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![Page 1: Aptamer-targeted inhibition of mTOR in T cells enhances antitumor immunity Alexey Berezhnoy, Iris Castro, Agata Levay, Thomas R. Malek, and Eli Gilboa.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b777f8b9ab0599b7b8c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Aptamer-targeted inhibition of mTOR in T cells enhances
antitumor immunityAlexey Berezhnoy, Iris Castro, Agata Levay, Thomas R. Malek, and Eli
Gilboa
J Clin Invest. 2014;124(1):188–197
![Page 2: Aptamer-targeted inhibition of mTOR in T cells enhances antitumor immunity Alexey Berezhnoy, Iris Castro, Agata Levay, Thomas R. Malek, and Eli Gilboa.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b777f8b9ab0599b7b8c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Background (siRNA)• siRNA (small interfering RNA) - ability to inhibit
target genes
• Aptamer - oligonucleic acid molecules that bind to a target molecule.
• Aptamer-siRNA conjugate - delivery vehicle composed of a targeting part (aptamer) and a therapeutic part (siRNA).
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![Page 4: Aptamer-targeted inhibition of mTOR in T cells enhances antitumor immunity Alexey Berezhnoy, Iris Castro, Agata Levay, Thomas R. Malek, and Eli Gilboa.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b777f8b9ab0599b7b8c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Background (T Cells)
•Memory T cells – T cells that have encountered and responded to their specific antigen.
• They can recognize invaders and at a 2nd encounter can reproduce to mount a faster and stronger immune response than the 1st time.
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![Page 6: Aptamer-targeted inhibition of mTOR in T cells enhances antitumor immunity Alexey Berezhnoy, Iris Castro, Agata Levay, Thomas R. Malek, and Eli Gilboa.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b777f8b9ab0599b7b8c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Background• Elevated levels of mTOR promote the accumulation of short-lived
effectors rather than memory cells.
• Pharmacological agents can have undesirable effects due to their broad range
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Aim of the study
Aptamer-targeted siRNA inhibition of mTOR in CD8+ T
cells enhances a vaccine-induced memory and an
antitumor immunity that is superior to pharmacological
treatment.
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Methods• siRNA specific to raptor (a component of mTORC1) • Aptamer that binds to 4-1BB, a molecule that is expressed on CD8+ T
cells
Test if siRNA inhibit
s mTOR
C1 activity
.
Test if mTOR
inhibition causes formation of
memory CD8+ T
cell
Test if siRNA
can enhance vaccine-induced memory respons
es
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Methods• Goal: 4-1BB-raptor is capable of inhibiting mTOR activity
• OT-I cells transferred into mice, and mice vaccinated with OVA peptide and then treated with:• rapamycin • 4-1BB aptamer-GFP siRNA (4-1BB-GFP) • 4-1BB aptamer-raptor siRNA (4-1BB-raptor)
•mTORC activity measured
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Results
• The 4-1BB-raptor conjugate inhibited the activity of mTORC1, but not mTORC2,
• Rapamycin inhibited both mTOR complexes.
• The target specificity of raptor siRNA inhibition is shown
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Methods• Goal: mTOR inhibition leads to the generation of enhanced memory
CD8+ T cell responses
• OT-I cells transferred into mice, mice vaccinated with OVA peptide and then treated with:• rapamycin • 4-1BB aptamer-GFP siRNA (4-1BB-GFP) • 4-1BB aptamer-raptor siRNA (4-1BB-raptor)
• Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.
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• Cells treated with rapamycin or 4-1BB-raptor have greater CD62Lhi CD44hi or CD62LhiCD127hi phenotype.
• Phenotypes show an enhanced potential to develop into memory cells.
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Methods• Goal: 4-1BB-raptor can enhance vaccine-induced memory responses
• Mice were vaccinated with B16 melanoma cells (GVAX) and then treated with: • Rapamycin• 4-1BB aptamer-GFP siRNA conjugate (4-1BB-GFP)• 4-1BB aptamer-raptor siRNA conjugate (4-1BB-raptor)
• Then, on day 50, the mice were challenged with parental B16 tumor cells and survival was determined
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Results• Treatment with 4-1BB-raptor
enhanced GVAX-induced antitumor immunity.
• Rapamycin is less effective at promoting memory responses and has less antitumor immunity
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Author’s Interpretation• siRNA inhibition of mTORC1 enhances vaccine-induced immunity.
• Aptamer-targeted siRNA superior to rapamycin in terms of protective antitumor immunity in mice.
• Rapamycin inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2. Since mTORC2 is in cell survival, and glucose homeostasis, inhibition could be harmful
• Cell targeting reduces dose of siRNA needed, reducing the risk of nonspecific immune activation
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Critique• Side-effects of inhibition of mTOR on other cellular processes was not
examined
• Enhancement of memory T-cells not directly measured
• Mechanism of the immune response in the enhancement of antitumor immunity still needs to be investigated
• 4-11B expression is upregulated on cells other than CD8+ so more specific targeting receptors will improve the specificity
• Currently, only in mouse model, no human studies conducted so therapeutic applications not completely confirmed
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Questions?