Arabic Language Prelim

• Arabic : is a Central Semitic language • Pronunciation : العربية al-arabiyah• Spoken in : Primarily in the Arab states of the Middle East

and North Africa;it’s language of Islam.

• One of the six official languages of the UN.

• Total speakers : by more than 280 million people as a first language , and by 250 million more as a second language after English and/or French. 2

4Arab World

The Language of the League of Arab States

• Arabic is ranked #4 among the most widely spoken languages in the world.• Chinese Mandarin 885 million• Spanish 332• English 322• Arabic 235

• By 2050, Arabic speakers could outnumber those in English worldwide!

…the Language of Islam

• Arabic is the language of Scripture and prayer for 1.2 billion Muslims worldwide.

• That includes approximately six million Muslims in the US!

…a Language for Christians…for Arab-Americans

• Arabic is also the language of Scripture and prayer for some 30 million Christians in Africa and the Middle East.

• Arabic is the mother tongue of some three million people of Arab origin living in the US.

• A survey of the Modern Language Association indicated that the number of students studying Arabic at U.S. colleges climbed 92.3% - to 10,584 – between 1998 and 2002. The number of undergraduate campuses teaching Arabic jumped 48%, to 233.

…the fastest-growing spoken language of study at U.S. colleges and universities.

From Arabic to Spanish

• Arabic words have made their way into many European languages.

• Some 4,000 words in Spanish, mostly nouns, were borrowed from Arabic

• Aceite, Alfombra, Algodon, Arroz, etc.

From Arabic to Spanish to English

• From Spanish, many Arabic words passed into other languages, including English:• admiral, alcohol, algebra, algorithm,

almanac• candy, chemistry, coffee, cotton, crimson• magazine, mascara, mattress, mocha• safari, sequin, sherbet, sofa, syrup• zenith and zero

Arabic Script ب ت ث ج ح خأ

• A number of other languages use or have used a version of the Arabic script.

• These include:• Persian or Farsi (Iran)• Pashto (Afghanistan, Iran, India)• Urdu (India & Pakistan)• Formerly Turkish

The Classification & History of Arabic

The Classification of Arabic

• Arabic is a Semitic language• It is related to languages such as:

• Akkadian (ancient Mesopotamian language)• Hebrew & Aramaic• Ethiopic

Semitic Languages

Map of SemiticLanguages

The History of Arabic

• Evidence for written Arabic before the advent of Islam is quite limited.

• The first inscription in a language recognized as Arabic dates from 328 CE.

• Arabic script is probably derived from a cursive form of Nabataean, which is itself derived from Aramaic.

The Origins of

Arabic Script

Some Basic Features of Arabic

• An alphabet of 28 letters• Written from right to left• Three long & three short vowels (a, i, u) • Short vowels are not normally written except in:

• The Qur’an, Bible, children’s books, dictionaries, etc.

Root and pattern system

• Most verbs and nouns are derived from a 3-letter root• For example from the root D R S come:

• Darasa to study• Darrasa to teach• Dars lesson, class• Madrasa school• Mudarris teacher

Varieties of Arabic

1. Classical 2. Modern Standard,3. Colloquial or Dialects

Classical Arabic• The Qur’an represents

the greatest example of Classical Arabic and set the standard for the language for centuries.

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)• Modern Standard Arabic (“fus-Ha”) is derived

from Classical Arabic and was developed in the late 19th-early 20th centuries:• To guard the integrity of the Arabic language and

preserve it from foreign influences• To adapt the Arabic language to the needs of modern

times, especially to express modern political ideas and technological terms

• To unite the Arab world under a common language

Modern Standard Arabic

• MSA is used for:• Print & electronic media• Formal speeches• TV and radio news

Colloquial Arabic (CA) “Al-Aamyyah”• CA is the first language of Arabic-speakers.• It’s the everyday dialect.• CA is the ONLY language for many people.

Colloquial Arabic “is the mother tongue of the Arab & remains throughout his life the primary medium of interpersonal relationships.”

-Mary Catherine Bateson, Arabic Language Handbook (2003)

Colloquial Arabic

• There are over 30 varieties of CA in 5 groups:• North African (Morocco-Libya)• Egyptian (Egypt & the Sudan)• Levantine (Palestine, Leb., Syr. & Jordan)• Arabian (Saudi Arabia & the Gulf States)• Iraqi

“How are you?”

• In Syria, someone may ask: shlonak?• In Egypt, you will hear: izzayak? • In Morocco: kee deir?

Or as we say in Arabic...

Ahlan wa sahlan

“WELCOME!”

• Classical Arabic(CA), also known as Qur'anic or Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts.

• Modern Standard Arabic(MSA): is the direct descendant used today throughout the Arab World in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertaining content,

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While the lexis and stylistics of Modern Standard Arabic are different from Classical Arabic, the morphology and syntax (grammar )have remained basically unchanged (though MSA uses a subset of the syntactic structures available in CA). The vernacular dialects (colloquial speech ), however, have changed more dramatically.

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In the Arab world, little distinction is made between CA and MSA, and both are normally called al-fuṣḥā in Arabic, meaning 'the clearly spoken (الفصحى)one' or the 'language of eloquence'.

• Because the Qur'an is written in Classical Arabic, the language is considered by most Muslims to be sacred.[4] It is mostly the language in which Muslims recite their prayers, regardless of what language they use in everyday life.

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Q1 : Arabic language spoken in……………….

Q2: From what family the Arabic language is ?

Q3: What are the three main variants of Arabic?

Q4: What is the dialects Arabic language of Morocco?

34Moroccan Arabic ,Maghrebi

• Find the colloquial or dialects Arabic language for any three chosen countries from the Arab world.

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• An Arab (Arabic: عربي, Arabi) is a person who identifies as such on ethnic, linguistic or cultural grounds.

• The plural form, Arabs (العرب Al-Arab), refers to the ethnocultural group as a whole; a Semitic people historically residing predominantly in Arabia but today spread across most of the Middle East and many other parts of the world.

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• There are over 200 million Arabs worldwide. • To be an Arab, is not to come from a particular race or

lineage. • To be an Arab, like an American, is a cultural trait rather

than racial. • The Arab world includes Muslims, Christians and Jews. • Any person who adopts the Arabic language is typically

called an Arab.• Arabic is the official and the original language of the

Qur’an, the Islamic holy book.

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• It must be emphasized that there is “ no one” Arab culture or society.

• The Arab world is full of rich and diverse communities, groups and cultures.

• Differences exist not only among countries, but within countries as well.

• An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning.

• The set of shared attitudes, values,

goals, and practices that characterizes

an institution, organization or group. 39

• Arab culture: is an inclusive term that draws together the

common themes and overtones found in the Arabic speaking cultures, especially those of the Middle-Eastern countries. This region's distinct Religion, Art, and Food are some of the fundamental features that define Arab culture.

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• List down the most famous Arab cultures:

Hints:

1. Religion

2. Food

3. Dress

4. Believes

5. Attitudes

6. Men vs. women41

ARAB DRESS ( MEN )• Arab dress for men ranges from the traditional flowing

Thobes to blue jeans, T-shirts and western business suits.

• The Thobes allow for maximum circulation of air around the body to help keep it cool, and the head dress provides protection from the sun.

• Headdress pattern might be an indicator of which tribe, clan, or family the wearer comes from.

• While in one village, a tribe or clan might have a unique headdress, in the next town over an unrelated tribe or clan might wear the same headdress.

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Examples of Headdress :• Red and /or white Ghetrah.( Middle East)

• Historically of Palestinian origin. Black and grey represent Presidential rule and completion of the Hajj.

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ARAB DRESS ( WOMEN )• Adherence to traditional dress varies across societies.

(More traditional—Saudi Arabia Less traditional – Egypt) .

• Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover (Abayah, Jilbab, or Chador) and Veil (Hijab).

• Some women cover their faces as well (Niqab).

( In class assignment : list down other different dresses for Arab women )

Example:• Rural women, who typically work in the fields, may wear less restrictive garments lighter in color and weight. 44

• Arab women are typically subordinate to men in their societies.

• The extent varies by country. The most restrictive conditions exist on the Arabian Peninsula, and the most relaxed conditions exist in the urban areas of Egypt, Syria and Lebanon.

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WOMEN IN ARAB SOCIETIES

FAMILY• The family is the key social unit to an Arab.

• This loyalty influences all aspects of an Arab’s life.

• Arabs honor and respect their family.

• They highly value friendships.

• Fathers are the authority figure. Mothers have

power over the house and the children.

• Larger the better: Large families provide for possible economic benefits, particularly for the possibility that a son will care for his parents in their elderly years.

• Children: Male are favored, since a son is expected to care for his parents in their advanced age, whereas a daughter becomes part of the son-in- law’s family.

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ARAB CHILDREN

• Young children are treasured, adored and indulged.• Arabs tend to have a preference for male.• Older boys are allowed to attend the gatherings of men.• Older girls are carefully protected. • Children are taught to conform to norms and conventional Arab society. • Children are not encouraged to seek individuality as much as they are

in the West. • Children seldom leave home until they marry. It is expected that everyone will marry.• When girls married they don’t take their husbands name. • Honor and dignity are tied to the good repute of one’s family. • Children belong to their father’s family, and in the case of divorce the

father is automatically awarded custody of boys at least 9 years old and girls at least 12 years old. Younger children remain with their mother.

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ARAB :• Family : Center of everything. (Father has first and last word.)• Friends : Periphery (محيط) , but courteous (مهذب) to all. • Honor : Very Important amongst Arabs. Honor will be protected

and defended at all costs. • Shame (especially against family) : avoided at all costs, insults

and criticism taken very seriously.• Time : less rigid. Approach to time is much more relaxed and

slower than that in Western cultures. • Religion : Central to all things.• Society : Family / tribe is most important.• Government : Most governments are secular علمانى, but still

emphasize religion. • Age and Wisdom honored.• (Wealth honored in both cultures). 48

ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective

ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective WESTERN :

• Family – Important but not as central to individual.

• Friends – Core to some, important to most.

• Honor – Typically not as important.

• Shame – Typically not as important.

• Time- Very structured, deadlines must be met.

• Religion – Varies by individual, very personal, not discussed in polite conversation.

• Society – Individual rights.

• Government – Purpose is to protect rights and improve standard of living.

• Youth and Beauty praised.

• (Wealth honored in both cultures).

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Q : Write Three points of each for the following :

A- Arab Dress Men

B- Arab Dress Women

C- Family in Arab World

D- ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective

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FOOD 1. Introduction: The Qur'an and the sayings of the

Prophet Muhammad imposed upon the Muslims certain restrictions on what they ate and drank.

• Certain foods and products are forbidden (haram) to Muslim according to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad).

• "Allah, the Almighty is pure and accepts only that which is pure. The Almighty has said, Eat of the pure things, and do righteous actions. Oh, you who believe! Eat of the pure things that Allah has given you." [Hadith quoted by Abu Huraira.]

• "Haram" is Arabic for "Forbidden" and "Unlawful".

• ( Hallal = “permitted”).

FOOD A. Forbidden Foods According to the Qur'an:

1. Alcohol or liquor Alcoholic drinks "confuse the mind and lead one astray".

2. Pork - In the Qur'an (and in the Old Testament of the Bible) there is a story that God cast (threw) the devil into a pig. Therefore, pork and any pork products (some types of gelatin, and lard) and even leather goods from the pig are forbidden to Muslims. This is also true of Jewish traditions. [NOTE: The disease of trichinosis الخزير دودة is caused by worms thatمرضlive in pigs and can be passed on to humans who eat unclean pork. This restriction was very important to people's health.]

3. Carnivorous (meat eating) animals and birds, e.g. lions, tigers, vultures, eagles, etc. are forbidden.

4. Other animals are also excluded: donkeys, monkeys, elephants. 52

5. Any animal that has died due to natural causes, killed by some wild animal, by a fall or blow are also forbidden. Of course there are good health reason for not eating animals that may be sick or diseased. Flesh that had been sacrificed for some God or Goddess by pagans .was also forbiddenالوثنيين

6. Blood is forbidden.

7. Drugs are also forbidden (except as medical drugs).

FOOD

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B. Ways to Slaughter Animals

• In addition, there are also ways to slaughter an animal according to Islamic rules. Otherwise their meat will be considered "haram". Generally, the animal must have its throat slit by a sharp knife and die quickly with little pain. This is done with a prayer of thanks to God. Slaughtering rules are humane (kind-hearted) and don't allow the animal to suffer.

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FOOD

BEFORE AFTER

Originally Arab food was the food of the desert nomads. Therefore it was simple and portable. Nomads stopped in oases and in settled farming areas to get some of their food, such as flour for bread, fruits and vegetables, and spices. They brought animals with them to provide meat and milk.

( They cooked over campfires )

During the early Middle Ages, Islamic empires spread from the Atlantic Ocean to India. The World of Islam (Dar al-Islam) would continue to expand to other areas of the world in later centuries. An exchange of foods from these vast territories was possible. And most Muslims now dwelt (lived) in villages, towns, and large cities. No longer was "Arab" food only that of the desert nomads.

( Now they use ovens )

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Arab Food

Foods of the Desert Nomads• Nomadic tribes could use only foods that could be carried with them,

such as rice and dates, or animals that could travel, like goats, sheep, and camels. As the caravans journeyed throughout the Middle East, new seasonings and vegetables were discovered and added to the existing diets.

• Below are some of the foods eaten by the Arab nomads during the Middle Ages.

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Flat bread (Pita bread)

Dates

Flat Bread was made along the caravan routes and in the nomads' camps. It is made from wheat flour, water, and a little salt. The dough can be flattened and shaped by hand like a tortilla and put on a flat pan over a fire.

Dates are one of the most important foods of the Middle East. These fruits come from the date palm tree which grows in the hottest deserts near oases.

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Sheep and Goats

Sheep were the most important source of milk and meat for the nomads. Lamb is perhaps the most popular meat in Arabic cuisine (style of cooking). Goats were also raised for meat and milk.

The nomads traded for these beans and grains to add to their diet. Chickpeas (also called garbanzo beans), faba beans, and lentils were dried and carried on the nomads' trips.

Feta Cheese is made from goat milk. The nomads also got milk from camels and made "camel" cheese. Yogurt is also made from milk. It originated (first started) with the Turkish and Mongol peoples.

Foods of the Desert Nomads

Cheese and YogurtBeans and Grains

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Dried Fruits, Nuts, and Olives

Dried Fruits (such as raisinsfrom grapes, dried apricots, figs,etc.) and nuts were brought ontrips. Olives were also eaten.

Camel Meat and Milk

The nomads also ate camel meat and drank camel milk.

Foods of the Desert Nomads

Other Foods from Arab Lands Drinks:

• Arabic Coffee was discovered about 400 B.C., probably in Ethiopia and spread rapidly to the Arabian peninsula. Coffee has a mild stimulant (a light drug-like "buzz") and is enjoyed in Arab lands. Offering a cup of coffee to a guest is part of Middle Eastern hospitality.

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Arab Customs about Eating and Etiquette

Arab Customs include:

• Eat with your right hand:

• When eating with Arabs, especially when taking food from communal dishes, the left hand must never be used, it is considered unclean. And take food only from the nearest dishes.

• When served a beverage, accept with the RIGHT HAND ONLY! When eating, drinking, offering, or passing use right hand only!

• Always offer snack foods to visitors and accept what is offered to you as a guest, but only after modestly refusing the first offer.

• It is assumed that guests will accept at least a small quantity of drink (Tea usually or sometimes Arabic Coffee) offered as an expression of friendship or esteem.

• It is considered rude to decline the offer of drink.

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• The Quran, Zaboor, Torah and The Bible are the four (4) holy books.

• Islam: The Qur'an.

• Most of the Arabs are Muslims ,

and this religion affects the culture

of the Arab , so its important to

know about this religion. ( Islam )

Religion

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ISLAM •Islam. means ‘submission', or specifically, submission to the Allah’s will and obedience to His law.

•One God. Islam is a strictly monotheistic religion.

•God is ‘Allah’. Allah is immortal, omniscient, omnipresent, and genderless.

•Islam is the final word of God. Although Judaism and Christianity preceded Islam and worships the same God as Islam, Islam claims to be more refined than them in that it built upon both.

•Muhammad is God’s Prophet. Muhammad is not to be worshiped but is to be respected and revered. Muhammad’s life and teachings provide the examples of how one is to live his life.

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ISLAM

MUSLIMS :

•Followers of Islam are called Muslims. There are 1.3 billion Muslims worldwide.

•Muslims are not to be confused with Arabs. Muslims may be Arabs, Turks, Persians, Indians, Pakistanis, Malaysians, Indonesians, Europeans, Africans, Americans, Chinese, or other nationalities.

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COMMON ISLAMIC TERMSQUR’AN: Islamic Holy Book, given by Allah to the ProphetMohammad.

SHARIA: Islamic Law.

QADI: Judge of the Sharia Islamic law.

FATWAH: A legal pronouncement in Islam usually issued at therequest of a judge or individual to settle a question when Islamic law is unclear on the subject.

MUFTI: A Islamic law scholar who is an interpreter of Islamic Law (Sharia) and capable of issuing a fatwah. KHALIFA: Political leader chosen by elders.

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SHEIK: Leader of a family/village/tribe or mosque.

MADRASSAH: A school. Normally secular with some integratedIslamic subjects, sometimes purely Islam oriented.

MOSQUE: Muslim place of worship similar to a church or temple.

IMAM: Community religious leader/clergy (bishop). In somecontexts, ‘Imam’ merely refers to the prayer leader.

MUE’ZZIN: Person who calls faithful to prayer.

COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS

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ARABIC LEAGUE

Name: Arab League (Arabic: الجامعة العربية al-

Jāmia al-Arabiyya), officially called the League of

Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية Jāmiat

ad-Duwal al-Arabiyya).

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It is a regional organization of Arab states in

North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia.

It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six

members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed

Jordan after 1946), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and

Syria.

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Current members of Arab League

Egypt 22 March, 1945 Cairo

Lebanon 22 March, 1945 Beirut

Algeria 16 August, 1962 Algiers

Bahrain 11 September, 1971 Manama

Comoros 20 November, 1993 Moroni

Djibouti 4 September, 1977 Djibouti

Iraq 22 March, 1945 Baghdad

Jordan 22 March, 1945 Amman

Kuwait 20 July, 1961 Kuwait city

Libya 28 March, 1956 Tripoli

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Mauritania 26 November, 1973 Nouakchott

Morocco 1 October, 1958 Rabat

Oman 29 September, 1971 Muscat

State of Palestine 9 September, 1976

Qatar 11 September, 1971 Doha

Somalia 14 February, 1974 Mogadishu

Sudan 19 January, 1956 KhartoumSyria 22 March, 1945 Damascus

DR. MOHAMMAD GABER

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Tunisia 1 October, 1958 Tunis

United Arab Emirates 6 December, 1971 Abu Dhabi

Yemen 5 May, 1945 Sana'a

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Goals of the league

1.To keep the relationship among the member States.

2.Co-ordinate collaboration between them.

3.Safeguard their independence and sovereignty.

4.Find a general way to deal with the affairs and

interests of the Arab countries."

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Seretary-General

Nabil el-Araby: (born 15 March 1935) Preceded by Amr Moussa Nationality: Egyptian Education:Cairo University,New York University School of Law Had been elected on 15 May 2011.

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• Islamic calendar is based on the lunar (moon) calendar or cycle, consisting of twelve months of 29 or 30 days each, totaling 353 or 354 days.

• Each new month begins at the sighting of a new moon.

• Actual dates may differ from dates provided.

• The holy day of the Muslims is FRIDAY. It is considered to be sacred and the Day of Judgment will take place on Friday. In the Friday sermon the Imam (prayer leader) gives the sermon (Khutba) and leads prayer.

1. Ashura2. Prophet Mohammad’s Birthday3. Ramadan4. Layla tul-Quar5. Eid al-Fitr6. Hajj7. Arafah Day 8. Eid al-Adha9. Islamic New Year

ARABIC CALENDAR/HOLIDAYS

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ISLAM’S FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH

1. SHAHADAH - Declaration of Faith2. SALAH – Prayer3. ZAKAH – Alms4. SAWM – Fasting5. HAJJ – Pilgrimage

SHAHADAH - Declaration of Faith

This declaration of faith is called the Shahadah. The significance of this declaration is the belief that the only purpose of life is to serve and obey God, and this is achieved through the teachings and practices of Prophet Muhammad.

SALAH – Prayer• It means = CALL TO PRAYER TIMES• Salah is the name for the obligatory prayers that are

performed Five times a day, and are a direct link between the worshipper and God.

• There is a proper way to wash before prayer.

• These are ritualistic washings which symbolize purification.


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ZAKAH – Alms

• An important principle of Islam is that everything belongs to God, and that wealth is therefore held by human beings in trust.

• The word Zakah means purification.

• Possessions are purified by setting aside a proportion for those in need and for the society in general.


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SAWM – Fasting• Every year in the month of Ramadan, all Muslims fast

from sunrise to sunset .• Abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations with

their spouses.• There are some Muslims who are not required to fast.

They are: pregnant women, nursing mothers, travelers, young children and others are excluded from the fast.

• However Muslims can eat and drink during the nighttime hours till before the morning prayer time (Azan Al-Fajer ), then the fasting starts, until the sunset with the coming of the evening prayer time

( Azan Al-Maghrib ).• One of the Important feast days for Muslims is (Eid Al-Fitr ) following the long fast of Ramadan.


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HAJJ – Pilgrimage• The Fifth and Final Pillar is the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Macca

required of every Muslim. if feasible) at least once in his or her life time.

• The Hajj takes place annually during the first 10 days of the

( Dhu al-Hijja ), the twelfth month of the Islamic year.

• During the Hajj, pilgrims must be in a state of (ihram)

(consecration or blessing). Men typically wear two pieces of white unstitched cloth – covering the waist and legs, the other around the shoulders covering the upper body.

• The Hajj culminates, on the second festival day for Muslims know as ‘Eid al-Adha’ (Feast of the Sacrifice), which is celebrated by Muslims around the world with prayer, and exchange of gifts.

• Eid Al-Adha is a four day celebration when Muslims from all over the world offer a sacrifice by slaughtering a sheep, cow,

or goat following the traditional Islamic customs .


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Arabic Language Prelim

Documents

Transcript of Arabic Language Prelim