APULEIUS THE SORCERER. Ceiling panel of a 4th century AD Roman palace found under the cathedral in...
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APULEIUS THE SORCERER
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Ceiling panel of a 4th century AD Roman palace foundunder the
cathedral in Trier
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Apuleius of Madaurus (2nd C.E.)
Platonic philosopher formally accused of magic outline of his defense speech in his Apology
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Background Madaurus in Numidia
Annexed by the in the late 3rd century BCE
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Apuleius’ Life
Studies in Athens Travels to Oea, a little town close to Alexandria
Stays with Sicinius Pontianus a friend met in Athens
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Oea
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Phoenician town;
Today Tripoli in Libya.
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Works as a tutor of a friend’s younger brother
At his friend’s request
Marries his student’s widowed and wealthy mother, Aemilia Pudentilla.
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Before this wedding takes place, his friend Sicinius marries a daughter of a man named Rufinus, who is eager for Sicinius to inherit all of Pudentilla’s wealth
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Both men turn against Apuleius
He marries the widow Shortly after Apuleius and Pudentilla’s wedding
Sicinius dies
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In order to keep her—and her property, the in-laws of the deceased Sicinius accuse Apuleius of magic
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Accusation:
Apuleius practiced malevolent, in particular, erotic magic.
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Law Lex Cornelia against assassins and poisoners
calling for capital punishment
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He performed magical rituals repeatedly ‘crime of magic’ not ‘poisoning’
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He possessed magical tools.
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Key of Solomon, 1674
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He was gay and therefore had to be a sorcerer (sic!)
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Line of defenseGeneral:
Apuleius is as a good citizen.
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He shares with his judge, the proconsul, the knowledge of Plato
He quotes the definition of magi as specialists in religious matters.
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Specific accusations
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1. specimens of poisonous sea-slug
Accusers: the name of the creature similar to that of female genitalia
--> used in erotic magic
Apuleius: was writing a book on fish.
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2. Divination Accusers: A. performed incantations
over a young boy at a small altar in a secret place with only a few friends present.
Apuleius: the details his accusers provide were so inaccurate that they cannot be true.
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3. Exorcism Accusers: he performed exorcism = he is a magician
Apuleius: I acted as a physician
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4. Possession of ritual objects
Accusers: the objects prove that his is a magician
Apuleius: the objects ate linked to mystery cults he had been initiated in.
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Accusers: ceremonies were performed in his house at night
Apuleius: worshipped an ebony statuette representing a superhuman power linked with the world of the dead
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5. The statuette of ‘the king’
A. commissioned one to be made of boxwood
a friend paid the craftsman for ebony
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“King” Berlin papyrus:
“Come to me, King, I call you, god of gods”
“powerful, infinite, immaculate, inexplicable”
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The witch and her familiar
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Apuleius’ main point• Many respectable practices look like magic:– Inscribing a wish– Making sacrifices– Use of herbs in religious practice
– Prayer in private– Mystery cults– Science
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Apuleius’ definition of magic
• “Common people,” believing that magicians can control gods, are ignorant
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• Both philosophers and scientists accused of magic
• Apuleius considers himself a philosopher seeking to understand the nature of the divine and a naturalist
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Was Apuleius a sorcerer?
• If magic is a social construct, and the society construed Apuleius’ actions as ‘magic’
• He was a ‘sorcerer’
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Marcel Mauss
• “Any unusual interest in the sacred may bring about an accusation of magic”
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Marcel Mauss Student of Émile Durkheim
No fieldwork No gift is ever free
Social transactions create strong connection between people
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Marcel Mauss Magic is a social phenomenon: public opinion creates the magician
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Marcel Mauss Magic is based on the on the belief in mana (borrowed from studies of the cultures of Melanesia)
Impersonal force found in people, animals and objects
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Marcel Mauss Esquisse d’une theórie générale de la magie