. Methods for preparing the Overall Land Use Plan 3.5. The implementation of the Overall Land Use Plan 3.6. History and current situation of chinas land resources planning

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3.6.1. History of work on Overall Land Use Planning 3.6.2. Progress of Overall Land Use Planning

4. The History and problems of land resources management 4.1. The history of land resources management 4.2. The problems of land resources and management

5. Land management methods 5.1. Land legislation

5.1.1. A review on the building land legislation of China 5.1.2. The land administration law of the People's Republic of China 5.1.3. The revised land management law

5.2. Land administrative management 5.2.1. The course of administrative management 5.2.2. Functions of the State Land Administration Organs

5.3. Research work on land sciences and technology 6. Countermeasures of land resources management in China Energy Supply and Demand 127 Y. H. Lang, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China Zh. G. Gao, Department of Economics, Xinjiang Institute of Finance & Economics, Urumqi, P.R. China Y. J. Zhang, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China 1. Introduction

1.1. Energy and Sustainable Development 1.2. History, Present Situation and Future of Energy Supply and Demand

2. The General Situations and Features of Energy Resources 2.1. A Complete Variety and Considerable Total Quantity 2.2. Per Capita Quantities of Energy Resources less than the World Average 2.3. The Irrational Structure 2.4. The Uneven Distribution

3. The General Situations and Features of Energy Production 3.1. Quantity and Quality 3.2. The Structure 3.3. The Elasticity Coefficient for Energy Production

4. The General Situations and Features of Energy Consumption 4.1. The Quantity and Quality 4.2. The Structure 4.3. The Elasticity Coefficient for Energy Consumption

5. Energy Demand Forecasting 6. Present Policies for Energy Supply and Demand in China

6.1. The Synopsis of Strategy 6.2. The Main Countermeasures

6.2.1. Utilizing Overseas and Domestic Resources and Markets 6.2.2. Improving the Structure and Distribution of Energy Production 6.2.3. Progress in Science and Technology, Diversifying Supply, and Energy Saving 6.2.4. Developing Clean Energy Technology and Enforcing Environmental Protection 6.2.5. Speeding up the Exploitation of Natural Gas and Improving Energy Structure 6.2.6. Realizing the Rationalization of Energy Price

Environmentally Sound Management of Biotechnology 142 Yingqian Qian, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

1. Introduction 2. Potential risks of LMOs released to environment

2.1. The wild related species of transgenic crops become weeds

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2.2. Transgenic crops themselves can become weeds 2.3. Effect of transgenic crops on biodiversity

2.3.1. Pollen of transgenic maize harms the larva of the monarch butterfly 2.3.2. Transgenic Bt cotton seriously harms the dominant parasitic natural enemies

2.4. The issue of virus recombination 2.5. Other issues may emerge

3. Progress on biotechnology in China and the problems brought about by the release of LMOs 3.1. China is the center of origin for many important crops, such as rice and soybean.

4. Measures of safety administration 4.1. Share out the administration and unified leadership 4.2. Taking action on legislation 4.3. Establishing the monitoring system for biosafety 4.4. Strengthening scientific research on biosafety 4.5. Correctly handle relationship between biosafety and intellectual property rights on

biotechnology Environmentally Sound Management of Toxic Chemicals - China 151 Q.Y. Meng, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China W.X. Yang, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China X.B. Xu, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China L.J. Sun, State Environmental Protection Administration, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Introduction 2. Management of Harmful and Toxic Chemicals

2.1. Management of Supervised Chemicals 2.2. Environmental Management of Toxic Chemicals

3. Formulation Standards for Environmental Management Regulations 4. Current Management Laws and Regulations 5. Promote PIC Activities and POP Research 6. International Conventions Concerned Environmentally Sound Management of Solid Wastes 167 Q. Shi, The State Environmental Protection Administration, China K. S. Zhang, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 1. Definition and Classification of Solid Wastes 2. Characteristics of Solid Wastes 3. Situation of Solid Wastes in China

3.1. Industrial Solid Wastes 3.1.1. Total Generation Amount Trending towards Stability 3.1.2. Relatively Big Development of Comprehensive Utilization 3.1.3. Annual Stack-up Volume Trending towards Stability

3.2. Municipal Solid Wastes 3.2.1. Increase in Generation and Transport of Municipal Solid Wastes

4. Existing Problems in Solid Waste Management 4.1. Problems in Management of Industrial Solid Wastes 4.2. Problems in Management of Municipal Solid Wastes

5. Countermeasures for Solid Waste Management 5.1. Strengthening the Legal System 5.2. Implementing the Policy of Solid Waste Minimization 5.3. Management Measures and Actions for Industrial Solid Wastes 5.4. Management Measures and Actions for Municipal Solid Wastes 5.5. Vigorously Developing Comprehensive Utilization of Solid Wastes

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Environmental Sound Management of Wastewater 182 WEN Xianghua, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China QIAN Yi, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Wastewater discharge and its management in China

1.1. Definition of Wastewater 1.2. Industrial and Municipal Wastewater

1.2.1. Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Discharge 1.2.2. Characteristics of the Domestic and Industrial Wastewater

1.3. Wastewater from Livestock Farms 1.3.1. Amounts and Characteristics of the Livestock Farms 1.3.2. Control Strategies

2. Strategic Measures for Environmental Sound Management of Wastewater 2.1. Legislative Measures

2.1.1. Laws 2.1.2. Regulations 2.1.3. Policies 2.1.4. Standards

2.2. Cleaner Production in Industries, for Minimizing Wastewater Discharge 2.2.1. Concept of Cleaner Production 2.2.2. Cleaner Production in China

2.3. Regional Planning for Water Pollution Control 2.4. Development of Appropriate Technology for Wastewater Treatment 2.5. Movement of Water Conservation

3. Economic Incentives for Environmental Sound Management of Wastewater Discharge 3.1. Price Policy Related to Resource Exploitation and Consumption 3.2. Charge Policy for Wastewater Treatment

4. Experiences and Lessons In Management of Wastewater Discharge 4.1. Strategy Conversions in Industrial Pollution Control 4.2. Enhancement of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment 4.3. Strengthening Scientific Research and Advanced Treatment Technologies 4.4. Wastewater Reclamation

Safe and Environmentally Sound Management of Radioactive Waste 202 Pan Z.Q., Director, Science and Technology Commission, CNNC, China Qu Z. M., Everclean Environmental Engineering Co., CNNC, China

1. Introduction 2. Definition and classification

2.1. The definition 2.2. The classification

3. Principles, legal framework and infrastructure 3.1. The Principles 3.2. Legal framework 3.3. Basic Policy 3.4. Organization

4. Treatment and storage 4.1. Nuclear industrial wastes 4.2. Applications and radiation research nuclear technology

5. Disposal of radioactive wastes 5.1. The Northwest Repository 5.2. Guangdong Beilong Repository 5.3. Hydraulic fracturing press of LILW

6. High-level radioactive waste

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Natural Disaster Prevention and Reduction 212 G. D. Xie, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), PR China C.X. Lu, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), PR China 1. Introduction 2. Environment of Breeding Disaster and Burden of Disasters

2.1. Environment of Breeding Disaster 2.2. Burden of Disaster (BD)

3. Factors Inducing Loss 3.1. Meteorological and Hydrological Disasters 3.2. Geological Disaster 3.3. Earthquake Calamity 3.4. Bio-disaster 3.5. Land Degradation

4. Action on Natural Disasters Prevention and Reduction 4.1. Management of Natural Disasters 4.2. Establishment of system for disaster prevention and control 4.3. Reduction of the man-induced or man-aggravated disasters

Strengthening the Role of NGOs: Partners for Sustainable Development 231 Weiwen Wu, Research Fellow, China Association for Science and Technology, Beijing, China

1. Acadamic symposia and policy recommendations 2. Promoting public understanding of sustainable development

2.1. Publicity to leaders in the party and the government 2.2. Promoting public awareness through the news media and science museums 2.3. Sustainable development publicity to the youth

3. International exchange and coorperation on sustainable development 4. Setting fine examples Local Environmental Knowledge and Sustainable Development of the Minorities in China 239 Guoqing Ma, Institute of Sociology and Anthropology, Peking University, P.R. China. 1. Introduction 2. Ethnicity and the Grassland Ecosystem 3. Ethnicity and the Forest Ecological Area 4. Mountain Agriculture Eco-ethnicty Region Local Authority Initiatives in Support of Agenda 21 - China 247 Zhou Hailin, Policy & Strategy Division, Administrative Centre for Chinas Agenda 21 (ACCA21), China 1. Background and Concepts

1.1. Chapter 28 of Agenda 21, Local authorities initiatives in support of Agenda 21 1.2. Global Progress on LA21 1.3. The Guideline Document for Local Authorities Implementing Sustainable Development in

China 1.4. Formulation of China's Agenda 21 1.5. Brief Introduction to China's Agenda 21 1.6. Characteristics of China's Agenda 21 1.7. Implementation of China's Agenda 21 and principles for planning and implementing local

Agenda 21 1.8. State Guideline for Local Activity: China’s Experimental Sustainable Community

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1.9. Guidelines for Action in the Experimental Sustainable Communities 1.10. The Main Aims of China's Sustainable Development Experimental Communities strengthening

capacity building for sustainable development 2. Progress and Success Stories on China’s Local Agenda 21

2.1. Progress in Implementing China’s Local Agenda 21 2.2. Existing Activities for the Implementation of local Agenda 21 at the provincial level 2.3. Success Stories

2.3.1. Case Study 1: Institutional Biulding of Local Sustainable development in Shanxi Province

2.3.2. Case Study 2: Instruments and Tools for Urban Environmental Manegment Towards Sustainablity in Benxi City

2.3.3. Case Study 3: General Model for Administrative Department of LA21 in China (Panzhihua Administrative Department)

3. Issues in Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 and Perspectives 3.1. On Chapter 28 of Agenda 21: What is there and what is not there? 3.2. Obstacles to the local implementation of sustainable development

3.2.1. General Obstacles 3.2.2. The main Problems and Difficulties to LA21 in China according to the ACCA21

Survey 1998 3.2.3. Institutional Barriers to the Local Implementation of Agenda 21 3.2.4. Discussion on Local Agenda 21

3.3. How does Local Agenda 21 relate to programs such as integrated local area planning, landcare, and local environment or economic development plans?

3.4. What are the concept needed to be changed for sustainable development? 3.5. What are the main components of sustainable development? 3.6. What are the principles of sustainable development?

4. The Local Sustainable Development Process 4.1. Policy Base 4.2. Establishing Partnerships 4.3. Issue Analysis 4.4. Action Planning 4.5. Implementation and Monitoring 4.6. Evaluation and Follow-Up 4.7. Conclusions

Index 289 About EOLSS 299

VOLUME III

Township and Village Enterprises in China's Sustainable Development 1 Ch. S. ZUO, Centre for Rural Economic Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Review of TVE Development in China

1.1. Primary period (1979-1983) 1.2. Rapid growth period (1984-1988) 1.3. Structural adjustment period (1989-1991) 1.4. Overall improvement and rapid growth period (1992-1994) 1.5. Moderate and stable development period (from and after 1995)

2. The Increasing Importance of TVE in China 2.1. An important component of the national economy 2.2. The increasing share of TVE in rural economy 2.3. A major source of rural employment and farmers' income 2.4. An important force for agricultural modernization and agricultural development

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2.5. Driving force for rural industrialization and urbanization 3. The ownership structure and current institutional reforms of TVE

3.1. The ownership structure of TVE 3.2. The natures of TVE with different ownerships

3.2.1. The dominating position of the collective TVE 3.2.2. The rapidly growing private TVE 3.2.3. Increasing foreign investment in TVE 3.2.4. The increasing convergence of ownership's in TVE

4. TVE Development and Its Impacts on the Environment 4.1. The current situation of TVE pollution

4.1.1. Industrial waste water 4.1.2. Industrial waste gases 4.1.3. Industrial solid waste

4.2. The causes of heavy pollution of TVE 4.2.1. The industrial structure of TVE 4.2.2. Irrational allocation of TVE

4.3. Policies to Address the Pollution of TVE 4.3.1. Imposing quantity targets of waste displace for TVE 4.3.2. Imposing strict controls on the pollution producing projects 4.3.3. Accelerating the extension of new technologies in TVE 4.3.4. Accelerating the construction of rural small towns and industrial zones

5. Major Problems Challenging the Further Development of TVE 5.1. The irrational distribution and industrial structure of TVE 5.2. The lack of a well-defined property rights system 5.3. Heavy pollution and inefficient use of natural resources 5.4. The poor situation of TVE management 5.5. The heavy burden for TVE 5.6. Large gaps between the east and the west in the development of TVE

6. Further Steps to Ensure a Sustainable Development of TVE 6.1. Deepening the reforms of TVE 6.2. Accelerating the technological progress of TVE 6.3. Strengthening the structural adjustment of TVE 6.4. Transforming the distribution pattern of TVE 6.5. Developing TVE in a sustainable way

7. Major Policies to Maintain the Sustainable Development of TVE 7.1. Accelerating legislation to realize the role of law in the development of TVE 7.2. Making preferential policies to promote development and structural adjustment of TVE 7.3. Accelerating the development of TVE in the less developed areas 7.4. Providing licenses to TVE for their engagement in international trade

Agricultural Technology Transfer in China 20 WANG Dong-yang, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China

1. The Background

1.1. Breakthroughs were made in the screening and cultivation of new species and fine strains 1.2. New progress was made in major fields

2. Major Problems 3. The Contributions

3.1. Grain crop cultivation and its supporting technologies 3.2. "Seed project" proceeded smoothly 3.3. Agricultural cost reduction and efficiency enhancement technology 3.4. Animal husbandry and fishery technologies

4. The Main Targets and Contents 4.1. New agricultural products 4.2. New agricultural equipment 4.3. New breeds of crops 4.4. Technical training

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5. Ways and Means 5.1. Organizing 5.2. Guidelines according to local conditions 5.3. Project selection 5.4. The combination 5.5. Increasing input 5.6. Policy

6. The Measures 6.1. Reinforcing vocational training among the farmers 6.2. Setting up the three levels of agricultural technique popularization network 6.3. Accelerating the transfer of existing scientific and technological achievements 6.4. Deepening reform of the system for agricultural technology transfer 6.5. Changing the agricultural increase method

The Social Security System in China 33 Y. P. Liu, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.

1. Basic approaches of social security system

1.1. Basic definition of social security system 1.2. Essence and basic attributes of the social security system 1.3. Historical development of social security system 1.4. Basic contents of social security system

2. Basic characteristics and development process of China's social security system 2.1. Basic characteristics of China's social security system 2.2. Development course of China's social security system

3. Old-age social security system 3.1. Development of the old-age social security system 3.2. The current conditions of China's old-age insurance system 3.3. Main problems existing with China's old-age insurance system 3.4. Necessary steps in the reform of China's old-age insurance system

4. China's social medical insurance system 4.1. The general situation of China's social medical and health insurance system 4.2. Achievements of China's medical insurance system 4.3. Main problems existing with China's social medical insurance system 4.4. Reform of China's social medical insurance system

5. China's social unemployment insurance system 5.1. The basic features and models of employment in China 5.2. View of China's unemployment insurance system

China's Traditional Eco-Culture and its Modern Implication 55 Ouyang Z. Y, Department of philosophy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Preface 2. Abstruse and Meticulous Heaven-Earth-Man Harmonious Outlook 3. Great Achievements of Eco-culture 4. Modern Implication of China’s Traditional Eco-culture Financial Fund Supporting Agriculture in China 66 Lu Yao, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China. 1. Concepts and Category of Financial Fund Supporting Agriculture in China

1.1. Expenditure Supporting Agricultural Production 1.2. Expenditure for Agricultural Capital Construction

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1.3. Operating Expenses for Departments of Farming, Forestry, Water Conservancy and Meteorology, etc.

1.4. Expenditure for Countryside Relief 1.5. Subsidy to Agriculture

2. Characteristics of Financial Support to Agriculture 2.1. Diversified Channels and Forms of Financial Support to Agriculture 2.2. Coordination of Different Departments on Financial Support to Agriculture 2.3. Functional Authority of Financial Support to Agriculture between the Central Authority and

Local Governments 3. Changes in Scale and Structure of China’s Financial Fund Support to Agriculture

3.1. Increasing Total Quantity 3.2. Decreasing Proportion of Financial Fund Supporting Agriculture in State Financial Expenditure 3.3. Changes in Structure

4. Other Changes in Financial Support to Agriculture 4.1. Input to Agriculture Increased, Capital Appropriated in Time 4.2. The Focal Point of Using Fund Supporting Agriculture Stands Out Than Ever 4.3. Propelling Agricultural Industrialization Has Been a Characteristic of Rational Structure

Adjustment of the Financial Fund Supporting Agriculture 4.4. Perfecting the Regulation, Strengthening Management, and Deepening System Reform

5. Main Contradictions and Problems in Current Financial Support to Agriculture 5.1. Operation of the Financial Fund that Supports Agriculture Remains to be Perfected 5.2. Tardy Adjustment of Policy Target on Financial Support to Agriculture 5.3. Financial Fund Supporting Agriculture Scale is not Large Enough 5.4. Serious Diversion of Financial Fund Supporting Agriculture 5.5. Expenditure for agricultural Capital Construction Is Less than Other Expenditure Supporting

Agriculture 6. Suggestions for Decision-Making

6.1. Adjust the Targets of Financial Support to Agriculture 6.2. Coordinate Policy Operating System and Improve the Efficiency of Investment 6.3. Improve the Supervisory System for Financial Support to Agriculture to Avoid Diversion of the

Special Fund 6.4. Strengthening Governments Role in Financial Support to Agriculture 6.5. Every Local Government Should Integrate Principle with Flexibility, and Carry Out

Agricultural Invest Project Creatively Implementation of Convention on Biological Diversity in China 84 L. Z.Chen, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China S.D.Zhao, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resouce Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

1. Introduction 2. The Establishment of Biodiversity Coordinating Body

2.1. Establishment of State Coordinating Group 2.2. Biodiversity Working Group Under China State Council for International Cooperation on

Environment and Development 2.3. Biodiversity Committee Under Chinese Academy of Sciences 2.4. National University Coordinating Committee on Biodiversity

3. Implementation of Article 6 of Convention on Biological Diversity 3.1. China Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan 3.2. Report on Biodiversity of China: Country Study

4. Identification and Monitoring of Biodiversity 4.1. Identification 4.2. Monitoring

5. In-situ Conservation 6. Ex-situ Conservation

6.1. Botanical Gardens and Arboretums 6.2. Zoos and Breeding Centers for Endangered Animals

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6.3. Preservation of Germplasm Resources in Vitro 7. Research and Training in Biodiversity

7.1. Research 7.2. Training

8. Public Education and Awareness 9. Establishment of China Biodiversity Information System

9.1. Establishment of Biodiversity Information System 9.2. Inventory of Biodiversity Information Resources

Convention on Climate Change in Action 104 X.J. Zhou, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.

1. Introduction 2. Planning

2.1. China's Agenda 21—White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century

2.2. Meteorological Action Program under China's Agenda 21 3. Monitoring

3.1. China Global Atmospheric Watch Baseline Observatory 3.2. Atmosphere Ozone Monitoring Network

4. Researches 5. International cooperation

5.1. Active promotion of the Conference of the Parties to the "UN Framework Convention on Climate Change"

5.2. IPCC Activities 5.3. Establishment of the China Committee for Global Climate Observation System (GCOS)

Forest Principles in Action 115 L. K. Li, Advisor of Chinese Academy of Forestry, China

1. Introduction 2. Brief Account on Forestry in China

2.1. Basic Facts 2.2. Historical Evolution of Forest

3. Specialties of China’s Forestry 3.1. Richness of Biodiversity 3.2. Uneven Distribution of Forest 3.3. Strong Demand for Forest Products 3.4. Developed Community Forestry

4. China’s Forest Issues 4.1. Logging of Natural Forest 4.2. Establishment of Forest Plantation 4.3. Protection of Natural Forest

5. Environmental Protection and Sustainable Forest Management 5.1. Revised Forest Law 5.2. Forest-based Ecological Environment Programs

5.2.1. Ten Forestry Programs Prior to 2001 5.2.1.1. Three North Protection Forest Program 5.2.1.2. The Protection Forest Program along the Upper and Middle Reaches of the

Yangtze River 5.2.1.3. The Coastal Protection Forest Program 5.2.1.4. The Plain Greening Program 5.2.1.5. Taihang Mountain Afforestation Program 5.2.1.6. The Protection Forest Program of Middle Reaches of the Yellow River. 5.2.1.7. The Program of Protection Forest System in Huaihe River and Taihu Lake Basin.

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5.2.1.8. The Program of Integrated Management of Protection Forest System in Pearl River Basin

5.2.1.9. The Protection Forest Program in Liaohe River Basin. 5.2.1.10. The National Program to Combat Desertification.

5.2.2. Newly Launched Six Forestry Integration Programs 5.2.2.1. The Natural Forest Protection Program 5.2.2.2. The Shelterbelt Development Program in the Three North and the Middle and

Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River 5.2.2.3. The Program of Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland 5.2.2.4. The Desertification Control Program for Areas in the Vicinity of Beijing 5.2.2.5. The Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Program 5.2.2.6. The Forest Industrial Base Development Program in Key Regions with a Focus on

Fast-Growing and High-yielding Timber Plantation 5.3. National Development Planning Guideline of Ecological Environment for China 5.4. Theory on Modern Forestry 5.5. Perspective of Sustainable Forestry Development in China

5.5.1. Overall Objectives of Forestry Development 5.5.2. Major Targets 5.5.3. Sustainable Development Strategy for Forestry

6. International Cooperation 7. Conclusions CITES Implementation in China: Success and Challenges 136 Y. F. Guo, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China S. Wang, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 1. Introduction 2. Overview of CITES

2.1. Permit system 2.2. Appendices 2.3. Administration

2.3.1. Secretariat 2.3.2. Management Authorities 2.3.3. Scientific Authorities 2.3.4. Conferences of the Parties 2.3.5. Committees

2.4. Enforcement 3. Institutions and legislation to implement CITES in China

3.1. Institutions 3.1.1. The Endangered Species Import and Export Management Office 3.1.2. Endangered Species Scientific Commission 3.1.3. Ministry of Agriculture 3.1.4. State Forestry Administration

3.2. Legislation 3.2.1. Wildlife law 3.2.2. Regulation for Protection of Wild Plants 3.2.3. Regulation for the Protection and Management of Wild Medicinal Resources 3.2.4. Circular on the Trade Ban of Tiger Bone and Rhinoceros Horn 3.2.5. Harmonized wildlife trade control system 3.2.6. Regulations and rules at Provincial level

4. Research and monitoring 4.1. National biodiversity basic research 4.2. National baseline survey 4.3. Short-term projects

5. International cooperation 5.1. Beijing Statement 5.2. Xining Declaration

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6. Challenges 6.1. Scientific uncertainty 6.2. Bewildered conservation policies 6.3. Inadequacy in legislation and enforcement

China's Activities and Contributions in Protecting the Ozone Layer 160 L. H. Lu, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China. C. S. Ren, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.

1. Introduction 2. National Activities of China in Protecting the Ozone Layer 3. Ozone observing station net in China 4. China’s Research on Global Ozone Variation and the Antarctic Ozone Hole 5. Conclusion and Perspective China's Implementation of the Convention to Combat Desertification 173 L.J.Ci, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China. Y.L.Yang, State Forestry Administration, China 1. National Strategic Objectives To Combat Desertification 2. Main Projects in the NAP to Combat desertification

2.1. Projects to Combat Desertification Caused by Wind Erosion 2.2. The 18 national experimental and pilot projects are as follows 2.3. Projects to Combat Desertification Caused by Water Erosion

2.3.1. Soil and water conservation at the middle reaches of the Yellow River 2.3.2. Integrated watershed management of the upper reaches of Guanting, Miyun and

Panjiakou Water Reservoirs 2.3.3. Protective forest systems along the middle reaches of the Yellow Rive

2.4. Comprehensive projects for controlling vegetative degradation and soil salinization 2.4.1. Rehabilitation of degraded rangelands 2.4.2. Ecological reconstruction projects for rangelands along the middle and upper reaches of

the Yellow River water systems 2.4.3. Improvement of salinized lands 2.4.4. Establishment of natural reserves to protect biodiversity

2.5. China National Desertification Monitoring Center and Early Warning System 2.6. China National Training Center for Combating Desertification 2.7. China National Research and Development Centre for Combating Desertification

3. Guarantee measures to implement the national action programs 3.1. Support from the Central Government

3.1.1. National Economic and Social Developmental Plan 3.1.2. Support by policies, laws and regulations 3.1.3. Preparation of National Master Plan to Combat Desertification 3.1.4. Food Security Measures 3.1.5. Social Guarantee measures

3.2. Supports by Local Governments 3.3. Research, Education, Extension and Dissemination

3.3.1. Scientific research 3.3.2. Education 3.3.3. Technology Extension

3.4. Social Participation 3.5. Media and Public Awareness

4. Organization 4.1. The CCICCD 4.2. The tasks of the Senior Expert Consultant Group are to: 4.3. Tasks of the Secretariat of the CCICCD are to: 4.4. The Tasks of Provincial Governments (Prefectures and County level ) are to:

5. International Cooperation

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5.1. Fields for Cooperation 5.2. Cooperation and exchange 5.3. Visitors Exchange and Training 5.4. Project consultation and technology transfer

6. Financial Sources 7. Attentions and Supports from Central Government 8. Preparatory Process for China’s NAP and LADP 9. Local Area Integrated Development Programs (LADP) in the affected areas 10. Capacity Building and Public Awareness Rising at National Level

10.1. Background 10.2. Objectives of the centers 10.3. Working plans of the centers 10.4. Planned financial resources of the centers 10.5. Output of the activities of the centers

11. Asian Thematic Program Network on Desertification Monitoring and Assessment (TPN1) 11.1. Context of TPN1 11.2. Rationale 11.3. Mission and Mandate 11.4. Membership and Partnership of TPN1 11.5. Rights and Obligations of TPN1 Members and Partners 11.6. Activity

RAMSAR Convention and Wetland Conservation in China 195 Chen Jianwei, CITES Management Authority of China, Beijing, P. R. China

1. Introduction 2. Legislation and Policies Concerning Wetland Conservation in China

2.1. Legislation 2.2. National Strategy Concerning Wetland Conservation

2.2.1. China’s Agenda 21A White Paper on China’s Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century

2.2.2. Forestry Action Plan for China’s Agenda 21 2.2.3. China Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan

3. Conservation and Management of Wetlands in China 3.1. Conservation of Wetland Biodiversity 3.2. Establishment and Development of Wetland Nature Reserves 3.3. Wetlands of International Importance in China

3.3.1. Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province 3.3.2. Xianghai Nature Reserve in Jilin Province 3.3.3. Qinghai Birds Island Nature Reserve 3.3.4. Dongzhaigang Nature Reserve in Hainan Province 3.3.5. Poyang Lake Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province 3.3.6. Dongting Lake Nature Reserve in Hunan Province 3.3.7. Maipo Nature Reserve of Hong Kong

3.4. Control and Prevention of Wetland Pollution 3.5. Publicity and Education 3.6. Wetland Survey and Scientific Research

4. International Cooperation and Agreement 5. Devastating Flooding in 1998 and Enhanced Measures for Wetland conservation in China

5.1. Policy Review and Counter-measures for Ecosystem Management after the Flooding. 5.2. Major Short Term Measures (1999 to 2010)

5.2.1. National Natural Forest Protection Program 5.2.2. Regulation of Main Rivers and Lakes 5.2.3. Regional Comprehensive Development Plan

6. China National Wetland Conservation Action Plan 6.1. General Introduction 6.2. Guiding Ideology

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6.3. Principles in Promulgating the Action Plan 6.4. Objectives for National Wetland Conservation Action

6.4.1. General Objective 6.4.2. Short Term Objectives (by 2005 ) 6.4.3. Middle-Long Term Objectives ( by 2020 )

National Mechanisms and International Cooperation for Capacity Building - China 213 Yaxin Zheng, Commission for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources(CISNAR), Chinese Acamedy of Sciences(CAS), China.

1. National policy mechanisms for capacity building 2. Climate Change Convention 3. Biodiversity Convention 4. Convention on desertification 5. Global Environmental Fund (GEF) 6. Hygiene and health 7. Protection of natural resources and studies on their sustainable utilization 8. Protection, exploitation and utilization of water resources 9. Solid waste management 10. Radioactive waste management International Cooperation 232 Yaxin Zheng, Commission for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources (CISNAR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China 1. China’s Agenda 21

1.1. China’s Agenda 21 and round table meeting: 1.2. Priority projects

2. Extensive institutional cooperation 3. Index of China’s sustainable development and related assessment methods: 4. State Action Plan for China’s Biodiversity Protection 5. Setting up transfer center for Environmentally Sound Technology 6. Sustainable development of the regions along the new Euro-Asia continental bridge (China Section) 7. Demonstration of Eco-Environment Protection and Sustainable Resource Use in the Qinghai-Lake

Region 8. Development and production of Chinese herbal medicine for Detoxification for Drug Addicts 9. Conservation of the natural, social and ecological systems in the Lugu Lake area and the construction

of the Mosuo community 10. China’s affluent housing industry development Research and Theories in Sustainable Development in China 248 S.K. Cheng, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China Q.W.Min, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China L.F.Li, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Research

2.1. Concept and Connotation 2.1.1. Economic Dimension 2.1.2. Ecological Dimension 2.1.3. Environmental Dimension 2.1.4. Multi-Dimensions

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2.2. Foundational Theories 2.2.1. Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem (SENCE) and Human Ecology 2.2.2. Geo-systems Science and Man-Land Relationship 2.2.3. Developmental Ecology

3. Methodological Research 3.1. Single Indicator 3.2. Indicators or Index System 3.3. Related Issues of Developing Indicators

4. Experimental Research 4.1. Multi-use of Resources 4.2. Demonstration and Diffusion

4.2.1. Homestead Garden 4.2.2. Eco-Village 4.2.3. Eco-County 4.2.4. Eco-City 4.2.5. Eco-Development for Nature Conservation

Index 269 About EOLSS 279

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