Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional...
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Approximate Ramsey properties for fintedimensional `p-spaces
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo
Warwick University, June 8, 2015
Joint work with J. Lopez-Abad, B. Mbombo and S. Todorcevic
Supported by Fapesp, process 2013/11390-4
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Notation
I X Banach space, F finite dimensional Banach space,I Emb(F ,X ) denotes the class of linear isometric
embeddings of F into X , equipped with the distance
d(T ,U) = ‖T − U‖
induced by the operator norm.I Isom(X ) is the group of linear (surjective) isometries on X ,
usually equipped with SOT.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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The main result
Theorem (Ramsey theorem for embeddings between `np’s)
Given 0 < p <∞, integers d, m, r , and ε > 0 there exists nsuch that whenever c : Emb(`dp , `
np)→ r is a coloring of the set
of all isometric embeddings Emb(`dp , `np) of `dp into `np into r -many
colors, there is some isometric embedding γ : `mp → `np andsome color i < r such that
γ ◦ Emb(`dp , `mp ) ⊂ (c−1{i})ε.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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The main result
The main result may also be stated as a result of stabilization ofLipschitz maps:
TheoremGiven 0 < p <∞, integers d ,m, and K , ε > 0 there existsn ∈ N such that for any K -Lipschitz functionL : Emb(`dp , `
np)→ R, there exists γ ∈ Emb(`mp , `
np) such that
Osc(L|γ ◦ Emb(`dp , `mp )) < ε.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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A few comments
1. The case p = 2 (the Hilbert case) is an indirectconsequence of the extreme amenability of U(H)(Gromov-Milman 1983).
2. The case d = 1 was proved by Odell- Rosenthal -Schlumprecht (1993) and Matousek-Rodl (1995)independently.
3. By the solution to the distortion problem,Odell-Schlumprecht (1994), no infinite dimensionalgeneralization.
4. Embeddings versus copies; the case d = 1.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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A few comments
1. The case p = 2 (the Hilbert case) is an indirectconsequence of the extreme amenability of U(H)(Gromov-Milman 1983).
2. The case d = 1 was proved by Odell- Rosenthal -Schlumprecht (1993) and Matousek-Rodl (1995)independently.
3. By the solution to the distortion problem,Odell-Schlumprecht (1994), no infinite dimensionalgeneralization.
4. Embeddings versus copies; the case d = 1.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 7: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A few comments
1. The case p = 2 (the Hilbert case) is an indirectconsequence of the extreme amenability of U(H)(Gromov-Milman 1983).
2. The case d = 1 was proved by Odell- Rosenthal -Schlumprecht (1993) and Matousek-Rodl (1995)independently.
3. By the solution to the distortion problem,Odell-Schlumprecht (1994), no infinite dimensionalgeneralization.
4. Embeddings versus copies; the case d = 1.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 8: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A few comments
1. The case p = 2 (the Hilbert case) is an indirectconsequence of the extreme amenability of U(H)(Gromov-Milman 1983).
2. The case d = 1 was proved by Odell- Rosenthal -Schlumprecht (1993) and Matousek-Rodl (1995)independently.
3. By the solution to the distortion problem,Odell-Schlumprecht (1994), no infinite dimensionalgeneralization.
4. Embeddings versus copies; the case d = 1.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 9: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A few comments
1. The case p = 2 (the Hilbert case) is an indirectconsequence of the extreme amenability of U(H)(Gromov-Milman 1983).
2. The case d = 1 was proved by Odell- Rosenthal -Schlumprecht (1993) and Matousek-Rodl (1995)independently.
3. By the solution to the distortion problem,Odell-Schlumprecht (1994), no infinite dimensionalgeneralization.
4. Embeddings versus copies; the case d = 1.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 10: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Borsuk-Ulam antipodal theorem
We can relate our Ramsey result to an equivalent form ofBorsuk-Ulam called Lyusternik-Schnirel’man theorem (1930):
Theorem (a form of Borsuk-Ulam)If the unit sphere Sn−1 of `n2 is covered by n open sets, then oneof them contains a pair {−x , x} of antipodal points.
By the fact that every finite open cover of a finite dimensionalsphere is the ε-fattening of some smaller open cover, for someε > 0, our result for d = 1,m = 1 may be seen as a version ofBorsuk-Ulam theorem (n = np(1,1, r , ε)).
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Borsuk-Ulam antipodal theorem
We can relate our Ramsey result to an equivalent form ofBorsuk-Ulam called Lyusternik-Schnirel’man theorem (1930):
Theorem (a form of Borsuk-Ulam)If the unit sphere Sn−1 of `n2 is covered by n open sets, then oneof them contains a pair {−x , x} of antipodal points.
By the fact that every finite open cover of a finite dimensionalsphere is the ε-fattening of some smaller open cover, for someε > 0, our result for d = 1,m = 1 may be seen as a version ofBorsuk-Ulam theorem (n = np(1,1, r , ε)).
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Consequence on Lp spaces
Using classical results of Rudin (1976) - see also Lusky (1978):
PropositionAssume 0 < p < +∞,p 6= 4,6,8, . . .. Then Lp(0,1) is”approximately ultrahomogeneous”, meaning that for anyfinite-dimensional subspace F of Lp(0,1), for any ε > 0, for anyt ∈ Emb(F ,Lp(0,1)), there exists a surjective isometryT ∈ Isom(Lp(0,1)) such that
‖TF − t‖ ≤ ε.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Consequence on Lp spaces
As as consequence of a result of B. Randrianantoanina (1998),we may observe that this proposition is false for p = 4,6,8, ...;actually:
PropositionIf p = 4,6,8, ... then for every M > 1, there exists a finitedimensional subspace F of Lp(0,1) and t ∈ Emb(F ,Lp(0,1))such any extension T of t on Lp(0,1) satisfies ‖T‖ ≥ M.
A positive result holds for all 0 < p < +∞:
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Consequence on Lp spaces
As as consequence of a result of B. Randrianantoanina (1998),we may observe that this proposition is false for p = 4,6,8, ...;actually:
PropositionIf p = 4,6,8, ... then for every M > 1, there exists a finitedimensional subspace F of Lp(0,1) and t ∈ Emb(F ,Lp(0,1))such any extension T of t on Lp(0,1) satisfies ‖T‖ ≥ M.
A positive result holds for all 0 < p < +∞:
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Consequence on Lp spaces
TheoremFor any 0 < p < +∞, Lp[0,1] is of almost `np-disposition: for any`mp ⊂ Lp([0,1]), any embedding j ∈ Emb(`mp , `
np), there exists an
embedding T ∈ Emb(`np,Lp(0,1)) such that
‖Id|`mp − T ◦ j‖ ≤ ε.
ObservationLp(0,1) is the unique separable Lp-space of almost`np-disposition.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Extreme amenability
The almost `np-disposition of Lp(0,1) plus the approximateRamsey property of embeddings between `np’s imply analternative proof of the following results of Gromov-Milman(1983) and Giordano-Pestov (2003).
TheoremThe group of linear surjective isometries of Lp(0,1), 0 < p <∞,with SOT, is extremely amenable.
The point is that Lp(0,1) looks like the Fraısse limit of class of`np’s together with isometric embeddings....
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Extreme amenability
The almost `np-disposition of Lp(0,1) plus the approximateRamsey property of embeddings between `np’s imply analternative proof of the following results of Gromov-Milman(1983) and Giordano-Pestov (2003).
TheoremThe group of linear surjective isometries of Lp(0,1), 0 < p <∞,with SOT, is extremely amenable.
The point is that Lp(0,1) looks like the Fraısse limit of class of`np’s together with isometric embeddings....
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Another consequence: the ”lattice Gurarij’
Theorem (F. Cabello-Sanchez, 1998)There exists a renorming of C(0,1) as an M-space with almosttransitive norm.
Defining a ”disjoint copy of `n∞” in an M-space as an isometriccopy of `n∞ generated by disjoint vectors, we may improve thisto:
Theorem (the ”lattice Gurarij”)There exists a renorming of C(0,1) as an M-space G` which is”approximately disjointly homogeneous”: i.e. for any ε > 0, anyisometry t between two disjoint copies F and F ′ of `n∞, there isa surjective, disjoint preserving, linear isometry T on G` suchthat
‖T|F − t‖ ≤ ε.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Another consequence: the ”lattice Gurarij’
Theorem (F. Cabello-Sanchez, 1998)There exists a renorming of C(0,1) as an M-space with almosttransitive norm.
Defining a ”disjoint copy of `n∞” in an M-space as an isometriccopy of `n∞ generated by disjoint vectors, we may improve thisto:
Theorem (the ”lattice Gurarij”)There exists a renorming of C(0,1) as an M-space G` which is”approximately disjointly homogeneous”: i.e. for any ε > 0, anyisometry t between two disjoint copies F and F ′ of `n∞, there isa surjective, disjoint preserving, linear isometry T on G` suchthat
‖T|F − t‖ ≤ ε.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Another consequence: the ”lattice Gurarij’
Theorem (F. Cabello-Sanchez, 1998)There exists a renorming of C(0,1) as an M-space with almosttransitive norm.
Defining a ”disjoint copy of `n∞” in an M-space as an isometriccopy of `n∞ generated by disjoint vectors, we may improve thisto:
Theorem (the ”lattice Gurarij”)There exists a renorming of C(0,1) as an M-space G` which is”approximately disjointly homogeneous”: i.e. for any ε > 0, anyisometry t between two disjoint copies F and F ′ of `n∞, there isa surjective, disjoint preserving, linear isometry T on G` suchthat
‖T|F − t‖ ≤ ε.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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The lattice Gurarij
Since
ObservationThe approximate Ramsey property holds for disjoint preservingisometric embeddings between `n∞’s,
we deduce:
TheoremThe group of disjoint preserving isometries on G`, with SOT, isextremely amenable.
ObservationTherefore Gowers’ Ramsey theorem about block subspaces ofc0 has a finite dimensional version with subspaces of `n∞’sgenerated by disjoint vectors, rather than with subspacesgenerated by successive vectors.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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The lattice Gurarij
Since
ObservationThe approximate Ramsey property holds for disjoint preservingisometric embeddings between `n∞’s,
we deduce:
TheoremThe group of disjoint preserving isometries on G`, with SOT, isextremely amenable.
ObservationTherefore Gowers’ Ramsey theorem about block subspaces ofc0 has a finite dimensional version with subspaces of `n∞’sgenerated by disjoint vectors, rather than with subspacesgenerated by successive vectors.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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The lattice Gurarij
Since
ObservationThe approximate Ramsey property holds for disjoint preservingisometric embeddings between `n∞’s,
we deduce:
TheoremThe group of disjoint preserving isometries on G`, with SOT, isextremely amenable.
ObservationTherefore Gowers’ Ramsey theorem about block subspaces ofc0 has a finite dimensional version with subspaces of `n∞’sgenerated by disjoint vectors, rather than with subspacesgenerated by successive vectors.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I using the Mazur map, which is a disjoint preservinguniform homeomorphism between S`p and S`q , we mayassume p = 1,
I we look at matrices (n,d) of isometric embeddings of `d1into `n1. Since n >> d , and up to a discretization, somelines of the matrix will repeat themselves. Therefore wemay associate
I elements of Emb(`d1 , `
n1) with
I partitions of n into k = k(d , ε) pieces indexed by possiblevalues of the lines
I with more work, and using a result of Matousek-Rodl, weshall do it in a coherent way, e.g. composing surjectionsessentially corresponds to composing partitions...
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I using the Mazur map, which is a disjoint preservinguniform homeomorphism between S`p and S`q , we mayassume p = 1,
I we look at matrices (n,d) of isometric embeddings of `d1into `n1. Since n >> d , and up to a discretization, somelines of the matrix will repeat themselves. Therefore wemay associate
I elements of Emb(`d1 , `
n1) with
I partitions of n into k = k(d , ε) pieces indexed by possiblevalues of the lines
I with more work, and using a result of Matousek-Rodl, weshall do it in a coherent way, e.g. composing surjectionsessentially corresponds to composing partitions...
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 26: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I using the Mazur map, which is a disjoint preservinguniform homeomorphism between S`p and S`q , we mayassume p = 1,
I we look at matrices (n,d) of isometric embeddings of `d1into `n1. Since n >> d , and up to a discretization, somelines of the matrix will repeat themselves. Therefore wemay associate
I elements of Emb(`d1 , `
n1) with
I partitions of n into k = k(d , ε) pieces indexed by possiblevalues of the lines
I with more work, and using a result of Matousek-Rodl, weshall do it in a coherent way, e.g. composing surjectionsessentially corresponds to composing partitions...
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 27: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I using the Mazur map, which is a disjoint preservinguniform homeomorphism between S`p and S`q , we mayassume p = 1,
I we look at matrices (n,d) of isometric embeddings of `d1into `n1. Since n >> d , and up to a discretization, somelines of the matrix will repeat themselves. Therefore wemay associate
I elements of Emb(`d1 , `
n1) with
I partitions of n into k = k(d , ε) pieces indexed by possiblevalues of the lines
I with more work, and using a result of Matousek-Rodl, weshall do it in a coherent way, e.g. composing surjectionsessentially corresponds to composing partitions...
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 28: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I so what we need is a Ramsey result for partitions.
I to obtain uniform continuity and because of thenormalizing factors appearing in the `1-norm (as opposedto the `∞-norm), we need to work with equipartitions.
I it is an open question whether a Dual Ramsey Theorem ofthe type Graham - Rothschild holds for equipartitions.
I however in our context we only need a Ramsey Theoremfor ε-equipartitions.
I this is proved by concentration of measure (one of thecolours has measure ≥ 1/r , so ”almost all” elements havethe same colour up to ε, ....)
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
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Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I so what we need is a Ramsey result for partitions.I to obtain uniform continuity and because of the
normalizing factors appearing in the `1-norm (as opposedto the `∞-norm), we need to work with equipartitions.
I it is an open question whether a Dual Ramsey Theorem ofthe type Graham - Rothschild holds for equipartitions.
I however in our context we only need a Ramsey Theoremfor ε-equipartitions.
I this is proved by concentration of measure (one of thecolours has measure ≥ 1/r , so ”almost all” elements havethe same colour up to ε, ....)
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 30: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I so what we need is a Ramsey result for partitions.I to obtain uniform continuity and because of the
normalizing factors appearing in the `1-norm (as opposedto the `∞-norm), we need to work with equipartitions.
I it is an open question whether a Dual Ramsey Theorem ofthe type Graham - Rothschild holds for equipartitions.
I however in our context we only need a Ramsey Theoremfor ε-equipartitions.
I this is proved by concentration of measure (one of thecolours has measure ≥ 1/r , so ”almost all” elements havethe same colour up to ε, ....)
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 31: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I so what we need is a Ramsey result for partitions.I to obtain uniform continuity and because of the
normalizing factors appearing in the `1-norm (as opposedto the `∞-norm), we need to work with equipartitions.
I it is an open question whether a Dual Ramsey Theorem ofthe type Graham - Rothschild holds for equipartitions.
I however in our context we only need a Ramsey Theoremfor ε-equipartitions.
I this is proved by concentration of measure (one of thecolours has measure ≥ 1/r , so ”almost all” elements havethe same colour up to ε, ....)
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 32: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hints of the proof of the `np Ramsey result, p 6= 2
I so what we need is a Ramsey result for partitions.I to obtain uniform continuity and because of the
normalizing factors appearing in the `1-norm (as opposedto the `∞-norm), we need to work with equipartitions.
I it is an open question whether a Dual Ramsey Theorem ofthe type Graham - Rothschild holds for equipartitions.
I however in our context we only need a Ramsey Theoremfor ε-equipartitions.
I this is proved by concentration of measure (one of thecolours has measure ≥ 1/r , so ”almost all” elements havethe same colour up to ε, ....)
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces
![Page 33: Approximate Ramsey properties for finte … · Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional ‘ p-spaces Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo˜ Warwick University, June](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020414/5bba58d309d3f27c3d8dfe5e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
M. Gromov, and V. D. Milman. A topological application ofthe isoperimetric inequality. Amer. J. Math. 105 (1983), no.4, 843–854.
A. Kechris, V. Pestov and S. Todorcevic, Fraısse limits,Ramsey theory, and topological dynamics of automorphismgroups, Geom. Funct. Anal. 15 (2005), 106–189.
J. Matousek and V. Rodl. On Ramsey sets in spheres. J.Combin. Theory Ser. A 70 (1995), no. 1, 30–44.
E. Odell, H. P. Rosenthal and Th. Schlumprecht. On weaklynull FDDs in Banach spaces. Israel J. Math. 84 (1993), no.3, 333–351.
Valentin Ferenczi, University of Sao Paulo Approximate Ramsey properties for finte dimensional `p -spaces