Aquatic insect Ecosystem
Transcript of Aquatic insect Ecosystem
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நீரின் றமை�யா துலகெ னின் யார்யார்க்கும் வானின் றமை�யா கெ�ாழுக்கு.
- �ிருவள்ளுவர்
72% Water + 28% land
Entomologists???
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Insects in Aquatic Ecosystem
K .Elango
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what is Aquatic insects ???
Why do we care ???
Habitat of Aquatic insects ???
Adoptions of aquatic insects ???
Uses of aquatic insects???
Just listen this seminar…
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• One million known insect species, there are over 8000 species that fall into the macro invertebrate category
• All living organisms in aquatic environments fall into one of three categories:
1. Plankton - Drifters 2. Nekton - Free-swimmers 3. Benthos - bottom dwellers
Aquatic Ecosystem
(Danks , 2002)
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Truly aquatic insects are those that spend some part of their life-cycle closely associated with water, either living beneath the surface or skimming along on top of the water
The immature stages are truly aquatic while the adult is a winged terrestrial form.
(Subhashini et al ., 2008)
Aquatic insects
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Why do we care ???
Major component of the aquatic food chain
Indicators of aquatic health
Affect human health
Role in forensic investigation
Business partner
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Aquatic Insect Orders
1. Collembola* 2. Ephemeroptera ** 3. Odonota**4. Plecoptera** 5. Hemiptera
6. Megaloptera 7. Neuroptera*8. Trichoptera**9. Lepidoptera* 10. Coleoptera
11. Hymenoptera*12. Diptera
* ---- Minor aquatic order with only a few aquatic species ** ---- Entirely aquatic orders
122912 orders ,150 Families ,8600
Species
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1 mm
21 cm
Small & Larger Aquatic insectsMegaloptera
Hymenoptera
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Ephemeroptera - May fly 21 families with 676 species
• Eggs –Nymph– Adult• Naiads often with abdominal gills• Maxillary and labial gills• 3 styli on naiads and adults• Nymph (Predacious) Adult ( Not feed) • Upto 45 instars
Nymph Adult
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All odonates are predators as both nymphs and adults
• Eggs –nymph–adult• Up to 20 instars
• Predacious • No external gills • Longer body on damselflies (wings up) • Dragonflies (wings down)
Odonata – Dragon fly, Damsel fly 9 families with 407 species
Nymph Adult AdultNymph
Damsel fly Dragon fly
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Plecoptera – Stone flies 9 families and 626 species
• Mostly temperate regions• Closed tracheal system with anal gills• Need high oxygen, good environmental
indicators.• Upto 10-33 instars• Water purity indicator
Nymph Adult
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Hemiptera – Back swimmers, Water Boatmen, water bugs , water strider, water scorpions
• Diving or at surface• Adults and naiads both aquatic.• Highly modified legs.• Generally wings still functional as adults, can disperse between waterways.
Aquatic bugs
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Coleoptera – Diving beetles, Whirligig beetles, Scavenger beetles
• Egg – larva –pupa – adult • Larva very different from adult • Adults – have hard case on body that does not overlap • Adults have chewing mouthparts • Larva –undeveloped eyes, sometimes have tusks
Aquatic beetles
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Coleoptera
( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2007 )
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Diptera – Mosquito , Meniscus midges, chironomids 29 families and 3,500 species
• Larvae are maggot like or worm like• Very diverse in aquatic ecosystem• Anal spiracles breathing at surface• upto 5 instars
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Diptera
( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2007 )
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Trichoptera – Caddisflies 21 families and 1,400 species
• Caddisflies are related to Lepidoptera and resemble small hairy moths• Wings are covered in dense hairs rather than scales • Upto 6-7 instars• The larvae may be either herbivorous or predatory
larva Adult
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Trichoptera
( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2007 )
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( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2007 )
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Submerged plants
Habitat of Aquatic insects
Sediment (mud)
Freely in the water Around rocks
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Habitat of Aquatic insectsCollembola Ephemeroptera Odonota Plecoptera
Hemiptera Trichoptera Coleoptera Diptera
Springs and spring ponds Lakes and Streams Lakes and Streams Streams
Lake and Stream Margins
Lakes and Streams Lakes and Streams All Aquatic Habitats ( Ronald et al., 2007 )
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Structure and Appearance
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Lifecycle and Development
1. Slow season life cycle - Mayflies, Stoneflies, And Caddisflies 2.Fast season life cycle - caddisflies and dragonflies
3.Non seasonal life cycle - Hellgrammites
Life cycles for aquatic insects may be very short or very long
( Voshell et al ., 2002 )
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Lifecycle and Development
( Hope Batcheller, 2010)
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Food sources & Feeding mechanism
1. Scrapers
2. Collectors
3. Shredders
4. Predators
Food sources - Functional feeding groups
Categorize :
(Reese , 2009)
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Scrapers : - special mouthparts that remove algae growing on the surface of rocks or other solid objects
Collectors : - acquire small pieces of decaying plant material (detritus)Shredders :
- aquatic insects feed on parts of live plants that grow under the water.
Feeding mechanism
Predators : - feed on other animals that are alive (small vertebrates, such as fish and tadpoles)
(Reese , 2009)
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Collectors
Scrapers
Shredders Predators
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1. The most common way for aquatic insects to breathe effectively underwater is to use oxygen that is dissolved in the water
2. Immature stages – Gills –obtaining dissolved oxygen - water
3. Use the holes in their bodies to get oxygen from the air – Respiratory siphon
4. A few kinds of aquatic insects have their spiracles on the end of a long tube at the end of their abdomen ( water beetle)
Respiration
( Reese Voshell , 2009)
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2. Snorkel with a breathing tube : - Mosquito larva and water scorpions
3. Scuba tank :- Water beetle and Water Spider
1. Gills : - May fly , Dragon fly , Stone fly , caddish fly
Respiratory adoptions
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Air = 21% O2 , 78% N2
Water = 35% O2 , 64% N2,
AirO2
O2N2
Air
Water
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Reproduction• Only adult insects are capable of reproducing, and most aquatic insects spend their adult stage out of the water
• After mating on land, females return to the water to deposity her eggs
• Eggs are usually stuck on solid objects under water, but a few kinds deposit the eggs on trees or rocks above the water
( Hodkinson and Jackson , 2005 )
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ReproductionEphemeroptera Odonota Diptera
Coleoptera Trichoptera Plecoptera
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Other aquatic adoptions1. Ripple effect:
- Most aquatic insects are sensitive to water ripples to detect predators or prey - own ripples on the water surface and process the returning "echoes" to detect prey
(Hershey et al ., 2008)
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2. Double vision
- The Whirligig Beetle has eyes divided horizontally to see both under and above water. upper
lower (Hershey et al ., 2008)
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3.Oars - Many aquatic insects paddle underwater with oar-like legs - Legs are long, flattened and fringed - water beetle and water boatman
(Hershey et al ., 2008)
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4. Skates - Aquatic insects skate on the water surface by distributing their body weight over long, thin, waterproof legs.
- They paddle with the middle pair of legs, steer with the hind legs and use the short front legs to attack and hold prey
(Englund , 2007 )
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5. Jet skis
- The Camphor Beetle also skates on the water surface. - When alarmed, it releases a chemical from its back legs that reduces the water surface tension
1 meter / second
( Choudhary and Ahi , 2015)
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5. Suckers- Blephariceridae, commonly known as net-winged midges- Found near fast-flowing streams where the larvae live- Suckers are sometimes called creeping welts
Immature stagesAdult( Choudhary and Ahi , 2015)
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• No water loss from evaporation • Less temperature fluctuation • Less light for predators to see them with • Avoid competition with terrestrial species
Advantages:
• Water uptake from Osmosis • Less oxygen available • Moving water • Different food sources • Pollution
Disadvantages:
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Aquatic insects and Water quality• Hazardous chemicals, automotive products, pesticides, fertilizers, pet wastes, excessive soil erosion and air pollution all contribute to water pollution.
Mayflies Stoneflies Caddisflies (ETP Group)
• Making survey of aquatic insects is called “ Bio monitoring”
(Kaur et al ., 2010)
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Role in Food chains
( Baxter et al., 2005 )
Algae → Protozoa → Small Insects → Large aquatic Insects → Small fish → Large fish
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Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include: - Malaria, dengue, filariasis, chikungunya, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis.
- Nearly 700 million people get a mosquito borne illness each year resulting in greater than one million deaths
Mosquito Vs Human
(Bond et al., 2014)
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1. Malaria 2. Kala Azar 3. Dengue 4. Plague 5. Filariasis 6. Chickungunya 7. Lyme disease 8. Yellow fever 9. Chagas’ disease
10. Japanese encephalitis
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Zika virus outbreak - 2015 - The outbreak began in April 2015 in Brazil, and has spread to other countries in South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean
- The virus is spread mainly by the Aedes aegypti
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Role in forensic investigations - Seven orders are used in forensic studies - Ephemeroptera,Odonota,Plecoptera,Hemiptera,Trichoptera,Coleoptera,Diptera
(Merritt and Wallace , 2010)
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(Merritt and Wallace , 2010)
ETP Group
HemipteraColeoptera
Odonata Diptera
(2-13 days)
(14-38 days)
(39-161 days)
(161-225 days)
(225-338 days)
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• In 2007 profile of Hubert Duprat's work with caddis fly larvae is a tiny, entomological miracle.• The larvae build their cocoons with whatever material is at hand• Duprat forces them to build with gold and precious gems, making spectacular bio-organic jewelry
Business partner
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(Duprat , 2007)
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Case study
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Case study - 1
- Relationship between some aquatic insect species (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera,Trichoptera and Odonata) and some heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, nickel, iron and manganese) and boron were assessed using data obtained from the Ankara Stream .
Study area
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(Girgin et al., 2010)
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- Mycobacterium ulcerans is an emerging environmental pathogen which causes chronic skin ulcers. - Report that M. ulcerans may be transmitted to laboratory mice by the bite of aquatic bug (Naucoridae) that are infected with this organism
( Marsollier et al., 2002)
Case study - 2
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Water pollution
Danger !!!
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Avoid Water pollution ….save us…
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THANK YOU……..
By K.ELANGO