AQUACULTURE MANUAL FINAL...Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’ Improved...

Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’

[i]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Aquaculture Training Manual

for Extension Agents in Uganda

January, 2020

Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries

Ministry of Water and Environment

Partners

Aquaculture Training Manual

for Extension Agents in Uganda

[iv] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’

FOREWORD-

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-

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Hon. Vincent Bamulangaki Sempijja (MP)

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES.

[v]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture


CONTENTSFOREWORD ........................................................................................................................ ivCONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... vList of Figures .................................................................................................................... xList of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiiiAcronyms ......................................................................................................................... xv

.......................................................................................................... xvii

MODULE ONE: AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA ..................................11.1 Background ..........................................................................................................1

1.2 Key Stakeholders .................................................................................................3

1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture ............................................................................4

1.4 Challenges ...........................................................................................................4

.....................................................................................4

..............................................................5

MODULE TWO: BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH FARMING IN UGANDA .............................................................................. 7

2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment? ...................................................7

2.2 Background Research .........................................................................................8

2.3 Market ..................................................................................................................8

...........................................................9

.............................9

MODULE THREE: AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA ...................13 .......................................13

3.1.1 Water quality characteristics .................................................................................... 143.1.2 Fish cultured ................................................................................................................ 14

.............................................................................................. 14 ..................................................................................................... 15

............. 16

3.2 Fish Species Farmed .........................................................................................18 ........................................................... 18 .......................................................... 19

3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under development ............................................................................................................ 20

3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between major commercial aquaculture species and their close relatives ..................................................21

3.3.1 The Tilapia’s ................................................................................................................. 21 ............................................................................................................... 22

MODULE FOUR: ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM ..............................................................23 ........................................................................23

[vi] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture


4.2 Fish Ponds ..........................................................................................................274.2.1 Site Selection ............................................................................................................... 274.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct .......................................................... 274.2.1.2 Assessing Suitability of Soils for Pond Construction ............................................................... 284.2.2 Constructing Ponds .................................................................................................... 304.2.2.1 Recommended Pond Standards ................................................................................................ 304.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond Construction ........................................................................... 334.2.2.3 Steps in Pond Construction ....................................................................................................... 34

....................................... 41

4.3 Fish Tanks ...........................................................................................................42 ..................................................................................... 43

.............................................................................. 454.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks ............................................................................................. 46

........................................................................................ 47

4.4 Fish Cages ...........................................................................................................474.4.1 Cage types ................................................................................................................... 47

.................................................................................... 484.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment ............................................... 52

............................................. 544.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm ..................................................................... 564.4.4 Cage Construction ...................................................................................................... 574.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm ..................................................................................... 63

................................................................................................ 66 ....................................................................... 66

4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems ................................................................66

4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems ................................................684.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems ................................................. 684.6.2 Aquaponics .................................................................................................................. 69

....................................................................................................70

MODULE FIVE: WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT ............................................................71 ........................................71

5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production. ..............................................................72 ................................................................................................ 75

5.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................................................ 775.2.3 Organic Matter ............................................................................................................ 775. 2.4 Ammonia ..................................................................................................................... 78

.......................................................................... 785.2.6 Dissolved Gases ........................................................................................................... 78

........................................................................... 785.2.8 Fish Density ................................................................................................................. 78

5.3 Carrying Capacity ..............................................................................................79

...................805.4.1 Water Source ............................................................................................................... 805.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds ....................................................... 80

[vii]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture


5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds ............................................................................................................................... 815.4.2.2 Fertilisation .................................................................................................................................. 82

Production Systems .................................................................................................... 89

......................................93

5.6 Water Treatment ...............................................................................................94

MODULE SIX: FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION ............................................................97 ...............................................97

...............................................................98

.............................................................................................99 ................................................................................................................ 99

................................................................................................. 996.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets ..................................................................................... 99

........................................................................................... 101

......................................................................................................101 ............................................................... 102

................................................................................................. 1036.4.3 Determining the ration ............................................................................................ 1036.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed ......................................................... 1036.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration .................................................................................................................. 104

................................................................... 1056.3.4.2 Feeding by Response ................................................................................................................ 106

.......................................................................... 108

............................................................110

6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm ..................................................................................1116.6.1 Formulated Feeds ..................................................................................................... 1116.6.1.1 Ingredients ................................................................................................................................. 1116.6.1.2 Preparing the feed .................................................................................................................... 1126.6.2.3 Other important things to note ............................................................................................... 113

.................................................................................................................. 1136.6.2.1 Artemia (Brine Shrimp) ............................................................................................................. 1136.6.2.2 Cladocerans. .............................................................................................................................. 1156.6.2.3 Rotifers ....................................................................................................................................... 116

MODULE SEVEN: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................1177.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................117

7.2 Hatchery Management...................................................................................1187.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management ............................................................................... 1207.2.1.1 Broodstock Management ......................................................................................................... 1227.2.1.2 Spawning, Fertilisation, Egg Incubation and Hatching ........................................................ 1237.2.1.3 Production of Single Sex Tilapia .............................................................................................. 125

............................................................................... 1287.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management ....................................................................... 131

..........................131

[viii] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture


7.3.1 Handling Fish ............................................................................................................ 1327.3.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................... 1337.3.3 Harvesting ................................................................................................................. 1347.3.4 Sorting and Grading ................................................................................................. 135

7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation .......................................................1367.4.1 Conditioning Fish ...................................................................................................... 137

.................................................................... 137 .................................................. 141

7.5 Grow-Out Management ..................................................................................1417.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units ..................................................................... 1417.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production .................................................................................. 1427.5.1.1 Ponds .......................................................................................................................................... 142

MODULE EIGHT: FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY....................................................1438.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................143

......................................................................................................144

8.3 Stress ................................................................................................................145 ............................................................................................. 145

............................................................................................... 145 ...................................................... 147

8.4.3 Preventing Stress ...................................................................................................... 147

8.4. Fish Disease ......................................................................................................148 .................................................................................. 148

.......................................................................................... 148 ..................................................................... 151

8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory .............................................. 1518.4.4.1 Samples to Send ........................................................................................................................ 1518.4.4.2 Basic Information to Send with Samples to the Lab ............................................................. 152

........................................................................... 1528.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines ........................................................................................... 1548.4.5.2 Sanitation and Disinfection...................................................................................................... 1558.4.5.3 Treatments ................................................................................................................................. 155

8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture and their Control.................160 .......................................................................................... 160

8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases ................................................................................ 1608.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases .................................................................................................................. 1638.5.1.3 Physical Trauma ........................................................................................................................ 1648.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions .................................................................................................................... 1658.5.1.5. Tumours ..................................................................................................................................... 165

................................................................................................... 1658.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections ................................................................................................................... 1658.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections .................................................................................................................. 1688.5.2.3 Fungal Infections ...................................................................................................................... 1718.5.2.4 Viral Diseases ............................................................................................................................. 171

............................................................................... 172

8.6 Predator Control ..............................................................................................1738.7.1 National Level ........................................................................................................... 176

[ ]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture


8.7.2 Farm Level ................................................................................................................. 176

.........................................................1778.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases ..................................................................................................... 1788.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance ........................................................................................ 1788.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable Health

Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture Environment .................................... 178

.......................................................179

MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING OF FARMED FISH ................................................................................... 181

9.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................181

9.2 Fish Quality ......................................................................................................181 ........................................................................................................ 181 ....................................................................................................... 183

............................................................................................. 184

9.3 Fish Processing ................................................................................................1849.3.1 Fish Hygiene .............................................................................................................. 1849.3.2 Processing .................................................................................................................. 184

9.4 Packaging .........................................................................................................185

..................................................186

MODULE TEN: MARKETING OF FARMED FISH ............................................................18710.1 What is marketing...........................................................................................18710.1.1 Why Marketing is Important .................................................................................. 19010.1.2 What is a market? ..................................................................................................... 190

...................................................................................................... 190

10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy ................................................................190

10.3 Collective Marketing .......................................................................................193

MODULE ELEVEN: AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS ....................................................19511.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................195

11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation ............................................................19611.2.1 Production Records................................................................................................... 19611.2.2. Marketing Records ................................................................................................... 19611.2.3. Financial Management ............................................................................................ 196

11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision Making ....................................19711.3.1 Enterprise Budgets ................................................................................................... 197

..................................................................................................... 19811.3.3 Risk Analysis .............................................................................................................. 198

11.3 Production and Business Planning ...............................................................199

11.4 Maintaining Farm Income ..............................................................................200QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS .......................................................................... 201

List of Appendices ..........................................................................................................203 ...........................................................................203

[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture


.........................208

..............................................................................................210

...........................................................................212

..................................213



...............................214

............................................................215

....................................................217

..........................................................................................................................223

Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons). ............................................. 2Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain ....................................................................... 3Figure 3: Impacts of Land Use for Fish Farming. . ........................................................................... 25Figure 4: Example of a Well-Planned ................................................................................................. 26Figure 5: Water Retention Test ........................................................................................................... 29Figure 6. Basic Features of a Fish Pond............................................................................................. 32Figure 7: Pegging the pond ................................................................................................................ 35Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench ............................................................................................ 35Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall................................................................................................ 36Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond ................................................................................................. 37Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond .............................................................................................. 37Figure 12: The Outlet. ........................................................................................................................... 38Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom.. ................................................................ 39Figure 14: Finishing the Bank. ............................................................................................................. 40Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board.......................................................................................... 40Figure 16: De-silting Ponds ................................................................................................................... 41Figure 17: Erosion of Pond Walls ......................................................................................................... 41Figure 18: Impact of wave action on pond walls. ............................................................................. 42Figure 19: Tanks ..................................................................................................................................... 42Figure 20: Basic components of a Fish Tank ....................................................................................... 45Figure 21: Types of Fish Cages ............................................................................................................. 48Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms.. ........................................................................................................... 50

................................................................................................ 53Figure 24: Example of a Scoring Card for Evaluating Cage Sites ..................................................... 56Figure 25: Basic Components of a Floating Cage .............................................................................. 57Figure 26: Types of Cage frames .......................................................................................................... 57Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials ....................................................................................................... 58Figure 28: Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage. ............................................................ 58

..................................... 59Figure 30: Rigid cages ........................................................................................................................... 61

............................. 61Figure 32: Collars, Floats and Platforms ............................................................................................. 62Figure 33: Attachment for feeding sinking pellets in cages ............................................................. 63Figure 34: Positioning Cages. ............................................................................................................... 64Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned in a Single File with Adequate Spacing

Between Cages and Rows. .................................................................................................. 64Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly Positioned with No Spacing. ........................................... 64Figure 37: Basic components of the Mooring ................................................................................... 65

.............................................................. 66Figure 39: Key Components of a RAS System ..................................................................................... 67



Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks ...................................................... 67 ..................................................................... 68

Figure 42: Illustration of Integrated Fish Farm .................................................................................. 68Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms ......................................................................................................... 69Figure 44: Adaptation of the RAS into an Aquaponics System ......................................................... 69Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System ............................................................................................. 70

.................................................... 72 ........................................................ 75

Figure 48: Surface aerators .................................................................................................................. 76Figure 49. Carrying Capacity................................................................................................................. 79Figure 50: Limiting factors and their impact on Standing Crop at Carrying Capacity ................. 79

...................................................... 81 ............................................................ 82

Figure 53. The Secchi Disc ..................................................................................................................... 85Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings ............................................................................................. 86Figure 55: Application of Organic Manures in Ponds ........................................................................ 87Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment.................................................................................. 93Figure 57: Forms of Commercial Feeds ............................................................................................. 100Figure 58: Estimating the quantity of Live Feed ............................................................................... 103Figure 59: Graduated bucket .............................................................................................................. 104

........................... 106 ......................................................................................... 109

Figure 62. Feed Storage. Left . ............................................................................................................ 111Figure 63: Life Cycle of Artemia.......................................................................................................... 113Figure 64: Artemia packaged for sale ............................................................................................... 114Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii ................................................................................ 114Figure 67: Daphnia ............................................................................................................................... 115Figure 68: Rotifers ................................................................................................................................ 116Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds .......................................................................................................... 116Figure 70: Fish Life Cycle ..................................................................................................................... 117Figure 71: Natural Propagation .......................................................................................................... 118Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation ................................................................................................ 119

............................................................................................ 119Figure 74: Tilapia Seed Production ................................................................................................... 121Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond. ................................................................ 124Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation ........................................................................... 124Figure 77: Options for Tilapia Seed Production ............................................................................... 125

.................................................................................... 127 .............................................................................. 128

............................................................................ 128 ........................................................................ 129

............................................................................................ 130Figure 83: Fish Basket. . ....................................................................................................................... 132Figure 84: Grading Fish with a Grader Box in a Hapa. .................................................................. 135Figure 85: Packaging Live Fish in Bags for Transportation ............................................................. 138

...................................................................................... 139Figure 90: The Disease Triad .............................................................................................................. 144

........................................................................................ 145Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to

Environmental Stressors. ................................................................................................. 146



Figure 93: Description of Mortality and Infection Trends ............................................................... 149Figure 93: Some common Signs of Fish Disease ............................................................................. 149Figure 95: Tilapia piping for air .......................................................................................................... 160Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease ........................................................................................................ 162Figure 97: Gas bubbles in larvae associated with supersaturated levels of

carbon dioxide in water ..................................................................................................... 162 ............................................... 163

Figure 99: Mould and symptoms of Mycosis from Consumption of Mould Feeds ...................... 164 ................................................................................................. 168

Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites .................................................................................................... 169Figure 102: Saprolgenia infection ........................................................................................................ 171Figure 103: Symptoms of TiLV .............................................................................................................. 172

........................ 172Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease ................................................................................................ 173Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds .................................................................................. 174Figure 107: Ecosystem interactions for healthy food production .................................................... 177Figure 108: Examples of positive (+) and negative (-) impacts related to

aquaculture inputs and resource use (FAO, 2010) ......................................................... 179Figure 109: Aquaculture Products ....................................................................................................... 185Figure 110: Examples of Packaging Used for Aquaculture Products .............................................. 186Figure 111: Components of the Aquaculture Marketing Chain ....................................................... 188Figure 112: Description of the Farmed Fish Value Chain .................................................................. 189Figure 113: Some Aspects of Marketing Aquaculture Products and Services in Uganda ............. 191Figure 114: Local Example of Collective Marketing Approach ........................................................ 194Figure 115: Cash Flow Analysis of Two Tilapia Farms ........................................................................ 198



Table 1: Market issues to consider before investing in aquaculture. ........................................... 8Table 2: Guidelines and Regulations for Commercial Aquaculture ............................................... 9Table 3: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mono and Polyculture

Production Systems ............................................................................................................. 14Table 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Extensive, Semi-Intensive

and Intensive Fish Production Systems ............................................................................ 15Table 5: Scales of Production ............................................................................................................ 15Table 6: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Small, Medium and Large-Scale

Fish Production Systems ..................................................................................................... 16Table 7: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Open, Semi-Open,

Closed and Hybrid Systems ............................................................................................... 17Table 8: General Factors for Consideration when Selecting a Site for Fish Farming ................. 23Table 9: Implications of site characteristics and production objectives on pond design ......... 29Table 10. Standard Tank Features ...................................................................................................... 44Table 11: Advantages and Disadvantages of Circular and Rectangular Tanks ............................. 46Table 12: LVFO Recommended Water Quality Characteristics for Cage Sites .............................. 49Table 13: Minimum concentrations at cage sites for heavy metal contaminants

in water and sediments ...................................................................................................... 51Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and

pesticides at cage sites and aquaculture parks. ............................................................. 51Table 15: Summary of Physical criteria for cage aquaculture site selection showing

.............................................................. 52Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sediment ...................................... 53Table 17: No go areas within proximity of some establishments around candidate sites ......... 54Table 18: Advantages and Disadvantages of Rectangular and Circular Cages ............................ 59Table 19: Advantages and Disadvantages of Small and Large Cages ........................................... 60Table 20. Identifying appropriate cage for a site ............................................................................. 60Table 21: Types of Mooring ................................................................................................................. 65Table 22: Recommended Water Quality Ranges .............................................................................. 73Table 23. Comparison between the water quality characteristics of underground

and surface waters .............................................................................................................. 80Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers ............................................... 83Table 25: Guidelines for Fertilising Tilapia Production Ponds ....................................................... 83Table 26: Challenges with too little or too much pond fertility ..................................................... 84Table 27: Management Requirements for Maintaining Phytoplankton Blooms

.............................................................................................. 86 ....... 89

Table 29: Nutritional Requirements for Farmed Fish ...................................................................... 98Table 30: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Major Types of Feed ......................................100Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds ............................................................101

.......................................................................................102Table 33: When to Feed .....................................................................................................................103Table 34: When to adjust the Ration ................................................................................................104Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods. .....................................................................................................105

....................................................................109Table 37: Description of Stages in Tilapia Production ...................................................................120



............................................ 146Table 39: Protective Barriers against Infection in Fish .................................................................. 147Table 40: Symptoms of Fish Disease ................................................................................................ 148Table 41: Shipment of Fish Samples. ............................................................................................... 151Table 42: General Approaches to Disease Control ......................................................................... 153Table 43: Factors to Consider for Fish Vaccination ........................................................................ 154Table 44: Methods for Administering Treatments to Fish ............................................................. 156Table 45: Treatment Rates ................................................................................................................. 157Table 46: Bacterial Infections ............................................................................................................ 165Table 47: Basic Elements of a Biosecurity Plan ............................................................................... 176Table 48: Potential Negative Environment Impacts from Aquaculture ....................................... 179Table 49: Principles of the HACCP .................................................................................................... 182Table 50: Freshness Grading Scheme for Fish ................................................................................ 183Table 51: Signs of Spoilage in Smoked and Dried Fish .................................................................. 183Table 52: Signs of Spoilage in Frozen Fish ...................................................................................... 183Table 53: Example Enterprise Budget for Single Pond Cycle for Static-Water Tilapia

Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking Pellets ........... 197Table 54: Risk Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 198Table 55: Template for Developing an Aquaculture Business Plan.............................................. 199



Acronyms

AMR

DO

GAP

FAO

DFR

MAAIF

MSY

NAGRC-DB

NGO

WHO

TDS

UNBS

UBoS

POPs rganic ollutants

ras

TW

NARO

NEMA

MDA’s

eia

Dwrm esources Management

isheries esources

Uncst ational ouncil of T

naads

cod

bod

TSS Total

lvhd Low Volume igh

hvld Volume Low

MPA

EU



hdpe

pvc

LSA Lateral

NO

CO2

TDS Total

(N2)

tan

d.a.p i-ammonium

t.s.p

M.a.p

n.p.k

usaid

nda

SOPs



Acclimate

Ad lib

Aeration

Alkalinity

Anaerobic

Assimilation

Best Management Practices

Capacity

Carrying capacity

Communicable diseases

Climate change vulnerability

Conditioning

Dam wall, dyke

Disease

Disease causing agents

The term disease causative agent biological pathogens (a virus, parasite, fungus bacterium toxins or toxic chemical that cause

Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)



Feeding Frequency

Fingerlings

Flocculation

Flushing

Green-Water

Gutting

Hardness

Health

Live Weight Equivalent

Nursery Pond

Obligate pathogen

Opportunistic pathogen

Optimum Ration



Palatability

Phytoplankton

Piping

Pond Productivity

Production Cycle

Ration

Respiration

Satiation

Sampling

Shooters

Spawning Pond

Standing Crop

Static Water Pond Management

Stock

Susceptible

Transpiration

Turbidity

Virulence

Whole Fish

Zoonotic disease

Zooplankton

[1]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture


-

1.1 Background

-

-

-

AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA

MODULE ONE:

[2] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture


Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons).

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

Aquaculture Fisheries

-



1.2 Key Stakeholders

Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain

Middlemen, traders, transporters

Aquaculture Sub-Sector

Farmers and farmers’ associations

Producers

Hatchery and grow-out producers

Private Sector Service Providers

Input suppliers (feed ingredients – fishermen, crop producers, importers of feed, nets, equipment

Providers of Public Goods and Services

MAAIF, NARO, MaK, FTI, NEMA, DWD, UNBS, NDA, development partners,

CSOs, other stakeholders

Middlemen, traders, transporters Middlemen, traders, transporters

Middlemen, traders, transporters

Markets for Farmed Fish

Homes, restaurants, markets Export to regional markets

-

Aquaculture Sub-Sector



1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture

• Favourable climate.

•

•

••

•

• .

1.4 Challenges

••••••• -

gage in sustainable commercial aquaculture

• Fish is nutritious.

•



• It is climate smart.

• Good income generating enterprise.

• Greater ability to tailor production to meet market requirements.

• It is socially acceptable

-

Module One

Module Two

Module Three

Module Four

Module Five

Module Seven

Module Eight

Module Nine

Module Ten

Module Eleven



BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH FARMING IN UGANDA

-

2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment?

••

MODULE TWO:



•••

•••••••

2.2 Background Research

2.3 Market

Issue Implication

markets

••••

Market price •

•

Module Ten



Module Four .

Commercial Aquaculture -

Permit/ When it applies Source

SOCIAL AND ENVIROMENTAL ASPECTS

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)

sites for large commercial farms

Waste Discharge Permit

operations require one

(Waste Discharge)

SETTING UP FISH FARMS

Aquaculture Establishment (Aquaculture)

Fish Seed Production (Aquaculture)




Cage Culture Permit (Aquaculture)

HARNESSING WATER FOR USE ON FARM

Construction Permit harnessing infrastructure

(Waste Discharge)

Drilling Permiton the farm

(Waste Discharge)

Ground Water Permit

water from a borehole (Waste Discharge)

Permit minute or more shall be (Waste Discharge)

MOVEMENT FISH STOCK AND FISH TRADE

Permit (Aquaculture)

Fish Movement Permit

(Fishing)

Fish Import/

(Fishing)




Fish Sanitary for human consumption

human consumption for

(Quality Assurance)

BIO-SAFETY

Uganda National

Science and Technology (UNCST) Permits

aquaculture(Access to Genetic Resources and



AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA

systems

•••••

MODULE THREE:



3.1.1 Water quality characteristics

.

3.1.2 Fish cultured

• Monoculture:• Polyculture: -

Production SystemsAdvantages Disadvantages

Monoculture ••

•

•

•

Polyculture ••

•lower operational cost

••

•

•

•

•

•




•••

•

•units

•results in low income

•

Semi-intensive ••

•

•

•

Intensive •

•

•••

labour •

•

Tonnage Produced per Year (metric tons/year)

Large scale




Small-scale ••

•

•in low income

•

•

Medium scale ••

•

•••

negligence occurs

Large-Scale •••

practices resulting in better

•

•••

negligence occurs

and waste

• Open Systems –

• Semi-Closed System



• Closed System

• Hybrid Systems

Hybrid Systems

System Advantages Disadvantages

Open Systems

• •

•

•••

•

Semi-Closed Systems

•••

•replacement

•

••

••

•costs

•••

•

Closed Systems

••

•••

•

••

Hybrid Systems

• •

••



3.2 Fish Species Farmed

a) Nile Tilapia

c) The Mirror Carp

temperatures



Key Features

a) Non-indigenous Ornamental Fishes

(Carassius auratus) Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

b. Indigenous Ornamental Fishes - Haplochromines



3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under

a. Ningu

b. Angara, Pebble Fish



3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between major commercial aquaculture species and their close relatives

3.3.1 The Tilapia’s

RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA SPECIES

CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE

Female (above) and Male (below) Nile Tilapia Blue-spotted tilapia

Advantages

Disadvantages

Disadvantages

of farming this species



RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA SPECIES

CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE

Singida Tilapia Red Belly Tilapia

Advantages Advantages

Disadvantages

RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE CATFISH SPECIES

CLOSE CATFISH RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE

Nsonzi

Advantages

tilapia

obtaining uniform growth in cagesDisadvantages

Disadvantages

C. gariepinus fry



MODULE FOUR:ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM

-

Factor Aspects

1. Production objectives •

•••

•



Factor Aspects

2. Environment and socio-Economic Factors

••••

3. Topography

4. Hydrology and weather patterns

5. Soil characteristics

6. Water quality Module 5



Earthen Structure

Description

from natural water source

26

AREA FOR EXPANSION

FARM

BU

ILDI

NG

Farm Housing

Access routes

Water supply channels

Drainage channels

Figure 4. Example of a Well-Planned Farm Plan



Earthen Structure

Description

inlet channels

channels

natural water source



4.2 Fish Ponds

-

•

•••••

4.2.1 Site Selection

•••••••

4.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct-

a. Diversion Ponds

b. Embarkment Ponds



c. Excavated Ponds

d. Partially excavated ponds with low dykes

e. Barrage ponds

•

•

••

-

are recommended

••

not recommended•••



•

Figure 5: Water Retention Test.

(a) (b) (c)

How to test ability of soil to Mould•

•

•

General Considerations Design*

Production objectives and management requirements

••••••

•

••

•

aeration within basins

General technical data

•

(c)



General Considerations Design*

Topographical surveys

•

•

Hydrological and meteorological data

•in stream

••

•temperatures

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Soil Characteristics

•farm

•

Module 7

4.2.2 Constructing Ponds

• -

• -

••

•

•••



••

•• -

•

•

••••

•••••

••

transport

• -

•

••



4.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond ConstructionTaking Measurements and demarcation

Tape measure demarcating

Line level

bags or

Earth moving machineryCompaction equipment

Manual hand compactor Motorised compactors rollers



Containers, small impoundments, jerry cans, hoses and/or sprinklers for holding and conveying water to moisten pond walls during compaction.

••• (optional)•• (optional)••••

Step 1: Preparing the area to construct the pond

•••

Step 2: Mark out the pond, its inlet and drainage

••

•

•



Figure 7: Pegging the pond. (a) The outer line is the perimeter. The central line shows where the inlet pipe and outlet shall be placed. The central line pegs are points at which levels are

--

Step 3: Construct the core trench

Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench

(a) Dig a trench around perimeter pegs. Even a shallow core trench allows root zone to be

cut.

(b) Compact trench with good clay soils. Do not allow the core trench to dry and crack

before covering.



Step 4: Construct the pond walls (dykes)

Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Advantages of a gentler slope:

Step 5: Construct the harvest basin

-

Gentle Slope



•••

Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond.

(a) (b)

Standpipe in the harvest basin

Fresh water inlet

harvest basin outlet

Fresh water inlet

pond outlet



Step 6: Install the Outlet Pipe

a

c

b

c

e f

Figure 12: The Outlet.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)



Step 8: Install the Inlet Pipe

•

•

•

•

•

•••

-

Step 7: Smoothen and compact the pond bottom

••

•

•

Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom. The pond bottom should be sloped

Inlet



Step 8: Strengthen the Dyke Tops and Free-Board Areas

•• a•• b

Figure 14: Finishing the Bank.

(a) (b)

Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board

Inlet



-

1. De-silting

ab

c

Figure 16: De-silting Ponds

(a) (b) (c)

2. Reconstructing the pond walla

b)

c

(a) (b) (c)



4.3 Fish Tanks

Figure 19: Tanks

Fixed hacthery concrete tanks

Wooden lined tank Plastic tanks



Collapsible portable tank made of tarpualin emergency use on-farm

Assorted plastic household basins and buckets improvised into hatchery tanks

NB:

hatcheries

personnel



Table 10. Standard Tank FeaturesCircular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways

General Features

• ••

accumulation of

•running water

•

accumulation of

Inlet • • •

Water

•

•

•

outlet can present

patterns

• Location of water

pattern

Outlet • • Minimum waste concentration at

•

•

•space

•

treatment

•

Inlet designs

•

•

•or attachments to inlets for

•or attachments to inlets for

Length, diameter, width and depth ratios

•

•

•

for

•



Circular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways

Drain types •

•

•

•

of screen area at

litres per minute

•

Black pipe rests above

sediment from bottom (self-cleaning)

Water inlet with valve

white pipe drains water outside the tank

Air supply lines for aeration

Water inletScreen at bottom

alternative designs

-



Circular Rectangular

Advantages •

•

••

•

•

•

•

aeration

•

• Most popular because use space

•

••

•

Disadvantages •

•

••

••

•

•

•

•

accumulate at inlets hence space

•

4.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks

-



b. Major Features of a Tank-Based Fish Farm• of the farm in account of

• Water delivery and aeration:

NOTE:

•••

4.4 Fish Cages

4.4.1 Cage types

a. Fixed Cages

-

a

b. Floating Cages

b

-



-c

d

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(i) Water quality

(ii) (iii)

4.4.2.1 Water Quality

Mod-ule 5



k) Chemical Parameters

Parameter Value

phosphate

l) Phytoplankton Blooms

of Microsystis, Anabena, Aphanizomenon Osciallatoria Oscillatoria, Anabena

Microcystis



Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms.

m) Biological Information

-

n) Pollutants and contaminants

Heavy Algal bloom

Demand Feeder



sediments Heavy metal Water (mg m-3)

Zinc

Manganese

-

Thallium -

Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and pesticides at cage sites and aquaculture parks.

Persistent organic pollutant/pesticides

-

-

-

-

-



o) Disease

Module Eight.

p) Water Exchange

q) Fouling

4.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment r) Weather

s)

Parameter Acceptable standard

Hydrological criteria

Wind velocity



Depth

Physical criteria

Current velocity

Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

Water temperature

Secchi Depth

t) Currents

• Mooring

u) Water Depth

Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sedimentCage Type Depth Range

Uneaten feed pellets have a higher density compared with faeces; thus their displacement will be more concentrated. Given a constant current, the deeper the site, the



v)

w) Legal Requirements and Planning‘no-go’

‘no-go-within’

(i) No-Go Areas

NOTE:

(ii) No-Go-Within Areas

Establishment Distance with not go within



Establishment Distance with not go within

points

NOTE: -

x) Access to services and shore facilities

y)



Factor Possible Score Actual Score Criteria/Comments

Temperature

aquatic plants

climate

pollution

Total Score

4.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm

4.4.3.1 Estimating the number of cages per site

(Module 5



4.4.4 Cage Construction

4.4.4.1 Basic Components of Cage

aa) 1. The Frame

(i) Rigid frames

(ii) Frames with joints(iii) Flexible frames -

Rigid frame Rigid frame doubling as work platform



bb) 2. The Bag

Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials

Hatchery netting Nursery netting Grow-out cage netting

cc)

-

• The size of cage: -:

Figure 28. Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage.



•

a. Cage shape-

Cage Shape Advantage Disadvantage

Rectangular •••

••

•forces at corners which can

is great (Polygonal collars have more corners than rectangular cages so can withstand wave stress better).

•sites

Circular •

rectangular cages•

•

•

•

through cages is lower hence

•

•

is a locally woven cage coated with food-grade bitumen to improve ability to withstand exposure once installed

cage and maintain cage shape

Inner Cage



Cage Size Advantages Disadvantages

Small cages • •

Large cages • cheaper to construct per unit

cage will cost less to construct

• easier to manage fewer large cages on a farm rather than

•

•

•

Site Characteristics Suitable Cage Type

Shape Size Volume

Sheltered waters Large large

small small

Good water quality large large

Suboptimal water quality

)

small

4.4.4.3 Making the Cage

• weather resistant• fouling resistant



1. Rigid Cages-

Figure 30: Rigid cages

(a) (b)

2. Floating Cages

Figure 30. Rigid cages

Figure 31. Forces affecting design criteria and installation of floating cages.

(a) (b)

LAKE BOTTOM

WATER COLUMN

currents



(a) Polystyrene blocks attached to the frame to make a collar. Cover them before

installation in water.

(b) pieces then sealed to be water-tight.

Styrofoam

(c) Floating wooden platform

3. Cage Cover

4. Feeding Attachments



4.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm

4.4.5.1 Positioning of Cages



Buoy showing position of anchor

Smaller buoy showing position where anchor rope connects to cage frame.

Water level

Cage frame

sinker

Knot/joint where both anchor ropes/chains are joined

Anchor ropes Thimble metal loop through which rope is fixed to anchor)

Anchor hook fixing anchor into substrate

dd) Consideration for Making the Mooring

Mooring system Description Comments

Single point

position of least resistance to the

•••

•

because much less surface area is

Multiple point • use up more farm space than the

Water level

substrate


Figure 34: Positioning Cages.

Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned in a Single File with Adequate Spacing Between Cages and Rows.

Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly Positioned with No Spacing.

4.5.5.2. Fixing the Cages in Position ‘mooring system’

-



Buoy showing position of anchor

Smaller buoy showing position where anchor rope connects to cage frame.

Water level

Cage frame

sinker


Anchor ropes Thimble metal loop through which rope is fixed to anchor)

Anchor hook fixing anchor into substrate

dd) Consideration for Making the Mooring

Mooring system Description Comments

Single point

position of least resistance to the

•••

•

because much less surface area is

Multiple point • use up more farm space than the

Water level

substrate




4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

(i)

(iii) Filtration unit



Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks



(b) Submersible Pumps.

4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems

4.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems



Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms

Water from ponds can be used to irrigate fruits and vegetables The waste feed and poultry droppings go

directly into pond

4.6.2 Aquaponics



Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System

farms for irrigation



WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT

-

Aquaculture

MODULE FIVE:



5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production.

ambient tempera-

-

-



Tabl

e 22

: Re

com

men

ded

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Ra

nges

Para

met

erRe

leva

nce

to P

rodu

ctio

nRe

com

men

ded

Rang

eW

hat h

appe

ns w

hen

Cons

iste

ntly

bel

ow

reco

mm

ende

d Va

lue

Wha

t hap

pens

whe

n co

nsis

tent

ly a

bove

re

com

men

ded

valu

e

Dis

solv

ed

• • •

• • • •

•

Tem

pera

ture

• •

fast

er in

war

mer

wat

ers

•

oo

•lim

its• • • •

•



Para

met

erRe

leva

nce

to P

rodu

ctio

nRe

com

men

ded

Rang

eW

hat h

appe

ns w

hen

Cons

iste

ntly

bel

ow

reco

mm

ende

d Va

lue

Wha

t hap

pens

whe

n co

nsis

tent

ly a

bove

re

com

men

ded

valu

e

pH•

• • •

• • •

Alka

linit

y an

d H

ardn

ess

•-

• • •

• •st

ress

•

• • • •

Amm

onia

•

tem

pera

ture

are

with

in

•• •

para

sites



a.

• -ing out waste and limiting levels of organic inputs to what is necessary

b. Aeration

1. Submersible Aeration:

Air pump Aquarium air pump

Air blower Tyre tube air blower

Air stones



-

Paddle wheel aerator

Dual-prop aerator

Trickle aeration with cascades.



-

c. Oxygenation

d. Biological Processes

5.2.2 Temperature

-

-

5.2.3 Organic Matter -

break-down and assimilation

such as ammonia.

Feeds:



5. 2.4 Ammonia metabolism -

) ) when the water

-

Controlling levels of Ammonia

5.2.6 Dissolved GasesModule Eight

5.2.8 Fish Density



5.3 Carrying Capacity

Figure 49. Carrying Capacity

(ii)

at Carrying Capacity



Production Systems

5.4.1 Water Source

watersWater Quality Parameter

Under-ground Water

Common Issue

Recommendation Common Issue Recommendation

Dissolved low

aerationor aeration

Temperature low n/a

Alkalinity/hardness

to high

pHation or aeration agricultural lime

Ammonia n/afrom animal establishments

Turbidity n/awaters

Dissolved Gases

high n/a

Organic Matter

n/a

Wild Fish n/a Various aquatic channels clear

Pollution rare

occur

5.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds



5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds

NOTE:

-

-ering capacity -

• Increased soil pH

• Increased alkalinity and hardness of water• Flocculate’s suspended soil particles

•



NOTE: not acidic

a. Recommended Liming Rates

b. Application of Lime to Ponds

5.4.2.2 Fertilisation-

productivity to enhance -

a. Types of Fertilizers, their Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Organic Fertilisers



2. Inorganic Fertilisers-

-

Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers Organic Fertilisers Chemical Fertilisers (eg. DAP, TSP, Urea, MAP)

on the label

substances such as antibiotics

ATTENTION!! -

b. Fertilisation Rates

FertiliserAmounts to Use* Comments

Organic Manure’s

The actual quantities of

/

Variable

Plant Meals



Too Low Too High

• •

• •

•

•

Measuring Pond Fertility secchi

disc

Figure 53. The Secchi Disc

A secchi disc can easily be made by cutting out a circle of diameter 20 cm from a piece of wooden board or metal. Paint it white and black in equal

quadrants as shown. In the centre, drill a small hole and pass a string or piece of wood through. Graduate

the piece of string or wood in cm.

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Step 4.

Step 5.

Step 6.

Inorganic Fertilisers

* -

-

-

f. Managing Pond Fertility Levels-

Too Low Too High

• •

• •morning



Too Low Too High

• •

• •

•

•

Measuring Pond Fertility secchi

disc

Figure 53. The Secchi Disc

A secchi disc can easily be made by cutting out a circle of diameter 20 cm from a piece of wooden board or metal. Paint it white and black in equal

quadrants as shown. In the centre, drill a small hole and pass a string or piece of wood through. Graduate

the piece of string or wood in cm.

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Step 4.

Step 5.

Step 6.



Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings

Secchi Readings.SECCHI DISC READING (cm) COMMENTS

Less than 20 cm

More than 60 cm

g. Application of Fertilisers

(i) Crib Method-

-

(ii) Bag Method

(iii) Directly into the pond



Bag Method

(i) Granular Fertilisers

--

(ii)

h. Other Important Points to Note on Fertilisation‘static water’

technique.



respires

to

3. Trust your Observations



Wat

er

Qua

lity

Para

met

er

Eart

hen

Pond

sFl

ow T

hrou

gh T

anks

an

d Ra

cew

ays

Cage

sRe

-Cir

cula

tory

Sy

stem

sAq

uapo

nics

Low

DO

•to

o lo

w• • • • •

-wat

er m

anag

emen

t•

• • • • M

aint

ain

optim

um

• •

•

eutro

phic

sites

•ra

tes

•w

ith re

spec

t to

betw

een

cage

s

cage

s•

• • • • M

aint

ain

optim

um

• • • •

• • •w

aste

• M

aint

ain

optim

um w

ater

• • •

Low

te

mpe

ratu

re•

wea

ther

•ar

eas

gree

n-ho

usin

g

•

wea

ther

•ar

eas

gree

n-ho

usin

g

•

to s

easo

nal o

r w

eath

er

•

to s

easo

nal o

r w

eath

er•

units

•

•to

sea

sona

l or w

eath

er



Wat

er

Qua

lity

Para

met

er

Eart

hen

Pond

sFl

ow T

hrou

gh T

anks

an

d Ra

cew

ays

Cage

sRe

-Cir

cula

tory

Sy

stem

sAq

uapo

nics

Low

Al

kalin

ity/

hard

ness

•(a

gricu

ltura

l lim

e)•

lime)

••

(agr

icultu

ral l

ime)

•(a

gricu

ltura

l lim

e)

Too

high

pH

•

chan

ges

•(a

gricu

ltura

l lim

e) to

•

• •ra

tes

• •

• •ch

ange

site

s

• • •re

gim

es•

• • • •

Low

pH

• •

• • •ra

tes

• •

• • •ch

ange

site

s

• •

• •

Amm

onia

• • •

•ra

tes

• •

• •

• •

• • •te

chni

ques



Wat

er

Qua

lity

Para

met

er

Eart

hen

Pond

sFl

ow T

hrou

gh T

anks

an

d Ra

cew

ays

Cage

sRe

-Cir

cula

tory

Sy

stem

sAq

uapo

nics

•

botto

m

•

mat

ter

•

•

tech

niqu

es•

rate

s•

orga

nic

mat

ter

•

with

hig

h w

ater

• •

orga

nic

mat

ter

•

Hig

h Tu

rbid

ity

Clay

turb

idit

y •

cons

truc

tion

crite

ria•

eros

ion

• •m

anur

e to

enh

ance

whe

re c

onst

ruct

ion

soil

Plan

kton

•ra

tes

•

•en

terin

g w

ater

sou

rce

• •

was

te)

•

tech

niqu

es

• sit

e se

lect

ion

• •

is in

orga

nic

or

• • • •

tech

niqu

es

• • • •



Wat

er

Qua

lity

Para

met

er

Eart

hen

Pond

sFl

ow T

hrou

gh T

anks

an

d Ra

cew

ays

Cage

sRe

-Cir

cula

tory

Sy

stem

sAq

uapo

nics

Org

anic

M

atte

r•

mat

ter

•

• •

•

high

org

anic

mat

ter

•w

ith re

spec

t to

curr

ents

to w

ash

was

tes

at b

otto

m

•

• •

out w

aste

• •

• •

Wild

Fis

h an

d pr

edat

ors

• • •

••

farm

•fa

rm•



Parameter-

Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment

Meters

Oxygen meter pH meter Other meters used in aquacultureTest strips

Multi-purpose

Test kits

Turbidity/transparency

Temperature

can measure temperature

Thermometer



ee) Collecting and sending water quality samples to a laboratory

laboratories• Label the bottle with sites information

-mitting samples at times

5.6 Water Treatment-

Alum Alum



Zeolite Zeolite

Rock Salt (Magadi) Rock salt

Salt Salt



MODULE SIX:FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION

Feed?



-

Nutrient Uses Desired Levels in Diet

Tilapia Mirror Carp

Protein

Dietary Energyprotein

proteinprotein

Fats

components as well as structural

(increase as protein

increases)

Carbohydrates

well enough for them to be their

Fibre



Nutrient Uses Desired Levels in Diet

Tilapia Mirror Carp

Minerals and Vitamins

soft tissues

balance

ppm

Module Five

‘live feeds’ (see Section 6.6.2.

6.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets



Powders Crumbles Pellets Flakes

Feed Type Advantages Disadvantages

Natural Food

• cheaper

amounts to meet nutritional

Supplementary Feeds

Complete Diets (pellets)

hatching in some species



Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds Factor Reason

1. Species ••

•

••

•

3. Fish size (weight) •

•

•

4. Production unit and culture system

••

•

5. Cost •

•

••••



fed ad lib to satiation) -ad lib

ad lib.

•••••

Factors Eat less Eat more

Characteristics •

•

same

•

•

stage

Water Quality •

•

gases in water•

•

•acceptable limits

Stress and health status

•

•

•

••

Fish behaviour •

•

••



Table 33: When to FeedWhen to Feed When not to Feed

• In ponds and other outdoor units:

.

••• Low temperature••••••

•

• Indoor units: •••••••

6.4.3 Determining the rationThe ration

6.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed(i) Pond productivity

Module 5(ii)

-

glass Petri-dish



(iii) Dry Feed

Measuring out the Quantities to Feed-

weight-volume

Figure 59: Graduated bucket.

6.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration

Table 34: When to adjust the RationFactor Remarks

••

b. Growth rate ••

c. Environmental conditions and

••

•

d. Carrying capacity •

••

••

2 kg of feed

5 kg of feed



Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods. Broadcasting.

Demand Feeders.

Feeding Ring. .

Automatic Feeders.

Trays.



Pouring.

•

6.3.4.2 Feeding by Response

•

•

• appetite

DO NOT OVER-FEED



a. Assessing the feeding responseextremely important

(especially for outdoor units)

‘dumping’ the not

b. Criteria for judging the feeding response

NOTE:

c.

same place in the pond and at about the same time every day.

-



Do not trickle

The Feed Conversion Ratio

total amount of food given kgFCR =

total amount of fish produced kg Equation 1

This means a total of 1.4 kg

‘



b.

Maize bran a Complete diet/pellets

Note: a

c. Managing FCRs

-The Water quality



give, whether or not to adjust or withhold feeding, how best to administer the feed, what

Quality Quantity.

The species being raised.

The water quality within the production pond

-

--

a) Dry Feeds• -

•

•

•

•

•



•••

••

NOTE:

b) Moist and Live Feeds•

6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm

6.6.1 Formulated Feeds

6.6.1.1 Ingredients

a. Proteins



d.

grains well because plants are

e. Fats

f.

-

• Preservatives - -

6.6.1.2 Preparing the feeda)

• – nutritional pro-

• • Finely ground•• Each ingredient is prepared as recommended

•

Least cost formulation for

for an e



c) Mixing the Ingredients

6.6.2.3 Other important things to note•

••

•

-

Ovoviviparous reproduction to produce live young

adult artemia

Optimal environmental conditions 100 – 300 nauplii/ female every 4-5

days

Sub-optimal conditions (periods of high salinity) Oviparous reproduction to produce cysts

100 - 300 cysts/female

every 4-5 days

Cysts can be stored for several years

Optimal environmental conditions

Cysts hatch into nauplii

14 days

14 days



Disadvantage

Preparing artemia cysts for feeding

Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii

Shell 1st instar nauplii

Decapsulated cyst



Step 2: Hatching of artemia

6.6.2.2 Cladocerans.a) Moina

Figure 66: Moina sp.

Production of Moina in Outdoor Tanks

Requirements

hours after fertilising water

Recommended Growing Conditions

• low ammonia

b. Daphnia

Figure 67: Daphnia



Production outdoors

because of the straw in the manure)

6.6.2.3 Rotifers

g. Enrichment of live feeds-

Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds



PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

7.1 INTRODUCTION

MODULE SEVEN:



a) Hatchery Management –

b) Grow-out Management

7.2 Hatchery Management

a) Natural Propagation -

Figure 71: Natural Propagation

(i)(ii)

(a)



Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation



7.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management

Production Stage

Description ProductFarm

Phase 0

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5



Figu

re 7

4:

Tila

pia

Seed

Pro

duct

ion



c) Natural Propagation in Ponds

Key Objectives

Pond Preparation

Stocking

Stocking Rate: Stocking Ratio:

Feeding Feeding options: after spawning

Pond Management

o

Harvesting

NB:

nests

7.2.1.1 Broodstock ManagementKey Objectives

Pond Preparation

Stocking genetically pure stock

known source

Never ever

Size to stock:

Physical Condition:

Stocking Rate: )

Pond Management

Feeding

Harvesting and Handling



c) Natural Propagation in Ponds

Key Objectives

Pond Preparation

Stocking

Stocking Rate: Stocking Ratio:

Feeding Feeding options: after spawning

Pond Management

o

Harvesting

NB:

nests



Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond.

Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation

(a) Hapas for Female Broodstock. (b) Eggs within Mouth of a Female Brooder.



(c) Incubating fertilized tilapia eggs in McDonald Jars

(d) Method for harvesting female brooders and early fry from hapas.

Larval rearing to fry

Production Phase

Descriptionand Hand-

Phase 0

in appropriate

the same stage

than swim-up

are easier



Production Phase

Descriptionand Hand-

Phase 1 contamination with other

Phase 2

management focuses at g each

Phase 3

Phase 4 This phase optional for

This phase optional for

This phase optional for

on grow-out farmers

Phase 5grow-out in



Key Objectives

Pond Preparation and Management

Do not stock

Stocking Hapa Size:

Stocking Rate:

Feeding

Hapa Management

Sampling, grading and Harvesting

e)

and male (below) tilapia of the same age(b) Female (left) and Male (right)



a) Broodstock Management

•••

Large abdomen in a gravid female Ripe eggs will be brownish-green with

a black dot



• -

•

•••

••

••

g) Larval Rearing

h) Rearing Fry to Fingerlings

Flow through Tanks



Ponds

frogs



7.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management

a) Natural Method

j) Nursery Ponds

7.3 Harvesting, Handling, Grading and

Module 8



of

7.3.1 Handling Fish

o

dip

Figure 83: Fish Basket.



7.3.2 Sampling

-

-

Do not sample when:

-



7.3.3 Harvesting

Spawning Units slowly

Fingerling and broodstock units

,

k) Temporary Holding Fish after Harvest



7.3.4 Sorting and Grading

l) How to Grade Fish

Passes (approximately 95%) are stocked in hapas

Holds (approximately 5%) are stocked in a reservoir pond



b. Do not Touch Fish with your Hands.

c. Minimise Physical Trauma.

d. Water quality -

e. Keep grading records. -

7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation

a) Maintain Optimum Water Quality within Transport Containers• Do not use



b) The Fish’s Condition

7.4.1 Conditioning Fish-

a) In Closed Polythene Bags

Packaging in Bags for Live Transportation.



a) Packing Fingerlings for Live Transportation in Bags with Oxygen.

b) Packed Bags Ready for Transportation c) Transporting Fingerlings Packed in Bags to Farm.



b) Tanks



Packaging in Tanks for Live Transportation.

-

N.B.

c) Labelling Containers and Bags

-

• Fish Species • • • Lot or Batch No.

• Estimated DOBeach other)



• e.g. Johns farm, pond C

7.5 Grow-Out Management

7.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units

Do not

-

-

-

NOTE:



b) Guidelines for stocking from Transport Tanks/Containers

-

NOTE:

7.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production

7.5.1.1 Pondsii)

Activity/Item Recommendations

1. Pond Preparation

(Module 4)

2. Stocking



FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY

MODULE EIGHT:

8.1 Introduction

-



Figure 90: The Disease Triad

welfare -

pathogens)

-

-

Aquaculture Producers

Supporting Industries (

Countries



8.3 Stress

Population Density Diet Composition Micro and Macro-organisms Aggressive fish behavior Predators

Handling Transporting Stocking Treating

Temperature Light Sound Low Dissolved Oxygen

Water Chemistry Pollution Metabolic Wastes Diet quality (e.g. type of protein and amino acids)

Alarm Reaction.

Resistance. pipe

Fatigue.



NORMAL

ESCAPE

ADAPT

FATIGUE

EXHAUSTION

Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to Environmental Stressors.

Fish ResponseEnvironmental Factor

pH Ammonia Temperature

Long-term tolerance limit

Lower optimum limit

Long-term tolerance limit

pipepipe



(immune system)

Protective Barrier

Normal Function

Mucus (slime coat)

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Common causes of mucus loss:

chemical

Scales and skin

• •

• Common causes of damage:

• ••

Antibodies •

organisms•

•

•

8.4.3 Preventing Stress



8.4 Fish Disease-

a. Characteristics of the Infection.-

b. Type of Pathogen

(iii) Viruses

Parameter

Feeding ••

Behaviour •swimming)

••• piping

Physical Appearance

•••••••

Mortality ••



-

Brownish gills Pale gills

Eroded gills and excess mucus Gas bubbles within gills



Fluid behind eye (pop-eye) Fluid in abdomen (ascites)

Body deformities and wounds Bleeding

Changes in skin colouration



8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory-

(a) Fish Samples. moribund and not:

Fish Samples Shipment Conditions

Live Samples • Module Seven

Very Fresh Dead •• NOT wet• DO NOT allow the ice or water to touch the sample

Frozen Samples •••

•••



(b) Aquatic plants -

(c) Pesticide analysis- Water sample-

N.B: Always:

(not all samples may be necessary)

-

--



Table 42: General Approaches to Disease ControlWhat to control/Observe Control Measures in Event

Fish ••

life •

•

•

•

•

•treatment

••

Culture System

•••••• Management practices•

••

•

•

•• Quarantine••••

Disease ••

•

•

etc)•

gametes)•

•

••

•

••

factors•

control measures for the

•measures



8.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines-

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bacterins

Advantages Disadvantages

BacterinsLow cost

Fish Vaccineorganism

•be immuno-competent

•

functions•

immune responses•

•

•

• The organism•

•••

•

•

••••••



-

Do not stock

Also Note:

8.4.5.3 Treatments-

NOT

a) Types of Treatment

b) Determining whether to treat

c) How to Give Treatments to Fish



TreatmentDescription Advantages Disadvantages

Topical •to lesion

•lesion

•

•

Injection •

•

• •

•

Food additives

• • •

•

Dip •concentration of chemical for up to

•

• •

•to high chemical concentration which

• Labor requirements

Bath •

•process

•

•

•

•

•

Flushing •

•

•

•

•

•

chemical

• ••

•

•

•

chemical is not



d) Calculating the Required amount of Treatment

How to estimate water volume in different shaped containers (Adapted from FAO).

• Disease: • Fish:• Culture system:• Chemical:

f) Common Treatments

Table 45: Treatment RatesChemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications

A: TOPICAL TREAMTENTS

Formalin •

•

•

Monogenic

fungal infections on eggs

•

•

•

rates•



Chemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications

••

•••

• Chelated copper –

inorganic or organic

• Treatment of

parasites such as ‘Ichthyophillus mulitphillisFlavobacterium columnare infections

•caution in water

•

•

Potassium permanganate

••

•- Pond

water

time

- Tank

•

F. columnare infections

••

rate

Salt ••

Organophosphate )

• Monogenetic

crustacean parasites

Lernea spArgulus sp

•

humans

antibiotic•

•

systems, ornamentals;

•



Chemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications

Romet (ormetoprim

•

••

•

• ••

problems

Terramycin

species before slaughter

•treat motile Aeromonas infections

•F. columnare

•

•

time frame is

or treatment

o *antibacterial resistance*

•treatments are

because of antimicrobial resistance

Tranquilisers •

•

•



8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture and their Control

8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases

Diagnosis

Management of Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels

• Manage algal blooms

Temperature



b. Low pH

Treatment

c. Ammonia Poisoning

d. Excessive Levels of Dissolved Carbondioxide (Hypercarbia)

Diagnosis:

Treatment:



e. Nitrite Poisoning (Brown Blood Diseases)

Diagnosis

Treatment

f. Gas Bubble Disease (Gas supersaturation)

Figure 97: water

Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease



8.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases-

a)

b)

-

Control and Treatment:

• Module 6)••



i) Mycotoxins in Feed

a. Good Pellets. b. Mouldy Pellets. (c) Gross lesions (right)

Preventive Measures

8.5.1.3 Physical Trauma

-

Control

-



8.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions

than the entire population

Prevention and Control

8.5.1.5. Tumours

8.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections

Common Causes Remarks

Bacterial Septicaemia

•• Vibrio anguillarium•

columnaris

•

•

Skin and gill ••

columnaris

•lesions

•

••

•



a. Columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnaris in-fection)

Clinical signs••••

‘cigar-mouth’ or ‘saddle-back’

Diagnosis•••

Treatment and Control

•

•

NB:

-

b. Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Clinical signs•••••• Mortalities

Diagnosis••

Treatment and Control-



••

S. iniaeother bacterial cocci such as Enterococcus Lactococcus

Clinical signs•••••

Diagnosis••

•(NB: external clinical signs look very similar to Aeromonas hydrophila above. Pictures courtesy of B. Mudenda)

Treatment and control•••••

Clinical signs•••• Loss of weight•••

Diagnosis•••



Treatment and Control•

8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections

• Leeches

o

213

Crustacea: Argulus (fish louse), Lernaea (anchor worms) Trematodes (flukes): Monogenic and digenic trematodes Cestodes (tape worms) Nematodes (round worms) Leeches

Parasites gain access to fish via an intermediate host (figure 100).

It takes three to five days for the parasite to complete this cycle when water temperatures are about 20oC

Most of the parasites that affect the gills, fins and skin are opportunistic organisms. Their ability of cause infection and the severity of disease depends on the immune status of the fish. Fish that are stressed, poorly fed, raised under sub-optimal environmental conditions (poor water quality), have a disease condition, injured and juveniles are more susceptible to parasitic infestations.

Parasites attach and cause damage to the lining of the gills, fins or skin. This causes irritation and points of entry for other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. The affected area becomes inflamed, excess mucus secretion and sometimes there is bleeding. When the gills are affected, ability to take up oxygen is impaired and fish show signs of anoxia (section 8.5.1.1.). On the skin and fins, there is often a change in pigmentation and fin erosion at the affected area. Irritation of these tissues causes discomfort to the fish and causes them to loose appetite, swim erratically, congregating at the surface or inlets where water quality is often better and become lethargic and anaemic.

Free swimming mature parasite

Parasite encysts and sub-divides into many juveniles at bottom of pond or tank

Juveniles escape from cyst



Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites

Trichodina sp. Capriniana (Tricophrya)

Apiosoma (Glossatella)

Icthyobodo

Epistilis sp. Leeches

Treatment and Control•

8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections

• Leeches

o

213

Crustacea: Argulus (fish louse), Lernaea (anchor worms) Trematodes (flukes): Monogenic and digenic trematodes Cestodes (tape worms) Nematodes (round worms) Leeches

Parasites gain access to fish via an intermediate host (figure 100).

It takes three to five days for the parasite to complete this cycle when water temperatures are about 20oC

Most of the parasites that affect the gills, fins and skin are opportunistic organisms. Their ability of cause infection and the severity of disease depends on the immune status of the fish. Fish that are stressed, poorly fed, raised under sub-optimal environmental conditions (poor water quality), have a disease condition, injured and juveniles are more susceptible to parasitic infestations.

Parasites attach and cause damage to the lining of the gills, fins or skin. This causes irritation and points of entry for other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. The affected area becomes inflamed, excess mucus secretion and sometimes there is bleeding. When the gills are affected, ability to take up oxygen is impaired and fish show signs of anoxia (section 8.5.1.1.). On the skin and fins, there is often a change in pigmentation and fin erosion at the affected area. Irritation of these tissues causes discomfort to the fish and causes them to loose appetite, swim erratically, congregating at the surface or inlets where water quality is often better and become lethargic and anaemic.

Free swimming mature parasite

Parasite encysts and sub-divides into many juveniles at bottom of pond or tank

Juveniles escape from cyst



Grypdactylus Dactylogyrus

Argulus sp.

Anchor Worms Lernaea sp.

Diagnosis••••

Prevention and Control• -

• -

Treatment•

•



b. Internal Parasites

8.5.2.3 Fungal InfectionsSaprolgenia

Prevention and Treatment•••

8.5.2.4 Viral Diseases

Fungal growth a sequel to wound

infection

Wound



a. Tilapia Lake Virus

Aphanomyces invadans

Barbus sp. (right).



c. Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Diseases

Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease

• -

•

Manual of Diagnostic tests for Aquatic Animals – use latest versions•

8.6 Predator Control



1. Humans Beings

2. Frogs and Snakes.

-

3. Birds

4. Monitor Lizards and Otters.

-

Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds



c. The Grey Heron d. The Jacana

e. The Hammerkop f. Goliath heron

8.7 Biosecurity Control



8.7.1 National Level

8.7.2 Farm Level-

•

•

•••

aquaculture establishment •••••

personnel••

establishment•

•

••

•

1 Some are general and would apply to both.



(i) species

-



8.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases

•••• Leeches

8.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance-

8.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable Health Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture Environment

a. Non-Communicable Diseases

b. Communicable Diseases

Mitigation Measures



and resource use (FAO, 2010)

Environmental Risk Suggested Mitigation Measures

Biodiversity losses ••

•

•

•

••

much as possible



Environmental Risk Suggested Mitigation Measures

••

••

••



9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fish Quality

•••

-

MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING OF FARMED FISH



--

Steps in the HACCP

Preliminary Steps • The focus is on

•

•

•

Conduct a Hazard Analysis

•

•

Control Points (CCP)

•

Determine Critical Limits (CL)

•

Determine Monitor-ing Procedures

•

Determine Corrective Actions

•

•

cation Procedures

•

•

Keeping Procedures •

*NOTE:-



Grade A B

Skin and scalesshinning loss of bloom

Outer Slime transparentclotting

Eyes

translucent cornea

opalescent cornea

Gillsmucus translucent opaque

Peritoneum

Gill and internal odours

Prevention Measures

•

••

ammonia)••••

••••••

••

Prevention Measures

•

• Lighter weight••

•

••



9.3 Fish Processing

••••••

9.3.1 Fish Hygiene

9.3.2 Processing



Figure 109: Aquaculture Productsa) Live, Fresh and Chilled Whole Fish

Live tilapiadelivered to local market

Chilled tilapia from cages

b) Smoked Fish Products

c) Value-Added Products

Fillets Fish sausages

9.4 Packaging



Crates for bulk fresh or dry. The packaging may go straight to a restaurant, school or

hotel where bulk cooking is done.

Well labelled attractive packaging is preferable for retail outlets

where cold storage is available) in paper boxes

•

•• Module 7)



-

10.1 What is marketing

cre-ating, distributing pricing

MODULE TEN:MARKETING OF FARMED FISH



-

•• awareness• Motivating buying decision• buy and use• buy again

SuppliesFeed ingredients

FeedsChemicalsFertilisers

ConsumablesEquipment

Water quality kitsNets

Life jackets

EquipmentConstruction farm facilities

(ponds, tanks, cages)Boats

FarmingHatcheryNursery

Grow-out

Processing

Handling Dressing

freezingSmocking

Saltingstoring

Distribution

BrokeragePromotion

Wholesalingretailing

Consumption

HouseholdRestaurants/hotels

SupermarketsExport

Fishermen (bait)Recreation



10.1.1 Why Marketing is Important -

10.1.2 What is a market?-

-

10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy -



-

•

• What is the competitive advantage your enterprise as a company?

•

• What is your position in the market?

• Build good relationships

•

• How can you communicate your product?

• What are your marketing options?

•• Right these down on paper

a) Grading, weighing and icing to ensure right quality get to the market.



in rural and urban areas.

d) Labelling and branding facilitate standardisation and

recognition of products.



(f) Aquaculture information on my smart-phone. This AgroMarket Day

(g) Brochures to disseminate information.

10.3 Collective Marketing



AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS

11.1 Introduction

-

MODULE ELEVEN:



-

11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation-

-

11.2.1 Production Records

11.2.2. Marketing Records

11.2.3. Financial Management-



11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision Making

11.3.1 Enterprise Budgets

-

Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking PelletsItem Amount Unit Cost (USh) Total Cost (USh)

Production Targets

Major Variable Costs

Labour

Total Variable Costs 1,492,789

Production

Sales

Total Revenue 748 kg 3,000 2,244,000

Income above variable costs 751,211

%



(a) Sales done when pond is ready to harvest, (b) Several small ponds sized to market

demand and an all-in-all out-production system.

a) Three large ponds

11.3.3 Risk Analysis

Table 54: Risk AnalysisPeriod JUNE JULY AUGUST

Products

Targ

et

Num

ber t

o pr

oduc

e

Actu

al

Num

ber

Prod

uced

VARI

ANCE

Targ

et

Num

ber t

o pr

oduc

e

Actu

al

Num

ber

Prod

uced

VARI

ANCE

Targ

et

Num

ber t

o pr

oduc

e

Actu

al

Num

ber

Prod

uced

VARI

ANCE

Remarks

Month



11.3 Production and Business Planning-

Chapter Objective Content

1. Background ••••

2. Situation Analysiscurrent status of

•••

•businesses

3. Needs Assessment

there are in

business

•



Chapter Objective Content

4. Business Analysisthe business

•

•••••

5. Production Planning

••

•

6. Marketing Plan ••

•

7. Investment Strategy

business

•

••

8. Enterprise and Financial Assessment

••

••••

9. Conclusions and Recommendations

•

10.Monitoring and Evaluation

••

11.4 Maintaining Farm Income

-



• Lowering FCRs to optimum levels.• Lowering labour costs.

• Improving returns to land

• Making and adopting the appropriate investment and management decisions.

-

QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS

•••••••••••••••••••••••••



••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

MARKETING•••

•••



1. Nile Tilapia

Physical Appearance

Natural Habitat

Feeding

List of Appendices



Reproduction

Attributes

aquaculture

strategies

Physical Appearance

Habitat

Diets and

Nile tilapia nests at bottom of pond



Reproduction

Distribution

Aquaculture

3. Mirror Carp

Physical appearance

Habitato

Diet and Feeding

aquatic plants

Reproduction

Distribution



Aquaculture

4. Ningu

Physical Appearance

Habitat

Diet and Feeding

Reproduction

Distribution

Aquaculture

5. Angara, Pebble Fish

Physical Appearance

Habitato

Diet and Feeding



Reproduction

Distribution

Aquaculture

6. Mamba/Marbled Lung FishPhysical Appearance

Habitat

Diet and Feeding

Reproduction

Distribution

Aquaculture



Estimating the number of cages per site

capacity

size in small bays close to shore

Criteria Score Given Score

Distance to nearest to obvious source

More than 1,000 mBetween 500 to1,000 mLess than 500m

321

Transparency (secchi disk visibility)

More than 200 cmBetween 100 to 200 cmLess than 100cm

321

Dissolved

08.00 am in the morning

bottom

bottom

bottom

l

l

Water depth at proposed

cages

The connection

the lake

Characteristics

Currents between bay and lake

TOTAL SCORE

1 to <77 to 1011 to 1718 to 21

Unacceptable



Overall site ratinginput(kg/ha)

c.f.

Key Parameters Input Levels

Small-holder Medium Scale Large-Scale3)

System

cage carrying capacity is equal to optimum

density per cage

Water Quality management

Feed

Yield

Source:

Note:



TILAIPA FEEDING CHART

Weeks in Production

Size (g) Growth (g/day)

Daily Feed (% BW)

Daily Feed/Fish (g)

Type

Protein %CP - size (mm)

Feedings/Day



Weeks in production

Fish Size (g)

Growth (g/day)

Daily Feed (% BW)

Daily Feed/Fish (g)

est FCR Type

Protein %CP - size (mm)

Feedings/Day

*Recommended Size at Stocking

*1 10



Soya bean meal 45 CP 22

Maize 10% CP 13



The pituitary gland

Collecting pituitary glands by cutting open the head

Extraction of pituitary gland

Preserving pituitary glands



Extracting gonadotropic hormones from pituitary glands -

The most common method of administering injection into the dorsal muscle.

Equipment for crushing pituitary gland



Pond

Amt

to

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thur

Fri

Sat

Sun

Tot k

gsO

bser

vati

ons

Feed

ing

Resp

onse

:



Pond: Size: . Function:

Date

Stoc

k

Trea

t

Sam

ple

Har

vest

Dra

in Description (species, numbers, Total # Total Weight



Interpretation of Tilapia Pond Management Records

Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?

A) Not much positive gain in between samplings in total pond biomass

B) Sudden Mortalities and Fish Floating on

with Opercula Open

every dayproblem



Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?

D) Polluted waters, pond still below carrying capacity compounded with high FCR

pond.

E) Add recommended amounts

pond but it never turns green

(water loss) through the

vis-a-vis

F) Pond too green,

up piping most mornings, poor growth



Interpretation of Trends in Feeding Response and FCR

FCR Trend Possible Causes What Should I do?

A) FCR is much lower than what is suggested

chart while at the same time the

is continuously

Mortalities – there

real

B) Increase (high) in FCR and

responsearise when there is

upon response

response

of the full ration)

too big or small



C) Increase in FCR

response remains

response

to become less

in water temperature

growth good in

ponds

obtaining enough to



-

http://

-

-http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4021e.pdf

-

-

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIESP.O Box 102, Entebbe Plot 16-18, Lugard Avenue, Entebbe-Uganda

Email: www.agriculture.go.ug Website: [email protected]

Tel: +256 41 4320004

AQUACULTURE MANUAL FINAL...Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’ Improved...

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Transcript of AQUACULTURE MANUAL FINAL...Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’ Improved...