Approaches to Ecological Assessment
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Approaches to Ecological Assessment
Models R Us
Handout # 5
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Class Objective
1. Provide student with a understanding of the relationship of models to their job and to Corps projects.
2. Provide student with an overview of general approaches.
3. Review homework assignment.
4. Describe key procedures:
HEP, IFIM, IBI, HGM.
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What is your job?
The Corps objective:
• to contribute to (NER) increases in net quantity and/or quality of desired ecosystem resources. – Measurement of NER is based on
changes in ecological resource quality as a function of improvement in habitat quality and/or quantity and expressed quantitatively in physical units or indexes (but not monetary units).
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Discuss Homework
• Best professional judgment• WRAP• HEP• HGM• IBI
Which can be used as input to Incremental Cost Analysis?
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General approachesHow to assess function?
1. Best professional judgment
(Descriptive narratives)
2. Measure specific criteria
(e.g., water quality input/output, biomass, fish and wildlife populations)
3. Assessment procedure
(structured bpj models) (Handout # 5)
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1. Best Professional Judgment
• Simple statements or icons– Function present or absent– Screening tool
• Narrative (usually cite literature)
• Rating (e.g., index, score 1-5, low, moderate, high)Discuss example of bpj developed in the class exercise (i.e. WRAP Handout # 3 pg 1)
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Comments: Best Professional Judgment
Advantages:• Usually more rapid and cost effective.• May reveal things overlooked by other
approaches.Disadvantages:• Generally lacks documentation to support
rating.• Lack of set criteria leads to different scoring
of same site by different observers. • Less defensible.
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2. Specific Criteria2. Specific Criteria
Identify and measure specific Identify and measure specific structural orstructural orfunctional criteria based on areas offunctional criteria based on areas ofconcern.concern.Examples: Surveys for rare and endangered species Water quality (nutrient levels, oxygen
levels, turbidity, temperature) Sediment sampling for contaminants
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3. Ecological Assessment Procedure3. Ecological Assessment Procedure• No models - best professional judgment.
with a Descriptive Approach; i.e. some structure.
(e.g.) WRAP.
• Models -that describe function based on ecological structure (minimal sampling of organisms if any).
(e.g., HEP, HGM).
• Models -that describe habitat based on population data (extensive sampling of organisms).
(e.g., IBI).
Scale/context differ: landscape, ecosystem (site level), community models, or species specific. (Handout #6)
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Review of key procedures
• Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP)
• Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM)
• Index of Biological Integrity (IBI)• “Wetland assessment”: Many
including the Hydrogeomorphic Approach (HGM)
Handout # 5
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All of These Procedures Require Field Sampling
• For small project visual recon is okay.
• Large projects need randomized sampling.
• The sample represents the quantification of a subset of the whole multiplied by the spatial extent.
A sampling exercise will be conducted with the cultural resources module.
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HEP
Provides a numerical index incorporating food, cover and breeding relationships indicative of a habitat’s carrying capacity for a given species.
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HEP
Habitats: Upland, wetland,and aquatic habitats
Measures: habitat suitability
Units: HSI and HUs
Handout #4 page 5
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HEP Strengths:
Objective Quantitative Standardized
nationwide Models tested and
available Can compare
different habitats
Limitations:
Habitat only Can manipulate result by
changing species Time consuming Does not
address functions.
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Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM)
Instream flow methodology deals with the amounts of streamflow necessary to sustain instream values at acceptable levels.
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PURPOSE: To assesses stream flow and stream habitat utility utilizing macro-habitats variables including temperature, water quality, channel structure, and measures of micro-habitat variables such as velocity, depth, and cover.
IFIM (Instream Flow Incremental Methodology)
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Stream Transects = Hydraulic Controls
*Hydraulic controls form upstream an downstream boundaries of each cell.
*
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Use computer programs, e.g., PHABSIM* and
HABITAT
1
23
*
*
Habitat Cells
HydraulicCell
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IFIM
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IFIMStrengths
Looks holistically
at the species
year-round life
requirements Quantifies habitat
values at differing
flows
Limitations
Expensive Limited number
of models Cold Water
Origins
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PURPOSE: To assess the biological integrity (level of disturbance) of a habitat through samples of living organisms to evaluate the consequences of human actions on biological systems.
IBI (Index of Biological Integrity)
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IBI (Index of Biological Integrity)
Habitats: streams, mud flats, wetlands, anddeepwater habitats
Measures: biological integrity
Units: IBI
IBI = sum of metric* scores
* A parameter with predictable and empirical patterns when plotted against a gradient of human disturbance.
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Disturbed –DamagedDisturbed –Damaged
HealthyHealthy
Same Habitats Type
Same Habitat Type
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Collecting organisms from selected assemblage (e.g., macroinvertebrates)
Activity TrapActivity Trap
Fixed Area SampleFixed Area Sample
Dip NetDip Net
Dip NetDip Net
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Human Disturbance
Nu
mb
er
of
Ta
xa
MostLeast
Example of a Metric
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Human Disturbance
Nu
mb
er
of
Ta
xa
MostLeast
5
3
1
Scoring a Metric
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Example of Multiple MetricsValue Score Value Score
Number of Taxa 27 5 12 1% Water Boatmen 15% 5 60% 3% Erpodella 5% 5 40% 1% 3 Dominants 40% 5 70% 3# Midge Taxa 12 3 4 1# ETSD 6 5 1 1# Intolerant Taxa 4 3 0 1# Leech Taxa 4 5 1 1# Odonata Taxa 5 5 2 1# Snail Taxa 6 5 3 3
WIBI 46 16
A B
Wisconsin IBI
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Different assemblages
AmphibiansAmphibians FishFish
MacroinvertebratesMacroinvertebrates
BirdsBirds
AlgaeAlgae
Vascular Vascular PlantsPlants
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IBIStrengths:
Direct measurement of biological integrity
Accounts for multiple stressorsChemical, physical, &
biologicalHelps to diagnose
stressor(s) impacting biota
Limitations:
Shortage of most models
Non-biological functions not assessed e.g., flood storage, erosion control
Time consumingCannot compare
different habitat types
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HGM (Hydrogeomorphic Approach)
Purpose: The HGM Approach utilizes reference wetlands as the means for establishing a scale, or index, against which other wetlands of the same type in a particular geographic area (reference domain) can be compared to determine their functional capacity.
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HGM (Hydrogeomorphic Approach)
Habitats: Wetland
Measures: Functional capacity UnitsUnits: FCI and FCU
1 FCI x 1 acre = 1 FCU Functional Capacity Index: A comparison of
how well other wetlands in the region perform a particular function.
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HGM Approach
Strengths:
ObjectiveQuantitativeSeveral functionsStandardized
nationwideRapid once
models ready
Limitations:
Model development time consuming
Cannot compare different wetland classes
Need to develop most models
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Different purposes establish the basis for
different approaches ...
... thus leading to separate procedures.
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Some of the Many Wetland Assessment Procedures
• AREM• Coastal Method• CT Method• Descriptive App. • EPW• HAT• HEP• HGM Approach• Hollands-Magee• IBI• Interm HGM• IVA• Larson Method• MDE Method
ME Tidal Method MN RAM MT Form NBM NC-CREWS NC Guidance NEFWIBP NH Method NJ Watershed Method OFWAM PAM HEP PFC RA
Rapid Assess Meth. Synoptic Approach VIMS Method WAFAM WCHE WET WEThings WHAMS WHAP WIRAM WQI WVA WRAP
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Approaches used by other DistrictsApproaches used by other Districts Elizabeth River, Norfolk: - One HEP species (clapper rail) and best professional judgment for 7 functional values
DesPlains River, Chicago - floristic quality index, HEP, HGM, ……
South River, New York – HEP and EPW
St. Louis District – WHAG and AHAG.
East St. Louis project - HEP, tried HGM
New River, Huntington –IFIM
Whitney Point, Baltimore District – IFIM
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Sage AdviceSage Advice
• Many ways to assess (bpj and beyond…).
• Carefully define your objectives.
• See what is used in your division.
• Always explore other possibilities.
• Finally note that environmental windows also apply to field data collection.