AP European HistorySeptember 3 – 7 2018

TUESDAY (Book Needed) Review of the Early Reformation and the Counter-Reformation (OS-2,11) (SP-2,3,11, IS-10)

Materials Strategy/FormatTextbook and questions Review/Lecture discussion

Introduction The protests of Martin Luther (and others) along with the revolt of German princes was a surprising and

grave threat to the Vatican. As you know, there had been rebellious priests before but they had been severely quieted (Savonarola and Jan Hus for example). However, this was much more serious because whole regions of Europe were in revolt

In 1545, the leaders of the Catholic Church gathered in the Northern Italian city of Trent for an emergency conference. Their aim was to reclaim the moral high ground, and the superiority of the Church, in the wake of the Protestant challenge. The stakes were high. The Council of Trent would have follow up sessions for the next 20 years. Decrees were issued covering every aspect of Church authority, from the holding of multiple offices (benefices), to the chastity of priests, and monastic reforms such as the selling of indulgences were discussed.

In addition to the discussion of key reforms, the Church also went on the offensive. The “Index of Forbidden Books” was published, declaring over 500 texts to be heretical. These included most translations of the Bible and the works of Erasmus, Calvin and Luther. New churches were ordered, with space for thousands of worshippers, and acoustics designed, for the first time, for vernacular sermons. The Catholic Church used the weapon of reform to entice back its disillusioned congregations.

Some of the most important reforms involved bishops who were now forced to actually live in their diocese and each diocese was mandate to have a seminary school to more effectively train priests.

For the rest of the period you can work on the assignment below. It’s important that you complete this because the Unit Test will be in class on Wednesday

Homework Tuesday Night Due ThursdayComplete the Questions Below on the Counter Reformation using your textbook.

The Counter ReformationIntroduction and instructions

As we have seen, the first Protestant Reformers were Catholics who disputed various aspects of orthodoxy. It is worth recalled that:

• Catholic Reformers had always existed!• Catholic Charities still provided more support for the poor and ill.• The Catholic Church was most responsible for the spread of education.• Pope Pius IV and others supported reform and new orders to pursue it• What were some of the new orders that developed and what were their goals?• What traditions of the Medieval Church were revived?

Using Internet sources and/or your Textbook pages 414 - 417, answer the questions below

1. Here is a review question as a warm up: Name THREE abuses or problems cited by the earlier Catholic reformers.

2. What signs existed that by 1540 the surge of Protestantism had slowed considerably?3. What were the TWO basic types of reform within Catholicism during the 16th and 17th

centuries?4. What signs of reform were actually attempted by Pope Adrian VI? Why did these

reforms fail to slow the pace of Protestantism at that time?5. What were the THREE reasons cited by the text account for the slow nature of

Catholic reform?6. On the question of reform, which church leaders from what sections of Europe

represented most reformers? Why were the Italian church leaders resistant?7. Which pope became a key voice calling for reform reform? What was the council

called and, when did it meet?8. Why did Calvinists and Lutherans refuse and invitation to join the Council of Trent?9. Why did the shadow of international politics weaken reform efforts from the start?10. VERY IMPORTANT……List and explain the important Church reforms made during the

Council of Trent.11. EQUALLY IMPORTANT…….List and explain the changes that the Council of Trent

refused to make.12. Who were the Ursilines and what important contributions did they make?13. Who was the founder of the (Society of Jesus) Jesuit Order and, what book did he

write?14. How did the Jesuits achieve their phenomenal success? What were some of the

methods that they used to increase devotion to Catholicism?15. What was the Inquisition established in 1542 by Pope Paul III? Explain the methods

that the Holy Office used to quash heresy?

WEDNESDAY (Unit Test) Unit Test on the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation(OS-2,11)(SP-2,3,11, IS-10)

Materials Strategy/FormatTest Forms Assessment and Review

Instruction Today’s Test will feature your first in-class MC test. There will be a DBQ essay that will be completed at

home and be due on Monday Next week September 10th. Don’t worry, we will discuss the writing process and the rubric before you must write it.

The MC section will cover the following topics

1. The early Reformation and arguments against Church abuses (Notes and Quiz)2. The theories and ideas of Martin Luther3. The Marburg Colloquy and Zwingli4. Theories and ideas of Calvinism and Anabaptism5. The Counter-Reformation (class and reading questions)6. Textbook sections Chapter 13 pp: 390 -407 pp: 410-417 (You can omit any material on England)

HomeworkSee the Friday Lesson for you DBQ Documents

THURSDAY Examine the causes and effects of the French Religious War(OS-2,11)(SP-2,3,11, IS-10)

Materials FormatQuiz and PPT Lecture/Discussion/Documents

Intro

As we say last week, the Reformation while certainly a religious movement swiftly adopted Political overtones. The German princes saw Luther as a rallying point for their designs against both the Catholic Church and the HRE Charles V.

In Switzerland, civil wars erupted claiming thousands of lives including Ulrich Zwingli. Not only were regions and kingdoms dividing over religion.

In England, the protest against Catholicism took on dynastic overtones as Henry VIII broke from the Church and created Anglicanism. His son Edward VI under the influence of John Knox and John Calvin allied with the Puritans only to have some of this alliance undone when Mary I briefly returned England to Catholicism. England will be left swinging between Anglicanism and the more radical offshoot Puritanism. It will be left to Queen Elizabeth I to create something of a balance. But generally speaking, religious turmoil in England will be far less grave.

Europe was quickly developing a bipolarity not unlike we will see in the Post-WWII Cold War. Today we will examine how the reformation developed in France. Not surprisingly the same trends

will be recognizable. Here papal support was in the hands of one dynasty while another supported the teachings of John Calvin (Huguenots). In the middle was the ruling dynasty in the hands of a female regent.

ProcedureI Preconditions of Instability

The Early Reformation in Francea. The Huguenots of France and the Catholic Majority were often at odds. b. The suppression of Huguenots by King Francis I to appease Charles V in 1525c. King Henry II of France commanded that Huguenots be subject to potential tortured. A Pivotal Moment: The death of Henry II in a jousting match creates a succession issue.e. A familiar trend in France is set up: regency

II The Regency of Catherine de Medicis (Valois)

a. King Francis II (Valois) is only a child (see caption)b. A three-way power struggle ensues: The Guises, the Bourbons, and Montmorency-Chatillionsc. Each of these had bases of strength and support both regionally and religiouslyd. The Guise were Ultra-Catholics, the Montmorency-Chatillions were Huguenots and finally

the Bourbon were Huguenot but not staunchly so.

e. Catherine and her son represented the Valois Dynasty and her main objective was to hold on to power for her son

III The Impact of Calvinisma. Huguenots were a branch of Calvinism but aristocrats (about 1/3 were Huguenots) were at

Attracted for political reasons: Guise were Catholic and nearest the throne and they wereattempting to centralize power hoping to be in position if the Valois stumbled.

b. The Huguenot princes hoped to decentralize and control their own realms w/ total authority

IV The Plot Thickensa. Francis II died in 1560 already a sickly child leaving Charles IX as king. But it’s the same old

problem: he too is young and now all sides are growing more tense. Catherine, fearing the growing influence of the Guise makes allegiances among the Huguenots.

b. The January Edict 1562 allowed Huguenots to worship in private.c. The Guise attacked and killed Huguenots at a service and the Huguenots basically did nothing, a move

which could only embolden the Guise.d. The Effects: open warfare starts and the two Huguenots join forces along w/ troops from parts of the

HRE that had adopted Protestant views. At end of this phase the Huguenots were victories and were granted more freedoms. Now Catherine is worried about what the Huguenots might try to pull.

V Catherine’s Secret Plan

a. Catherine feared the Bourbons now just as much as the Guise. Admiral Coligny had the ear of young Charles IX and he was planning an invasion of the Netherlands to aid Protestant forces thereb. Catherine knew this would be a disaster as France would be surrounded on all sides by Catholic forces (Spain controlled Holland and was Ultra-Catholic).c. The assassination plot against Coligny failed and Catherine was afraid that Colginy would

know that she was behind it!d. The St. Bartholomew Day Massacre 20,000 Huguenots murdered in Paris 1572e. International implications: Pope and Philip II rejoiced but Beza began a campaign to

Not only overthrow Catholic power in France but the right of all people to overthrow a sovereign who harms his people!!!!

VI Religious Toleration for Protestantsa. King Henry III now is on the throne and he fears the development of the new Catholic League

and the inherent threat to his power. b. Factions square off with a twist. A new player entered the game: Henry of Navarre who had

married into the Valois line and had a claim to the thronec. Henry III and Henry of Navarre make an alliance and attack the Catholics.d. Henry of Navarre becomes King Henry IV after an assassin killed Henry III (ending the

Valois line and inaugurating the Bourbon)

Conclusion

Henry IV stuck a bargain. He became a Catholic to pacify the Guise sympathizers but the then issued the important Edict of Nantes in 1598 making Huguenots protected. Henry IV will be assassinated as a result by an Ultra Catholic Monk

No Homework

FRIDAY Examine the development of the English Reformation (continued next week) (OS-2,11) (SP-2,3,11, IS-10) Discuss the DBQ essay

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT and documents discussion/CHAPPY

Intro/SetThe English Reformation is a classic case of what we have been seeing in Europe during this period. Secular political leadership will essentially hijack the ideals of the Reformation for their own gains. How did these ideas manifest themselves in Germany and Switzerland?

Last week we discussed a story that many of you are already somewhat familiar: the rise of Henry VIII and his many dalliances and marriages. Most importantly we should note a couple of important treads

The changes that made England accept Protestantism so readily. The political impact of Anglicanism The long-range implications

Today we will look more deeply at the Anglican church and the last ditch attempt to return to Catholicism under Mary Tudor

ProcedureI “A Tale of Two Englands”

a. Henry VIII and Sir Thomas More (Defenders of the Faith) were both staunch Catholics though More did point toward reformsb. Lollardy was a movement of very early Catholic reformers in England. Many felt that the English should break with the Church simply because it controlled so much land. So, there was a history of resisting the Catholic Churchc. The Tyndale Bible was the first English version Bible.

II The Threat to the Tudor Line of Successiona. For our purposes, you certainly do not need to remember the wives of Henry VIII but they are listed in

the text. However, a couple of them are important enough to mention.b. Catherine of Aragon and the dispensation from Pope Julius II that allowed the marriagec. Anne Boleyn and the desired annulment of marriage (Why Pope Clement VII couldn’t say yes.)d. A shift towards Lutheranism: Cardinal Wolsey is out: Thomas Cramner and Thomas Cromwell are in

as Anglican advisors

III The Birth of the Anglican Church (1531)a. The “Reformation Parliament” is called into session b. A new Church: The Church of England or Anglican Church (Episcopal in America)c. King and Parliament to meet and discuss any religious changes (why important)d. Many of the same complaints as those leveled by Luther and Calvin: excessive holidays, ignoring the

people, tithing, the importance of Biblical scholarship.e. The Act of Secession established the line of succession through Anne Boleyn (and of course this will

change as she gave no male heir) and Act of Supremacy placing the monarchy over the Church

IV Anglicanism: The More Things Change, the more they stay the same!a. The new Anglican Church: Not very radical and seemed like Catholicismb. Episcopal System of organization Archbishop of Canterbury leads w/royal appointmentc. From 1539 to 1539 Henry VIII allowed only minor changes from Catholicism (See Six Articles). For

example, Anglican ministers could not marry back then, Lutheran view on Eucharist and Communion, and confession (together in church and not private and individual as Catholics do.

d. The Coverdale Bible and Book of Common Prayer (completed when Edward VI was on the throne) were established and are still used today

The Short Reign of Edward VI (I know, he looks like a girl)a. When Henry VIII died he did, at long last have a male heir by Jane Seymour but he

was far too young to rule. So a regency was established under the Duke of Somerset andthe Duke of Northumberland These men, along with an executive council ran the kingdom.

b. One of the most important aspects of Edward’s reign was the growing unrest in theAnglican Church between the Puritans and Anglicans.

c. The Puritans wanted to reorder the Anglican Church along the lines of Calvinism andRemove any vestige of Catholicism (which they would of course identify).

d. By 1553 Edward VI was dying a succession crisis was brewing because there wasno male heir and thus a new Tudor had to be found.

e. The Duke of Northumberland supported Lady Jane Gray as did many in the Parliament. Meanwhile Mary Tudor was supported by Tudor nobles. After nine days, the privy council of Parliament reversed itself and proclaimed Mary Tudor queen. The 9 day reign of Lady Jane Gray was over

The Reign of Mary Tudor a. Mary Tudor attempted to return Catholicism in England and undo the more Calvinist reforms

of her successor. At the behest of Charles V HRE she wed Philip II of Spain and together they traveled to see the Pope.

b. This angered Englishmen on two accounts: first the return of Catholicism angered Puritans and non-Puritans and the combination of the throne made many believe that Spain was now in charge of the destiny of England

c. Several hundred English Anglicans and Puritans were executed and many were exiled. Many of these leading Puritans went to Geneva. These “Marian exiles” returned even more radical than before after Mary’s death.

ConclusionSo, Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church going from defender of the faith to destroyer of it in England. This will start a virtual rollercoaster ride of religion in England. The only son of Henry VIII was Edward VI (Jane Seymour’s son). He will move England far more into line with Calvinism and the Anglican Church will finally only recognize 2 sacraments. Following a brief return to Catholicism under Mary Tudor, Queen Elizabeth will be named queen. We will return to her in a later unit

HomeworkDue on Monday September 10th in class you will be writing your first DBQ essay. For this assignment, you may type your paper.

Before you write the essay view the video below on DBQ writing. (Dude is kinda funny)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEtpMq6ZXkE&feature=iv&src_vid=V3SUzsTK8G4&annotation_id=annotation_22 75260087

Write the following DBQ

"Analyze the extent to which the underlying causes of the Protestant Reformation shaped politics in 16th Century." (CCOT style essay)

Directions: This question is based on the accompanying documents. The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise. You are advised to spend 15 minutes planning and 45 minutes writing your answer.

In your response you should do the following. State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.

Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all, or all but one, of the documents.

Incorporate analysis of all, or all but one, of the documents into your argument. Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,

purpose, historical context, and/or point of view. Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents. Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes. Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay.

**Remember that you have a copy of the AP Euro DBQ scoring rubric on the classjump website starting on page 2 of the pdf file.

Document 1

"You know that now in our time, as also many years heretofore, the pure, clear and bright light, the Word of God, has been so dimmed and confused and paled with human ambitions and teachings that the majority who by word of mouth call themselves Christians know nothing less well than the divine will. But by their own invented service of God, holiness, external spiritual exhibition, founded upon human customs and laws, they have gone astray, and have thus been persuaded by these whom people consider learned and leaders of others to the extent that the simple think that such invented external worship is spiritual."

From Ulrich Zwingli's debate in Zurich, 1523

Document 2

"Like an insidious devil you pervert the Scriptures. You say that the Church consists virtually in the pope. What abominations will you not have to regard as the deeds of the Church? Lookat the ghastly shedding of blood by Julius II. Look at the outrageous tyranny of Boniface VIII, who as the proverb declares, 'came in as a wolf, reigned as a lion, and died as a dog.' You make the pope into an emperor Maximilian and the Germans will not tolerate this.

Martin Luther responding to being accused of heresy

Document 3

"Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in their convocations, yet nevertheless, for corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and extirpate all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same, be it enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, that the king, our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicans Ecclesia; and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all honors, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity of the supreme head of the same Church belonging and appertaining; and that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, record, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offenses, contempts and enormities…."

Henry VIII 's Act of Supremacy (1534) - original text

Document 4

Woodcut depicting the burning of Michael Severtus in Geneva, 1553

Document 5

Map of Confessional Identities in 17th century Europe, users.clas.ufl.edu

Document 6

THE HESSIAN CHANCELLOR FEIGE: My gracious prince and lord [Landgrave Philip of Hesse] has summoned you for the express and urgent purpose of settling the dispute over the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.... And let everyone on both sides present his arguments in a spirit of moderation, as becomes such matters.... Now then, Doctor Luther, you may proceed.

LUTHER: Noble prince, gracious lord! Undoubtedly the colloquy is well intentioned.... Although I have no intention of changing my mind, which is firmly made up, I will nevertheless present the grounds of my belief and show where the others are in error.... Your basic contentions are these: In the last analysis you wish to prove that a body cannot be in two places at once, and you produce arguments about the unlimited body which are based on natural reason. I do not question how Christ can be God and man and how the two natures can be joined. For God is more powerful than all our ideas, and we must submit to his word.

Prove that Christ's body is not there where the Scripture says, "This is my body!" Rational proofs I will not listen to.... God is beyond all mathematics and the words of God are to be revered and carried out in awe. It is God who commands, "Take, eat, this is my body." I request, therefore, valid scriptural proof to the contrary.

Luther writes on the table in chalk, "This is my body," and covers the words with a velvet cloth.

OECOLAMPADIUS [leader of the reform movement in Basel and a Zwinglian partisan]: The sixth chapter of John clarifies the other scriptural passages. Christ is not speaking there about a local presence. "The flesh is of no avail," he says [John 6:63]. It is not my intention to employ rational, or geometrical, arguments- neither am I denying the power of God-but as long as I have the complete faith I will speak from that. For Christ is risen; he sits at the right hand of God; and so he cannot be present in the bread. Our view is neither new nor sacrilegious, but is based on faith and Scripture....

ZWINGLI: I insist that the words of the Lord's Supper must be figurative. This is ever apparent, and even required by the article of faith: "taken up into heaven, seated at the right hand of the Father." Otherwise, it would be absurd to look for him in the Lord's Supper at the same time that Christ is telling us that he is in heaven. One and the same body cannot possibly he in different places....

LUTHER: I call upon you as before: your basic contentions are shaky. Give way, and give glory to God'

The Marburg Colloquy, 1529

Document 7

"So it was determined to exterminate all the Protestants, and the plan was approved by the queen. They discussed for some time whether they should make an exception of the king of Navarre and the prince of Conde. All agreed that the king of Navarre should be spared by reason of the royal dignity and the new alliance. The duke of Guise, who was put in full command of the enterprise, summoned by night several captains of the Catholic Swiss mercenaries from the five little cantons, and some commanders of French companies, and told them that it was the will of the king that, according to God's will, they should take vengeance on the band of rebels while they had the beasts in the toils. Victory was easy and the booty great and to be obtained without danger. The signal to commence the massacre should be given by the bell of the palace, and the marks by which they should recognize each other in the darkness were a bit of white linen tied around the left arm and a white cross on the hat.

Meanwhile Coligny awoke and recognized from the noise that a riot was taking place. Nevertheless he remained assured of the king's good will, being persuaded thereof either by his credulity or by Teligny, his son-in-law: he believed the populace had been stirred up by the Guises, and that quiet would be restored as soon as it was seen that soldiers of the guard, under the command of Cosseins, had been detailed to protect him and guard his property.

Robinson's note: The statesman and fair-minded historian De Thou (1553-1617), who as a young man witnessed the Massacre of St. Bartholomew The account of J.H. Robinson, ed.,

Readings in European History 2 vols.(Boston: Ginn, 1906), 2:179-183.