AQA A2 Revision
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Transcript of AQA A2 Revision
AQA A2 RevisionMike Murray
Based on past paper questions and answers to those questions
Content
1. EPOC and lactate2. Sports supplements3. POMS4. Cognitive methods to control anxiety5. Baron’s distraction-conflict theory6. World Games7. Why use drugs?8. Strategies to reduce drug-taking
Lactate threshold – Typical question
Elite performers follow structured training programmes to develop exceptional levels of fitness.Outline the relationship between ‘VO2 max’ and ‘lactate threshold’.
(3 marks) In terms of recovery, explain the relationship between lactate threshold and the functions of EPOC. (5 marks)
• During intense exercise of short duration• Glycogen used as energy source• Too much produced by
- excess is converted to• Can only last
Lactate Threshold/OBLA
Mitochondria
During high intensity exercise
Lactate threshold• When starts to in• Also known as • Percentage of • Occurs because of lack of in • Occurs at start of exercise =
and during exercise
Oxygen Uptake during Exercise
time
O2 uptake
rest exercise recovery
EPOC
• Slow component:
• Fast component:
Lactate tolerance• How well performer copes with
accumulation• Depends on ability to acidity of accumulation• Fitter performers can remove quicker
Removal of lactate• During component of• 65% converted to – into and oxidised for• 25% converted to pyruvate and then to
– • 10% converted to
Supplements - Typical questionWhat are the potential benefits and harmful effects to a performer taking creatine supplements?(4 marks)
Food Supplements - Creatine• Creatine – increases – longer energy supplies• Used by - limited effects but to performance• No known problems, but potential long-term
Food Supplements - Protein• Protein – taken to increase - • Used by performers• Training effect – build more muscle• Requires exceptional training load to be - enough in balanced diet - no need
to take more for majority!
Typical questionWhat are the potential benefits and harmful effects to a performer taking caffeine before an event. (4 marks)
Food Supplements - Caffeine• Caffeine – stimulant – increased • Increases fat use in long-duration activities –
• Used by performers - • Use can cause dehydration • Used by many, because no longer
Slide No.
Food Supplements – Herbal remedies• Herbal Remedies - use of plant extracts• May contain useful and • Problem - performers not aware of what
other substances contained in extract -
Food Supplements – Bicarbonate of Soda• Bicarbonate of soda – effects of
• Used by performers• Delays• But ingestion causes and
Food Supplements - Water• Exercise generates heat - lost mainly by
- 1-3 litres per hour - • Causes increased and
• Need to before and during event
Food Supplements – Athlete’s diet• Specialist foods only if• Simple usually adequate• Sufficient gained from nutritious
rather than junk foods• Sufficient vitamins and minerals from
• Sufficient protein from
POMS – Typical question
Morgan’s profile of mood state (POMS) is a questionnaire given to performers to establish their relative measures on six mental health states.Research has shown that the profile for POMS differs between elite and non-elite performers. Describe these differences.
(3 marks)
Profile of Mood States
Mood states
Test score
anger fatigue confusiondepressiontension
Mood States• Successful elite performers show• High vigour; low tension, depression, fatigue
and confusion• Unsuccessful athletes show• Change in profile associated with• Cannot be applied to all performers – success
could lead to
Cognitive methods – Typical question
Outline two cognitive stress management techniques that can be used to control anxiety levels.
(7 marks)
Stress management
• Control thoughts - cognitive techniques – eg
• Involves redirecting thoughts away from the cause of the and
• Needs to be and
Imagery• Imagine must be • Use • Can imagine event – include possible • Pre-experience achievement of –
increase • Lock on to perfect performance –
Attentional control (focusing)
• Learn to concentrate/focus on • Concentration linked to • Tendency to focus on • Needs to control attention / avoid • Use of key phrases to help • Use ‘routine’ for repeatable skills – eg
Thought-stopping
• Use of ‘action’ – eg • Switch attention to controlled • Use whenever occurs• Action that thought• Involves – learn to think of
action rather than negative thought
Self-talk
• Develop about your actions• Learn to • Rehearse when things are going
wrong - • Can be • Can recall good plus a few
thoughts
Distraction-conflict theory– Typical question
Explain the principles of Barron’s distraction-conflict theory.
(3 marks)
Baron – distraction-conflict theory
Athlete performing
Attends to demands of
task
Attends to distractor
Distraction causes conflict
• Paying attention to distraction limits
for skilled performance • More difficult tasks require more• Distraction causes an increase in• Leading to
World games – Typical question'World Class Events' is part of UK Sport's development programme, which aims to attract major sporting championships to the UK.Discuss the suggestion that hosting major championships will benefit the individual performer and the host. (5 marks)
Characteristics of World games• performers• • • Large appeal• Requires major infrastructure –
Effects of World games for performers
• Highly to be/test themselves against the best - make most of abilities –
• • •
Effects of World games - Country
• impact – seen as successful, part of national character/political success
• Social impact – • Economic impact – financial success –
• Can have negative impact - • Government support -
Why use drugs – Typical question
Elite sport is waging a constant battle over the use of performance enhancing drugs.Explain why some performers choose to take performance enhancing drugs, and describe some of the measures which are in place to solve this problem.
(7 marks)
Reasons why performers may take drugs
• • • • • •
Solutions to drug-taking problem
• Unified policies -• • • •