Appreciative semiotic and hermeneutic practices in the analysis of ethnic minorities/ Antonio Sandu

8/9/2019 Appreciative semiotic and hermeneutic practices in the analysis of ethnic minorities/ Antonio Sandu

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/appreciative-semiotic-and-hermeneutic-practices-in-the-analysis-of-ethnic-minorities 1/23

8

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Ivvrjhgi|gsj xj`ga|gh iol mjr`jojz|gh vrih|ghjx go |mj ioiewxgxac j|mogh `goarg|gjx

Io|aoga XIOLZ

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~~~/hjjae/ha`~~~/ixgx|jo|ixahgiei/ra

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Ez`jo Vzbegxmgon Mazxj

Ao bjmiec ac4

‟Iej}iolrz Gaio Hzti‐ Zogsjrxg|w%Ljvir|`jo| ac Xahgaeanw iol Xahgie ârk

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Mae| Raìogi Cazoli|gao

Illg|gaoie xjrsghjx iol gocarì|gao ibaz| Xahgie ârk go Raìogihio bj cazol i|4

Sgr|zie Rjxxazrhjx Hjo|jr go Xahgie ârk

~~~/ixgx|jo|ixahgiei/ra



967

Ivvrjhgi|gsj xj`ga|gh iol mjr`jojz|ghvrih|ghjx go |mj ioiewxgx ac j|mogh `goarg|gjx

Io|aoga XIOLZ$

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\mj |mjarj|ghie cri`j~ark go lgxhazrxj ioiewxgx ao `goarg|gjx

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$ Ejh|zrjr VmL% ‟@gmige Kanieoghjioz‐ Zogsjrxg|w% Raìogi; Rjxjirhmjr% Ez`jo Rjxjirhm Hjo|jr go Xahgie iol Mzìogx|gh Xhgjohjx/ Hao|ih| ilrjxx4 Gixg% x|r/ \jvjx Sali% or/ 2% jìge4io|aogaxiolzFwimaa/ha`/

ârkgon |anj|mjr ~~~/ixgx|jo|ixahgiei/ra



996

RJSGX\I LJ HJRHJ\IRJ {G GO\JRSJOpGJ XAHGIEu - SAEZ@ZE 27!2696

hze|zrie gljo|g|w go i hao|j}| ac hze|zrie vezriegx` ix i bjojcghgie cih|ar ac x|ibgeg|wgo |mj xahgj|w ejsje/ ^mi| irj |mj vrj`gxjx ac xjejh|gon aoj ar a|mjr gljaeanw1-Brilz% Xiolz% 266=' G| gx go azr sgj~ a yzjx|gao ac ac |mj oi|zrj ac golgsglzie ar

i haeejh|gsj rjvar|gon ao ―a|mjrojxx/‐ Xahgie haox|rzh|gao ac gljo|g|w% ~mj|mjr golgsglzie ar nrazv aoj% gx bixjl ao |mj ixxjr|gao ac io ―a~o‐ ~mghm ìkj |mjlgccjrjohj cra` io ie|jrg|w/ Bz| |mjgr ixxjr|gao ac ―a~o‐ vir|ghzeirg|w ìw bjjohz`bjrjl bw io}gj|w% àrj ar ejxx haoxhgazx xzbdjh|/ ―Gljo|g|w‐ ix i ~arkgonhaohjv| ~ix braznm| go|a ih|zieg|w go xahgaeanghie ioiewxgx% vaeg|ghie iol |mjnjavaeg|ghie x|zlgjx ~g|m |mj ~arkx ac Jrgk Jrgkxao -973=' ~mghm veihjx |mjj|moghg|w i| argngo ac |mj golgsglzie ix ~je ix |mj haeejh|gsj gljo|g|w ac |mj vjrxao|mi| haox|g|z|gon golgsglzie vjrxaoieg|w/ Io|maow X`g|m -97794997' vrjxjo|x |mjcaeea~gon |mjarj|ghie xwx|j`x ac haox|rzh|gon |mj oi|gaoie gljo|g|w4 vrgàrlgiegx|% vjrjogiegx|% àljrogx|% iol mgx a~o io j|moaxw`baegx| xwx|j`/ Jihm ac |mjxj

|mjarj|ghie xwx|j`x vraà|jx aoj ac |mj ax| xgnogcghio| egojx ioiewxgx4 gljo|g|w ix bjeaongon% gljo|g|w ix i lgihmraoghieew rjcjrjo|gie% gljo|g|w ix ejng|gì|jl cri`j~ark iol gljo|g|w ix hao|j}|zie x|ibgeg|w/ Go |mj hao|j}| ac |mj vrjxjo| x|zlw j|moghgljo|g|w gx haoxgljrjl i |jr` iccjh|gon |mj lg`joxgaox ac |mj xahgaeanghie iolio|mravaeanghie lg`joxgao% ~g|m |mj xjoxj ac bjeaongon |a i ha``zog|w -j|moahze|zrie% j|h/'/ ^j oa|ghj |mi| go x|zlgjx ac `goarg|gjx% gohezlgon j|mogh% bz|ivveghibej |a |mj xj}zie% rjegngazx% njoljr% ar cra` i lgxibgeg|w% j|h/% ih|zieew |iek ibaz| go|jrhze|zrie gljo|g|w |mj |jr` gx i njojriegti|gao ac |mj |jr` go|jrj|moghgljo|g|w vravaxjl Kg` Wazon -26634 :' ix avvaxjl |a j|mogh gljo|g|w/ Go `ze|g

hze|zrie hao|j}|% ~j hio oa| xjviri|j j|mogh gljo|g|w% ix i `jrj xahgie haox|rzh|%ih|zieew ~j hio |iek ibaz| go|jrhze|zrie gljo|g|w/ Go |mj vir|ghzeir hao|j}| ac |mgxx|zlw ~j zxj |mj |jr` G|iegio j|mogh cra` Raìogi car j}j`vej |a `jio iogo|jrhze|zrie gljo|g|w/ La oa| xvjik |mzx |a i eaxx ac gljo|g|w bz| ri|mjr io jorghmjlhze|zrie gljo|g|w% ~mghm bjha`jx vir| ac |mj go|iongbej hze|zrie mjrg|inj/

BUeU[agz iol Rzxz vrjxjo|x |~a haohjv|zie cri`j~arkx ac gljo|g|w4 ‘ jxxjo|giegx| sgj~ |mi| j|mogh gljo|g|w gx ljrgsjl cra` bgaeanghie |gjx iol |mj

ìgo hze|zrie harj -eionzinj% hzx|a`x% rjegngao'; ‘ haox|rzh|gsgx| vjrxvjh|gsj4 j|mogh gljo|g|w gx i ―xahgie rjieg|w bzge| iol

rjbzge| ar ha`vej|jew gosjo|jl% ìeejibej% iol cezgl‐ -26684<='/Gljo|g|w gx i xahgahze|zrie haox|rzh|% ljvjolgon |a |mj la`goio| j|ioirri|gao

j}gx|gon go xahgj|w% ~mghm cgojew ljcgojx |mj vjrxaoieg|w ac |mj golgsglzie/ Gljo|g|wgx iexa i haox|rzh|gsj rjxze| ac io aonagon xw`baegh go|jrih|gaox |mi| |ikj veihj go|mj xahgie cgjel go ~mghm |mj golgsglzie bjeaonx% iol ~mghm ivvrjhgi|j g| ix |mjgr a~o/ Rjcjrjohj cri`jx ac xahgahze|zrie xwx|j` ac |mj golgsglzie% ~mghm mjhaoxgljrx ix bjjo g|x a~o% gx |mj cgrx| ejsje ac |mj haox|rzh| hiee |mj xahgie gljo|g|w/^mi| Hzegioz hieejl go|jrvrj|i|gsj nrgl% ar go a|mjr ~arlx |mj avjri|gon virilgnào |mj xahgie ejsje% gx |mj lj|jr`goi|gsj ac |mj xahgie haox|rzh|gao ac gljo|g|w/ Go

|mgx rjxvjh| Kjooj|m Njrnjo haoxgljrx |mi| |mj vrahjxx ac xahgie haox|rzh|gao ac gljo|g|w gx ihha`vegxmjl cgrx| go |mj xjoxj hrji|gon ac i ìdar cea~ ac va~jr iol



999

bw |mj j}hezxgao cra` |mgx hze|zrie x|rji` ~j hrji|j i `goarg|w gljo|g|w-26694937'/ Gljo|g|w hio bj xjjo ix i lgiejh|ghie veiw bj|~jjo |mj xwx|j` ac xahgiecgjel ac bjeaongon iol xahgie cgjel ac |mj rjcjrjohj% ix |mj xzbdjh|gsj vir| ac

xahgiegti|gao/ Gljo|g|w gx i haox|rzh| |mi| vrjxjrsjx io gosirgio| xwx|j` ac x|rzh|zrjx% ieea~gon i xjoxj ac bjeaongon/ J|mogh gljo|g|w gx |mj njojrie xahgiegti|gao ac golgsglziex bjeaongon |a i ngsjo j|mogh ha``zog|gjx/ Njrnjo oa|jx |mi| go |mj vrih|ghj ac vzbegh lgxhazrxj% |mj rmj|argh ac nzge|% jsjo go |mj lgxhazrxj ac |mjìdarg|w gx bixjl àx|ew ao zojyzie saghjx/ G| gx sgr|zieew g`vaxxgbej |a harrjh|ewgljo|gcw i ìdarg|w x|rji` ~mg|hm hio oa| bj lgsgljl go |mj `goarg|irw gljo|g|gjx/Vrjxjrsi|gao ac hze|zrie gljo|g|w iol go|iongbej hze|zrie mjrg|inj gx g`vaxgon g|xjec ix ~arelheixx vradjh|% go |jr`x zogcar`g|w ivvirjo|ew vraà|jl bw neabiegti|gaoiol nàolgiegti|gao/ @igo|igogon |mj gljo|g|w ac golgsglziex iol ac ha``zog|wirj xgnogcghio| jej`jo|x ac mzìo rgnm|x/ Ljvrgsi|gao ac |mj rgnm| |a hze|zrie

gljo|g|w -iol ~j rjcjr mjrj |a iow `goarg|w hze|zrj% oa| aoew |a j|mogh gljo|g|w' gxjyzgsiejo| |a xzbdjh|gon |mj golgsglzie% ar nrazv ac golgsglziex iol |a vz| |mj`go|a i x|rjxx ac hze|zrie zogcar`g|w% iol ac |mj xjviri|gao ac |mjgr xw`baegh zogsjrxj/ @i||g Dzegi rjil |mj haox|rzh|gsgx| vjrxvjh|gsj gljo|g|w gxxzj haoxgljrgon g|i haolg|gao ac rjlzhj `goarg|w gxxzjx -26634 9>79=6' cra` |mj neabie xjhzrg|wojjlx/ Lzj |a j|mogh haocegh|x |mi| misj ìrkjl Jzravjio mgx|arw% |mj gxxzj ac `goarg|gjx gx io go|jnrie vir| ac rjngaoie iol oi|gaoie xjhzrg|w x|ri|jnw go Jzravjiohazo|rgjx% gohezlgon |maxj cra` Jix|jro Jzravj/ \mj haox|rzh|gao ac gljo|g|w bixjlao |mj ha`vej`jo|irg|w ac xahgie siezjx% ljxjhzrgtirji ejil |a vrabej`x hao

hjrogon j|mogh rjei|gaox/Go Wgonjr‗x avgogao% |mj j|mogh gljo|g|w iol i||ihm`jo| |a j|mogh% gx |mj go

lgsglzie‗x argngoie hze|zrj% |mj xjoxj ac mgx|arghie go|jnri|gao ac |mj golgsglzie-97=3429'/ Hze|zrie zogcar`g|w ix i |a|ieg|irw vago| ac ~gj~ brgon nrji| lgxilsio|injx |a mzìog|w% jeg`goi|gon ìow cih|arx ac rjngaoie hze|zrie hrji|gsg|w/@gmijei @gmigejxhz go |mgx x|zlw% ao |mj \mj Vaeg|ghx ac @gogìe ―Haoxjoxzx‐4

Go|jrj|mogh Avvaxg|gao Haieg|gaox go Vax|-Ha``zogx| Raìogi 9776-73' iol Xeasikgi 9776-7=' xma~x |mj g`var|iohj ac go|jrj|mogh vaeg|ghie haavjri|gao i|nasjro`jo| ejsje ar go haieg|gaox go avaxg|gao -266=498'/ Karjiobaro I`jrghio

xahgaeangx| Kg` Wazon% cra` Iesgo \accejr‗x |mjargjx% bjegjsjx |mi| |mj hzrrjo| vjrgal gx i |rzj ―yzio|z` ejiv‐ go |jr`x ac rjx|rzh|zrgon ac xahgie hrji|gsg|w% gocih| misj bjjo i rjhaox|rzh|gao ac |mj ~maej hao|j`varirw hze|zrj -2663498 '/Vrjhgxjew |maxj cih|arx |mi| njojri|j x|rzh|zrie hmionjx go |mj jvgx|j`gh ejsje%njojri|j |mj xahgie ejsje vaeirgti|gao go |mj haox|rzh|gao ac gljo|g|w% bixjl aoj|moghg|w% |rgbie% njoljr% `goarg|gjx go njojrie -266348'/

Go|jrhze|zrieg|w oa| vrgìrgew `jio ―jexj‐% bz| g| `jiox ibasj iee ―a|mjr‐/―A|mjr~gxj‐ `jiox i oj~ margtao avjogon virilgnì|gh |mgokgon% |a j}vjrgjohjcih|zie xahgie rjieg|w/ Vezrieg|w ac hze|zrjx% i |rioxàljro lg`joxgao ljrgsjx cra`

~mi| go xahgaeanw gx hgrhzei|jl zoljr |mj oi`j ac ―vezrieg|w ac ~arelx‐/ \rioxàljro vjrxvjh|gsj% cgrx| ljcgojl bw Vize Riw -9773' ix go|jnrie hze|zrj gx ljx

\JARGG LJXVRJ///



992


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Hze|jrj gx i xahgie haox|rzh j`jrngon cra` iol bt x|g`zei|gon |mj Harj ac Hze|zrieHrji|gsjx% ljxhrgbjl bw Riw iol Xmjrw Ioljrxao ix i nrazv ac oa àrj |mio iyzir|jr ac I`jrghi‗x vavzei|ao bz| xahgie ih|gsjew% ac àrj jlzhi|jl% ejilgonjlnj |mgokjrx/\mjgr haohjrox irj vago|jl |a |mjgr xjecljsjeav`jo| iol xjecih|ziegxi|gao ix ~je ix |mjgr xahgie ih|gsgx` -Jxvjlie% 266='/ Xvjhgcgh ac hze|zriehrji|gsjx gx i xahgie av|g`gx`% \mj Go|jnrie Hze|zrj hio bj xjjo i oj|~ark ac xahgie hrji|gsjx% gosaesjl go rjhaox|rzh|gao ac neabie vradjh|/ \mgx oj|~ark gx bixjl go azr avvgogao ao go|jnri|j |mj `goarg|irw hze|zrj% ar `goarg|w x|rji` go|ai crih|iegh neabie oj|~ark% hrji|gon i Neabie Hze|zrj gox|jil ac `goarg|w hze|zrjx/

Go|jr|j}|zieg|w ac |mj àljro xahgie mjr`jojz|ghx gx zxjl |a j}veigo |mj lgieanzj ac hgsgegti|gaox% gx io j}veioi|gao ac haj}gx|johj go |mj xvjhgcgh xahgie cri`jac xjsjrie ―~arelx‐ ~g|m lgccjrjo| hze|zrie j}vjrgjohjx/ \ringh j}vjrgjohj ac j|moghhaocegh|x go |aliwx Jzravj% szeojribgeg|w ac hzrrjo| Jzravjio hgsgegti|gao cra` |mjrgxk ac i rj|zro |a birbirgx` iol x|zvglg|w ac go|jrj|mogh ~irx% oj~ hmieejonjx ac |jrrargx` ix i car` ac vaeg|ghie ih|gao% iee ac ~mghm rjyzgrj |mj jx|ibegxm`jo| ac x|rzh|zrjx |a joibej |mj czoh|gaogon ac i Jzravj ac `goarg|gjx% iol lgsjrxg|w/ \mj vrahjxx ac Jzravjiogti|gao gx xjjo bw \rjot -266>4 93>' ix i vrahjxx ac ―hze|zrieàbgegti|gao‐ ~g|mgo |mj jiogon ac `z|zie xahgie ejirogon/ Ma~jsjr \rjot xma~xihraxx Jzravj% i rjei|gsj golgccjrjohj ac |mj ìdarg|w vavzei|gao |a `goarg|w

gxxzjx/ Go |mgx rjnirl |mj iz|mar haoxgljrx |mi| |mj sirgazx `goarg|w nrazvx ìwih| j}j`veirw% ixxz`gon |mj raej |a gosaesj ac a|mjr Jzravjiox iol |jihm |mj`hze|zrie |aejriohj -266>49:>9=:'/ Jzravjiogxi|gao hio bj sgj~jl ix xahgie iol vaeg|ghie àljrogti|gao go |mj car` ac margtao|ie lgxxj`goi|gao ac `jiogonx -go|mj xvgrg| ac xahgie ojna|gi|gao ac go|jrvrj|i|gaox' iol avvar|zog|gjx -266>49><'/^mgej rjngaoiegx` rjhjgsjx i ojni|gsj haooa|i|gao% ixxahgi|jl ~g|m mgx|arghiej}vjrgjohj ac haocegh|x% Jzravjiogxi|gao rjhjgsjx i vaxg|gsj haooa|i|gao egokjl |a|mj haox|rzh|gao ac gljo|g|w vjrxaoieew iol xahgieew -266>49>:'/ Hrji|gon |mj xahgiecri`j~arkx ejl |a rigxgon ac gox|g|z|gaoie% iol vaeg|ghie |aaex ac hrgxgx ioinj`jo|

xzhm ix io|g|jrrargx| haieg|gao% ar ejnie xzhm ix Jzravjio haosjo|gaox ao |mj vra|jh|gao ac `goarg|gjx% rjngaoie eionzinjx% j|h/ -\jxxjr% 26684<=:<=7'/ Vra bej`x ac `goarg|gjx iol go|jrj|mogh rjei|gaox% g| siegli|jx g|xjec go i x|rzh|zrie ~iw bw |mj j}gx|johj ac xahgie iol jhaoa`gh vaeirg|gjx/ Zojyzie xahgie ljsjeav`jo|iàon lgccjrjo| rjngaox% gx |mj xazrhj ac xahgie |joxgao% bw |mikgon |mj xmivj ac |mj lgccjrjo| hze|zrie àljex/ Mjrj |mjrj gx vaxxgbej |a mivvjo gohgljo|x ~g|mrjngaoie xvjhgcgh iol jsjo ~g|m j|mogh hmirih|jr/ Ih|zie x|i|j ac szeojribgeg|w-Hadahirz 266:42789' bz| iexa xjecsgh|g`gxi|gao -@gc|alj j| iee/ 2668' ìwmisj i oz`bjr ac hixjx gx |mj x|ri|jngh oi|zrj go ~mghm xa`j vavzei|gaox irj vir|/

j hio xjj go |mj Raìogi xg|zi|gao ac jo|grj vavzei|gaox ac Rraì j|mogh argngo% bz| iexa ac Rzxxgio ha``zog|gjx |mi| irj njojri|gon crzx|ri|gao car `j`bjrx ac



998

|maxj ha``zog|gjx/ \mj hizxjx ac szeojribgeg|w -Hadahirz% 266:4<7' ac |mj

vavzei|gao bjeaongon |a j|moahze|zrie ha``zog|gjx hio bj ac x|ri|jngh oi|zrj-ìrngoie hze|zrj ~mjrj i hmgel gx xahgiegtjl go |a xjgon |mj geejng|gì|j avvar

|zog|gjx'% jvgx|jàeanghie iol i}gaeanghie -la`goio| siezjx ac |rilg|gaoie hze|zrjiliv|jl xahgj|w vax|àljro'% jlzhi|gao -eg`g|jl ar jsjo xjeceg`g|jl ihhjxx |akoa~ejlnj% geeg|jrihw% ar rjczxj |a xhmaae'/

Xg`zei|gao x|zlgjx xma~ |mi| haeejh|gsj bjmisgar gx i x|raon vaxxgbgeg|w |mi| i`goarg|w ~maxj vjrhjo|inj gx 96* zv go |g`j |a xzccjr io jraxgao ac |mjgr hze|zriecazoli|gaox |a nj| |a miràogtj |mj ìxx ìdarg|w% ~mgej i 86* `goarg|w hiokjjv g|‗x j|mogh xvjhgcgh -Xz`jlrji% 2668'/ \mi| gx ~mw g| gx g`vjri|gsj |mi|`goarg|w vra|jh|gao gx j}jhz|jl go |mj cri`jx ac rjngaoie ljsjeav`jo| x|ri|jnw/Iee |mj hmieejonjx ac `ze|ghze|zriegx` iol |mj go|jr|j}|zieg|w ac `ze|gj|mogh ha`

`zoghi|gao% irj ojhjxxirw |a nzglj go|jrhze|zrie jlzhi|gao ix i xvmjrj ac hze|zrielgieanzj% `ze|ghze|zrie ha``zog|w rjxazrhj ljsjeav`jo|/ Laoiel Wazon -ivzl/@gc|alj 2668' xma~ go i haox|rzh|gsgx| ìoojr |mi| i `goarg|w gx ―~mghm vjavejeibjejl ix /// `goarg|i|j‐/ `goarg|w ―/ E/ ^gr|m -hc/ @gc|alj4 2668' bjegjsjx |mi|lgxhrg`goi|arw |rji|`jo| gx i ljcgogon haolg|gao ac i ―`goarg|w nrazv‐/ Go |mgxrjxvjh|% ~a`jo haox|g|z|j i ―xahgie goarg|w‐ xgohj |mjw la oa| jodaw jyzie rgnm|x~g|m `jo% |maznm |mj veio x|rgh|ew ljànrivmgh gx asjr :6* ac neabie va vzei|gao/ ^j xvjik |mzx ac i ―ìdar `goarg|w‐/

Xj`goir go X|ri|jngjx car ha`bi|gon lgxhrg`goi|gao ao j|mogh nrazolx% zoljr

|ikjo go Xgnmgxairi go Iznzx| 2662% misj bjjo vravaxjl i oz`bjr ac ljcgog|gaoxac lgxhrg`goi|gao% i rjsgj~ ac car`x ac lgxhrg`goi|gao |ikgon veihj go |mj Raìogio xahgj|w/ \mj avjri|gaoie ljcgog|gao ac lgxhrg`goi|gao mix bjjo vravaxjl―ljvrgsj i `goarg|w nrazv ar i czoli`jo|ie rgnm| ojhjxxirw ar ljj`jl ix g` var|io| bw |mi| goarg|w/ Go |mgx hao|j}|% x|i|jl |mi| |mj ljcgog|gao rjcjrx |a ojni|gsjlgxhrg`goi|gao iol |mjrj gx i car` ac vaxg|gsj lgxhrg`goi|gao% ~mghm ~azel bj |anrio| illg|gaoie rgnm|x |a goarg|gjx% go arljr |a isagl gocrgonj`jo| ac czoli`jo|iergnm|x ar czoli`jo|ie rgnm|x ac |mj ihmgjsj`jo|/ Vaxg|gsj lgxhrg`goi|gao gx iojsjo| bjojcghgie iol ojhjxxirw go sirgazx hgrhz`x|iohjx vir|ghzeir j|moghxvjhgcgh bixgx/

Ih|gao Rjxjirhm ix i lgxhzrxgsj vrih|ghj

\rilg|gaoie ih|gao rjxjirhm `j|malaeanw ~ix ljcgojl bw |mj cazoljr ac xahgie vxwhmaeanw iol arniogti|gaoie iol nrazv lwoi`ghx ac Kzr| Ej~go/ Mgx |mjargjxirj bixjl ao |mj haohjv| ac carhj cgjel ioiewxgx ac ~mi| haox|g|z|jx i haox|rzh|gsjcri`j~ark |a gljo|gcw |mj cih|arx iol carhjx |mi| gocezjohj xahgieew/ \mj |jrìh|gao rjxjirhm ~ix go|ralzhjl bw Kzr| Ej~go go |mj x|zlw ac Ih|gao Rjxjirhm iol

@goarg|w Vrabej`x -97<348<83'/ Ih|gao rjxjirhm gx ljxhrgbjl ix i ha`viri|gsjrjxjirhm ao |mj haolg|gaox iol jccjh|x ac sirgazx car`x ac xahgie ih|gao iol

\JARGG LJXVRJ///



99<


rjxjirhm ejilgon |a xahgie ih|gao/ \mj j|mal zxjx i xvgrie ac x|jvx jihm haoxgx|gonac i hgrhzg| |wvj veioogon% ih|gao% gljo|gcghi|gao ac xahgie cih|x iol rjxze|x ac ih|gao -97<348<83'/ Czoli`jo|ie hmirih|jrgx|gh ac ih|gao rjxjirhm gx haeeiba-

ri|gsj rjxjirhm vrih|ghj iol zxj ac haeeibari|gsj `j|malx% irj car`gon i ha``zog|w ac vrih|ghj car vrahjxxgon j|malaeangjx |a xaesj vrabej`x go |mj ha``zog|whaohjrojl/ Ih|gao Rjxjirhm gx io go|jrih|gsj xzrsjw |mi| vz| go|a ih|gao xg`ze|iojazxew xaesj |mj vrabej`x vrahjxx ~g|m |mj haeeibari|gsj li|i ioiewxgx ac rjxjirhm |a zoljrx|iolgon |mj czoh|gaogon iol g`vej`jo|i|gao ac hmionj ~g|mgo|mj arniogti|gao -Rjixao # Brilbzrw% 2669 hc ~gkgvjlgi/arn4 Ih|gao Rjxjirhm'/Cra` xj`ga|ghamjr`jojz|ghie vjrxvjh|gsj ~j oa|j |mi| ~j la ih|zieew ~g|màljex ac lgxhzrxgsj vrih|ghjx% |mj rjxjirhm misj i yzieg|i|gsj xvjhgcgh% gosaesgoni xj`ga|gh iol vmjoa`joaeanghie xglj% ha`virjl ~g|m |rilg|gaoie xahgaeanghierjxjirhm% ~maxj xglj yzio|g|i|gsj ioiewxgx ~g|m x|i|gx|gh oi|zrj ~ix vrjla`goio|/

Go ih|gao rjxjirhm% ri|mjr ~j irj ljiegon ~g|m xw`baegh ioiewxjx% iol ~g|m vrih|ghjx ivveghibej |a |mj vir|ghzeir xahgahze|zrie xg|zi|gaox% vrabibew zorjvji|ibej/

I |i}aoa`w ac Ih|gaoRjxjirhm X|zlgjx go rjxvjh| |a i `ze|ghze|zrie ha``zog|gjx ~ix vravaxjl bw |mj rjxjirhmjrx Hi|mjrgoj Hixxjee iol Vmge Damoxao4

‘ Ih|gao Rjxjirhm ix i xahgie j}vjrg`jo|4 |mj argngoie aoj zxjl bw Kzr|Ej~go% Bixjl zvao io abdjh|gsgx|gh jvgx|jàeanw go |mj `j|malaeanghie àogx`cri`j% iol cra` i rjiegx| ao|aeanghie ixxz`v|gao4 xahgie rjieg|w rjieew j}gx|% iolhio bj x|zlgjl abdjh|gsjew% |mj rjxze|x hio bj ab|igojl bw ivvewgon |mj harrjh|

`j|malaeanw% iol xvjhgcghieew ljxhrgbgon |mj xahgie rjieg|w -Hixxje iol Damoxao26634>76'/

‘ Golzh|gsj Ih|gao Rjxjirhm4 g| gx iexa |mj vaxg|gsgx| argjo|i|gao% bw caeea~gonio golzh|gao |a cihgeg|i|j |mj ihhjxx ac rjxjirhmjrx |a |mj hze|zrie hao|j}| go g|xoi|zrie x|i|j/ \mj golzh|gsj Ih|gao Rjxjirhm gx bixjl ao i mjr`jojz|ghie jvgx|jàeanw% iol i xj`ga|ghx ac |mi xahgie cih|x% cisargon ha`vrjmjoxgsj `j|malx-bixjl ao zoljrx|iolgon' go |mj ljsjeav`jo| ac yzieg|i|gsj `j|malx go |mj caràc ―Nrazoljl \mjarw‐% ~mghm nzgljx xzbxjyzjo| go|jrsjo|gao -Hixxje iol Damoxao 26634>72'/ Nrazoljl \mjarw gx xjjo ix i vrgsgejnjl yzieg|i|gsj `j|malx ac |mj xahgie gosjx|gni|gao% ~mghm gosaesjx |mj haox|rzh|gao ac hi|jnargjx iol ixxz` v|gaox ac rjxjirhm |mraznm i vrahjxx ac go|jrvrj|i|gao ac |mj li|i haeejh|jl% gox|jilac |mj zxj ac xahgie rjxjirhm car siegli|gon |mjarj|ghie mwva|mjxjx vravaxjl i vrgarg bw |mj rjxjirhmjr -A‗Haooar j| iee% 266=42=<:'/ Xgàoi Brioh oa|j |mi|Nrazoljl \mjarw ixxz`jx i xwx|jì|gh njojri|gao ac haohjv|x iol |mjargjx bixjlao li|i haeejh|jl ix io ―golzh|gsj `j|mal |mi| gx bixjl ao njojrie abxjrsi|gaox%‐iol i vrgìrw li|i ioiewxgx vrahjxx |a car` |mj haohjv|zie |mjarw -266= 4 =8'/Hadahirz vago|x az| |mj ilsio|injx ac zxgon yzieg|i|gsj rjxjirhm iol vir|ghzeirew|mj Nrazoljl \mjarw go |mj jsiezi|gao ac xahgie vranri`x% |a isagl hao|i`goi|gaoac rjxze|x ~g|m vrjljcgojl vago| sgj~x ac |mj rjxjirhmjr -266='/ Go |mgx rjxvjh|

yzieg|i|gsj rjxjirhm mix |mj ilsio|inj ac ab|igogon go|jrvrj|i|gaox cra` |mj sgj~xj}vrjxxjl bw |maxj go|jrsgj~jl iol oa| cra` |mj rjxjirhmjr a~o ixxz`v|gaox/ Io



99:

go|jrjx|gon j}i`vej gx vrjxjo|jl bw Liogjei Hadahirz% ~mghm j}i`gojx |mj xahgiehaox|rzh|gao ac hmgelmaal iol virjo|maal craì haox|rzh|gaogx| vjrxvjh|gsj zxgonjvgx|j`gh haox|rigo|x ac Nrazoljl \mjarw -26674 =>7='/

‘ Vir|ghgvi|arw Ih|gao Rjxjirhm4 x|ir|x cra` |~a lgccjrjo| ixxz`v|gaox% cgrx||mi| ha``zog|w `j`bjrx irj ih|gsjew gosaesjl |a mj jo|grj rjxjirhm cra` |mjhaohjv|gao ac rjxjirhm |a |mj jsiezi|gon iol lginoax|gh ac xahgie josgrao`jo|%xjejh|gao ac ljsjeav`jo| x|ri|jngjx/ \mj rjxjirhmjr raej gx |a cihgeg|i|j xahgiehmionj -A‗Haooar 266=4>73'/ I xjhaol ivvraihm illrjxxjx |mj jo|grj ha``zog|w%eaakgon i| |mj ―ojjl car hmionj‐ ahhzrrjl go |mj ha``zog|w go g|x a~o |jr`x/ \mjrjxjirhm gx bixjl ao go|jrsgj~x iol cahzx nrazvx% misgon go|joljl |a njojri|j iczr|mjr x|ri|jngh veioogon% iol |a hrji|j avvar|zog|w car ha``zog|w `j`bjrx |angsj cjjlbihk ao vrabej` xaesgon vrahjxxgon |mjw cihj go |mjgjr arniogti|gaoie

injoli -Cjroiola% 2696'/ ‘ Go|jrsjo|gao - Vir|ghgvi|arw Rjxjirhm4 ig`x ha``zog|w vir|ghgvi|gao ac golgsglziex go vaeg|ghie vrahjxxjx% xzhm ix ljàhri|gti|gao/ \mj |mjarw x|ir|x cra`|mj hrg|ghie vrahjxxjx ac ljàhri|gti|gao ac xahgie vrih|ghjx/ Mibjrìox brgon |a|mj i||jo|gao ac jvgx|jàeangx| |mj hmionj ac xjoxarwvjrhjv|zie j}vjrgjohjx zoljr |mj gocezjohj ac hze|zrie j}vjrgjohj% |mzx dzx|gcwgon hrg|ghgx` ac vaxg|gsgx| jvgx|jàeanw |wvj -A‗Haooar% 266=4>7='/

‘ Ljhaox|rzh|gsj Ih|gao Rjxjirhm4 hmirih|jrgtjl bw |mj ixxz`v|gao |mi| eionzinj~g|m rjcjrjohj |a iow kgol ac j|ilgxhazrxj hiooa| ihhzri|jew ljxhrgbj|mj

rjieg|w g|xjec/ Egonzgx|gh |zro xznnjx|x -mwvjr'rjieg|w ix haoxgx|gon ac i xjrgjx ac xahgie haox|rzh|x/ Waz hio bzgel ix ìow rjieg|gjx ix ìow ~iwx |a ljxhrgbj |mj`hio bj -A‗Haooar% 266=4=68'/ Ljhaox|rzh|gsj ih|gao rjxjirhm virilgn` mix vax|àljrogx` ix i haox|g|zjo| virilgn`/ I Ljhaox|rzh|gsj Ih|gaoRjxjirhm àljegx vravaxjl bw \rjsjejo -26694239' ix haeeibari|gsj gosjx|gni|gao% go |mj gxxzjx ac `goarg|w nrazvx iol go |mj gosjx|gni|gao ac njoljr ix go \rjsjejo‗x argngoiej}vjrg`jo|/ \mj rjxjirhmjr mix cihgeg|i|jl |mj rjiegti|gao ac i ljhaox|rzh|gsjrjxjirhm ~g|m |mj 99 wazon ~a`jox% havir|ghgvi|gon go |mj rjxjirhm zvao |mjhrg|ghie j}vjrgjohjx go |mjgr a~o xg|zi|gaox/ \mj rjxjirhmjr mix cihgeg|i|jl |mjrjiegti|gao ac i ljhaox|rzh|gsj rjxjirhm ~g|m |mj 99 wazon ~a`jox% havir|ghgvi|gon go |mj rjxjirhm zvao |mjgr hrg|ghie j}vjrgjohjx go |mjgr a~o xg|zi|gaox/Golgsglziex ~ma irj xzbdjh| |a i haeeibari|gsj rjxjirhm misj ix i |ixk |a ngsjgo|jrvrj|i|gaox ao |mjgr hanog|gsj vi||jrox iol |mjgr xahgie ih|gaox iol ma~ g| hio bj rjhaox|rzh|jl bw i lgxhazrxj ioiewxgx% iol bw zxgon |mj j}gx|gon ixxz`v|gaox go|mjgr hzrrjo| eionzinj/ Car \rjsjejo -2669' |mj |mj raej ac ljhaox|rzh|gsj rjxjirhmgx car`gon i oj~ xzbdjh|gsg|w% rjveihgon |mj ei|jo| avvaxg|gao |a |mj a|mjrojxx go|mj vrahjxx ac rjhaox|rzh|gao ac a~o xzbdjh|gsg|w% x|ir|gon cra` |mj j}vjrgjohj ac crjjla` bw ilav|gon ac i `ze|gvej xzbdjh|gsg|w j}vjrgjohj/ Ioa|mjr sjrxgao ac

Ljhaox|rzh|gsj Ih|gao Rjxjirhm gx go A‗Haooar‗x sgxgao |mj xahgie haox|rzh

|gaogx` vraà|jl bw Njrnjo/ G| brgonx go|a yzjx|gao |mj ioogmgei|gao ac `jiogon|mraznm ―ljàhri|gh haoxjo|‐ ao |mj go|jrvrj|i|gao ac lgxhazrxj -A‗Haooar%

\JARGG LJXVRJ///



993


266=4=6:'/ Haox|rzh|gaogx` gx go azr sgj~ vir|giew i haox|g|zgjo| ac vax|àljroljhaox|rzh|gsj lgxhazrxj% bz| ìw bj haoxgljrj ix i bixgx car |rioxàljro go|jnri|gsj rjgo|jrvrj|i|gao ac rjieg|w% |mraznm iccgrì|gsj ih|gao/ ^j vravaxj i

sjrxgao ac crih|ieghhaox|rzh|gaogx` |mi| x|ir| ~g|m io zoljrx|iolgon ac xahgj|w ixoj|~ark/ Haox|rzh|gaogx| ‘crih|iegh ioiewxgx `j|mal ~j vravaxj -2696'% gx |agljo|gcw i virilgnì|gh inrjj`jo| ac go|jrvrj|i|gsj xhiejx iol |mjrjbw gljo|gcwhze|zrie jvgx|j`gh% iol xahgie i}ga`x% iol rjx|rzh|zrgon xzhhjxxgsj go|jrvrj|i|gaoxac |mj cih|x ac hze|zrj% ar xahgie cih|x go egoj ~g|m |mj virilgnì|gh alje vravaxjlgo i xvjhgcgh ha``zog|w -xzhm eahie ha``zo|w% i vracjxxgaoie% ar xhgjo|gcgh aojj|h/'/ ^j cahzxjl ac xvjhgcgh ac |rioxàljro |zro% |mj car`gon ac rjieg|w ix ihaox|rzh|% iol rjg|jri|gao ac |mj haox|rzh|x go |mj xahgie oj|~arkx eaakgon ix xahgiecrih|iex/ Ioa|mjr xahgie |mjarw bixjl ao haox|rzh|gaogx`% mix bjo ljsjeavjl |aHaavjrrgljr -2663' ix |mj ―ivvrjhgi|gsj goyzgrw‐ iol hio bj zoljrx|iol ix vir| ac

iccgrì|gsj virilgn` -@ilrgl% 266='/ \mgx hasjrx rjcjrrie iol jomiohj |mj vaxg|gsj% iol |mj xahgie haox|rzh|gao ac vaxg|gsg|w cra` |mj vaxg|gsj jej`jo|x gomjrjo|go iow ha``zog|w ar arniogxi|gao -Hmivinigo% Admi% 266=; \óvcjr% 266='/ Hadahirz -2663' xznjx| ioa|mjr |mjarw ha`gon cra` haox|rzh|gaogx`% iol ivvrjhgi|gsjgoyzgrw hieejl xahgie vradjh|gaogx`/ Xahgie vradjh|gaogx`% goxvgrjl bw haox|rzh|gaogx`% ixxjr|x |mj hrji|gao ac `ze|gvej rjieg|gjx |mraznm |mjgr sjrw vradjh|gao%rjhanogxgon |mj j}gx|johj ac |mjxj ze|gvej rjieg|gjx ~g|m vjrìojo| algcghi|gaoxgo i `ze|gegojir jsaez|gao -Hadahirz 2663'/

Ioa|mjr |i}aoa`w bixjl ao |mj car` ac vir|ghgvi|gao ac rjxjirhmjrx |a |mj

j}i`gojl xahgie nrazv% ljcgojx |mj caeea~gon ìdar |wvjx ac ih|gao rjxjirhm4 ‘ {|ggoPi Xhgjohj Ih|gao -Hmrgx Irnwrgx' ig`x |a x|zlw ljxgno i||g|zlj ac vjavej

go ojjl/ Irnwrgx bjegjsjx |mi| mzìo ih|gaox irj veioojl |a ihmgjsj |mj ljxgrjlhaoxjyzjohjx% iol |mjw irj nasjrojl bw i oz`bjr ac josgrao`jo|ie sirgibejx/

‘ Haavjri|gsj Goyzgrw iexa hieejl haeeibari|gsj goyzgrw -Damo Mjrao iol Vj|jr Rjixao'/ \mj àlje x|ir|x cra` |mj vrj`gxj |mi| iee ih|gsj vir|ghgvio|x go ih|gaorjxjirhm irj ih|zieew czeew gosaesjl go |mgx rjxjirhm ix harjxjirhmjrx/ -Mjrao97734 :3'

‘ Vir|ghgvi|arw Ih|gao Rjxjirhm -Vizea Crjgrj'/ \mgx àlje gosaesjx iee rjejsio| vir|gjx go |mj ha`ào j}i`goi|gao ac hzrrjo| ih|gaox xjjo ix vrabejì|ghgo arljr |a hmionj ar g`vrasj |mj`/ \mj `j|mal gx bixjl ao i haeejh|gsj hrg|ghierjcejh|gao ao |mj mgx|arghie% vaeg|ghie% hze|zrie% iol jhaoa`gh hao|j}|% ~mjrj ih|gaoahhzrx -Silx~ag|m% 977='/ Crjgrj -9776' j`vmixgtjx ao haeeibari|gsj ejirogon% ixczr|mjr ljsjeavj`jo| go ―ilze| jlzhi|gao‐ àljex/ Vir|ghgvi|arw Ih|gao Rjxjirhmgx iexa argngoi|j go vax|àljro vmgeaxavmw ix i ljhaox|rzh|gao ac |rilg|gaoiejlzhi|gaoie xgx|j`x% iol go vmjoa`joaeanw bw j`vmixgtj ao |mj haeeibari|gsjejirogon gox|jil i |rilg|gaoie rjei|gao bj|~jjo |jihmjrx iol x|zljo|x/

‘ Xzrsjw Ljsjeav`jo|-Ih|gao -^geegi` \arbjr|' gx bixjl ao xjec|rioxcarì|gao go |mj arniogti|gao‗x ih|gaox go i àrj ih|gsj iol xzx|igoibej ~iw/



99>

‘ Egsgon |mjarw ivvraihm -^g|jmjil # @h Ogcc' ‘ haoxgljr |mi| golgsglziexnjojri|jx |mjargjx iol j}veioi|gaox ao |mjgr jlzhi|gaoie gocezjohjx go |mjgr a~oejirogon% go |mj ejirogon ac a|mjrx iol go |mj ejirogon ac xahgie carì|gaox -^gkg

vjlgi4 Ih|gao Rjxjirhm'/

Xahgie haox|rzh|gaogx` - |mj ojna|gi|gao ac `jiogonx

Ha`vej`jo|irw |a vax|àljro ljhaox|rzh|gao% haox|rzh|gaogx` kjv| g|‗x io|grjiegx| hmirih|jr% |mj vezrieg|w ac j}vjrgjohjx iol go|jrvrj|i|gaox go i vezrie ~arelar go i vezrieg|w ac ~arelx% ngsj zx bw egokgon |mj `jiogon ~g|m |mj go|jrvrj|i|gsj~gee/ G| j`jrnjx cra` Ljrrgli‗x vax|àljrogx` |mraznm |mj haohjv| ac ―hze|zrie

`jlgi|gao ac |mj go|jrvrj|i|gao ibaz| xahgie rjieg|w/ \mjrj gx oa| aoew aoj jiogon|mi| harrjxvaolgon |a i xgonej |rz|m% bz| i vezrieg|w ac `jiogonx% rjcejh|gaox ac |mj~maej go |mj sirgazx ejsjex ac j}gx|johj/ Haox|rzh|gaogx| jvgx|jàeanw haohjrox|mj ljsjeav`jo| ac virilgn`x go xhgjohjx% xahgie iol hze|zrie cgjelx ix i ―ojna|gi|gao‐ ac |mj go|jrvrj|i|gaox -`jiogonx' ac ngsjo li|ix ljrgsjl cra` j`vgrghierjieg|w% ar go a|mjr irjix xzhm ix |mjarj|ghie koa~ejlnj% àljex% j|h/ Ihharlgon|mj |mj ―ìv‐ bw ~mghm ~j zoljrx|iol ar ―~j rjil‐ |mj rjieg|w gx oa àrj |mio ihao|gozazx ojna|gi|gaox ac go|jrvrj|i|gao/ Zoljrx|iolgon haohjv|x% ix |mjw irj|ikjo cra` xhgjo|gcgh eionzinj go hze|zrie lgxhazrxj% car` i virilgnì|gh àlje%rjei|gsjew goljvjoljo| cra` |mj xhgjohj ac |mjgr a~o/ Hze|zrie ljrgsi|gao ac |mj

`jiogon ac |mj haohjv|x zoljrewgon xjìo|gh haosjrnjohj ac iow xahgahze|zrie virilgn`x/ Go |mj `jo|ieg|w ejsje ahhzrx àx| vracazol rjx|rzh|zrgon% |mj |rioxg|gao cra` zoljrx|iolgon i ~arel abdjh|gsj% koa~ibej iol zogyzj% |a |mj vi||jroac i vezrieg|w ac ~arelx% ac ~mghm golj|jr`goi|gao gx |mjarj|ghieew vrjlgh|jl/Njrnjo irnzjx |mi| |jr`x xzhm ix ―rjie% |rzj% ri|gaoie iol abdjh|gsj% misj iogomjrjo| ljx|rzh|gsj va|jo|gie‐ -266:492'/ Ac hazrxj% |mjxj haohjv|x irj ac ì}g`z` z|geg|w go eahie ha``zog|gjx% |mj iccgrì|gao ac |rilg|gao |a cihgeg|i|j `z|zie|rzx|% haarlgoi|gao ac haeejh|gsj ih|gao iol x|g`zei|j jo|mzxgix` cgolx |mj iz|mar yza|jl -266:492'/ Va|jo|gie mitirlazx zvli|jl ahhzrx ~mjo ha``zog|w j`bjrx

j}|jol `jiogonx ac |mjxj ~arlx zogsjrxieew ix |rioxhjoljo| |rz|m% ri|gaoie go|mj`xjesjx% iol ac hazrxj abdjh|gsjx/ Ix x|i|jl X|jcio Hadahirz -266:42:'% haox|rzh|gaogx` ibiolao |mj glji |mi| |mj golgsglzie `gol gx |mj `grrar ac rjieg|w/

Oj~ jvgx|jàeanw hio oa eaonjr bj i vaxg|gsgx| aoj bz| ri|mjr maegx|gh iolmjr`jojz|gh aoj% go |mj ~iw ac Lge|iw‗x zoljrx|iolgon ac |mj lgccjrjohj bj|~jjozoljrx|iolgon iol j}veioi|gao% misgon ojhjxxirgew |a |mj ixxz`v|gao |mi| rjxjirhmxmazel gohezlj |mj rjxjirhmjr xwx|j` iol g|x harrjei|gao ~g|m |mj abdjh| xaznm|/ G|xegvvjl cra` i mirl harj ac |mj haohjv| ac rjieg|w ix vzrj abdjh|gsg|w |a ~mghm i vezrieg|w ac vaxxgbej rjieg|gjx bw rjxjirhmjr go|jrsjo|gao irj lzj |a i xgonej xj| ac

rjxze|xhaoxjyzjohjx/ Rjhaox|rzh|gao ac |mj ―vigo|gon ac |mj ~arel‐ gx i haox|io|ojna|gi|gao ac xhgjo|gcgh vi||jrox harrjei|jl ~g|m oj~ j}vjrg`jo|ie li|i/

\JARGG LJXVRJ///



99=


Haox|rzh|gaogx` gx xjjo ix vir| ac |mj vax|àljro virilgn` bjhizxj ac rjei|gsgti|gao ac àljex iol rjvar|gon |mj rjieg|w |a |mj rjxze|x ac ojna|gi|gao ac |mj go|jrvrj|i|gao/ Haox|rzh|gaogx| jvgx|jàeanw gx bw |mj x|rzh|zrj heaxj |a vax|

àljrogx`% xvjhgcghieew |a |mj Ewa|irl sgxgao |mi| azr gìnj ac rjieg|w gx ioirri|gao% i haoxjoxzx ac xvjjhm haoxgljrjl Mihkgon -97774973'/

Haohjv|x xzhm ix |mj veizxgbgeg|w bjha`jx àrj ivvravrgi|j |a ljxhrgbj |mjoi|zrj ac oj~ xhgjo|gcgh ei~x car`zei|jl ~g|mgo xhgjohj |mi| ljvir|x jsjr àrj|mio ~mi| hio bj ih|zieew j}vjrgjohjl ar abxjrsjl lgrjh|ew/ Haox|rzh|gaogx` ix iojvgx|jàeanw gx lric|jl bw Bzrr -977:4 7' |mj caeea~gon czoli`jo|ie ixxjr|gaox4

\mj io|gjxxjo|giegx| iol hrg|ghie zoljrx|iolgon ac ihhjxx |a koa~ejlnj/ \mgxsgj~ vrjhezljx zoljrx|iolgon |mj oi|zrj ac koa~ejlnj% ix jyzgsiejo| |a |mjj}gx|johj/ Azr koa~ejlnj gx ljvjoljo| ao haox|rzh|gao |mi| ~j rjew |a go|jrvrj|

|mj rjie% i haox|rzh|gao ha`vej|jl ligew bw |mj go|jrih|gaox bj|~jjo golgsglziex-977:4<'/

Io|g-rjiegx`/ \mj sjrxgao ac rjieg|w go ~mghm ~j egsj gx xahgieew iol hze|zrieewhaox|rzh|jl |mraznm go|jrih|gao iol hio oa| bj |iekgon ibaz| io abdjh|gsj cih| bz|jxvjhgieew ix |mj ixxz`v|gao ac i xgnogcghio| àlje -977:4 3'/

Mgx|arghie iol hze|zrie rjei|gsgx` ac koa~ejlnj iol |mj haohjv| ac |rz|m [Bzrr%977:4 7P/ Iee car`x ac koa~ejlnj% ba|m xhgjo|gcgh iol ha`ào aoj% mix i xjec mgx|arghie iol hze|zrie xvjhgcghg|w/ \rz|m g|xjec sirgjx mgx|arghieew iol hze|zrieew ixi haohjv| bixjl ao xahgie go|jrih|gao vrahjxxjx bw ~mghm vjavej irj go rjei

|gaoxmgv/ \mzx |rioxlgxhgvegoirg|w iol go|jrlgxhgvegoirg|w gx vaxxgbej bjhizxj nea biegti|gao gx i haox|rzh| ac hao|j`varirw hze|zrj -Ri|m% 2696'/

Eionzinj gx i car` ac ih|gao bw ~mghm |mj ~arel rjhjgsjx haox|rzh|x -Bzrr%977:43'/ ―Zoljrx|iolgon |mj ~arel ha`jx oa| lgrjh|ew cra` |mj abdjh|gsj rjieg|w bz| |mraznm a|mjr vjavej ba|m vix| iol vrjxjo|‐ -Bzrr% 977:47'/ Eionzinj gx oa|xg`vew i ~iw ac j}vrjxxgao/ \mj ârel rjhjgsgon haox|rzh|x |mraznm |mj ha``zoghi|gao iol bw |mi| ~iw ~arel mix i haoxgx|jo| rjieg|w car zx// Eionzinj gx |mzx icar` ac ih|gao/

Haox|rzh|gaogx` xiwx Njrnjo -266:' gx haohjrojl ìgoew ~g|m j}veigogon% |mj vrahjxxjx bw ~mghm vjavej ha`j |a ljxhrgbj% j}veigo iol |ikj oa|j ac |mj ~arel|mjw egsj iol gohezljx |mj` go g| / Ix i vax|àljro ivvraihmj |mj Haox|rzh|gaogx`ljhaox|rzh| |mj ao|aeanw -go |jr`x ac goljvjoljo| j}gx|johj% àsgon j}vjrgjohjac rjieg|w go|a |mj eionzinj'/ \mj xgnogcghiohj iol jiogon ac ~arlx irj oa| ngsjozoljr i harrjxvaoljohj |mjarw ac |rz|m bz| jxvjhgieew ac i |mjarw ac xahgie ojna|gi|gao% |mj `jiogon iol golgrjh|ew |a rjveihj |mj haohjv| ac |rz|m i| |mj iljyzihw iol hrjlgbgeg|w/

Go |mj ioiewxgx ac j|mogh ha``zog|gjx haox|rzh|gaogx` hio bj zxjl ihharlgon|a Njrnjo% x|ir|gon cra` |mj glji |mi| jsjrw car` ac xahgie arniogti|gao/ sgr|zieewha`vrjxxjx go g|xjec io ao|aeanw cr` g|x a~o% ix io ihharl ibaz| ―~mi| gx rjieg|w



997

g|xjec‐/ ^mjo ha``zog|gjx bzgel ―i oj~ xahgie haoxjoxzx rjieg|w‐% |mgx gx czeewrjcejh|jl go |mj j}gx|gon vrih|ghjx go |mj ha``zog|w/ J}vioxgao ac ha``zog|wgo|a xahgie xvihj ac ojgnmbargon ha``zog|gjx -Njrnjo 266:498=' go `ze|ghze|zrie

ha``zog|gjx% hrji|jx i harrjxvaolgon rjieg|w |raznm |mj ljrgsi|gao ac `jiogonxiol ac sgxgao ac rjieg|w ha`gon cra` ojgnmbargon haòg|èÿgej/ Ljcgog|jew go|jr vrj|i|gsj haocegh|x ìw ahhzrj bj|~jjo sgxgaox ac rjieg|w j}gx|gon go |mj ha``zog|w go yzjx|gao iol |maxj j}gx|gon go |mj a|mjr ha``zog|gjx/ Car Njrnjo% nea biegti|gao gx io gohrjixj go j|mghie haocegh|/ Arniogti|gaox gx j}|jolgon go a|mjr hze|zrie irjix% bw g`var|gon xvjhgcgh haox|rzh|x cra` eahie hze|zrjx/ Neabie vrih|ghjx irj cra` i xvjhgcgh vago| ac ~gj~ ac j}vioxgsj arniogti|gaox% hzrrjo| iol bjojcghgie% ~mgej |mi| eahie vrih|ghjx irj az|li|jl iol ojjl |a bj hmionjl% bz|cra` avvax|j vjrxvjh|gsj% |maxj ac eahie ha``zog|gjx% |mj hze|zrj vraà|j bw |mjj}vioxgsj arniogti|gao gx gosixgsj aoj% goxjoxg|gsj |a |mj rjngaoie ar Ha``zog|w

ojjlx% xa`j|g`jx jsjo g`àrie -Njrnjo 266:4987'/Xha|| Mirrgx% go mgx |zro% mgnmegnm| |mj vrjsiejohj ac x|zlgjx ibaz| xahgie

gojyzieg|w go |mj haohjrox ac haox|rzh|gaogx`% iol go|jrvrj|i|gsj xahgaeanw njojrieew/ \mj |mj`j ac xahgie gojyzieg|w rjei|jl |a |mj xahgie haox|rzh|gao ac rjieg|w%|ikj |aliw mjil ac vax|jr ac àx| xhgjo|gcgh haocjrjohjx go ha``zog|w xahgaeanwiol arniogti|gaoie xahgaeanw -Mirrgx% 266342:'/ Cra` Haox|rzh|gaogx| vago| ac sgj~ -2663422<' `zx| isagljl zoljrx|iolgon gojyzieg|w ix io abdjh|gsj xahgiecih|% rjxjirhm iw bj cahzx ri|mjr |a |mj jiogonx ngsjo |a gojyzieg|w go |mj xahgie vrahjxxjx |mi| njojri|jl go|jrvrj|i|gaox ac xahgie xvihj ix i cgjel ac gojyzieg|w/

Mirrgx haoxgljrjl |mi| xahgie x|ri|gcghi|gao hio oa| bj eibjejl go |jr`x ac gojyzieg|wiol va~jr/ Car haox|rzh|gaogx|x% gx àrj xvjhgcgh car xahgaeanghie rjxjirhm |aj}i`goj |mj `jiogon |mi| xzbdjh|x ngsj |a xahgie gojyzieg|w% iol g|x xgnogcghiohjcar xahgie egcj% |mio |mj ioiewxgx ac ―abdjh|gsj rjixaox‐% sgxgbej jccjh|x% ar ac xaez|gaox |mi| ha`jx cra` az|xglj |mj ha``zog|w/ Haox|rzh|gaogx| ivraihmj |mjrjcarj vravaxjl ha``zog|w g|xjec ix |mj ìgo rjxazrhj ac g|x a~o ljsjeav`jo|/\mj Haox|rzh|gaogx| vjrxvjh|gsj gx `ze|gsiejo| aoj% oarj go|jrvrj|i|gao bjjocisargxjl% hao|rirw |mj xi`j rjxjirhm ìw vralzhj àrj go|jrvrj|i|gaox ac |mjxi`j xahgie rjieg|w/ Oaoj ac |mj ha`vj|gon go|jrvrj|i|gaox oa| i vrgarg i mgnmjr

ljnrjj ac |rz|m% jihm gx ivvegjl |a i lgccjrjo| zogsjrxj ac go|jrvrj|i|gaox iol ac lgxhazrxjx/ Go a|mjr ~arlx% xzhm i xahgie rjieg|w ix vasjr|w% ìw misj i oz`bjr ac lgccjrjo| go|jrvrj|i|gaox go ha``zog|gjx g|xjec ar go lgcjrg| ha``zog|gjx% iol |mjrjxjirhmjr hiooa| heig` |a misj lgxhasjrjl ar g`vaxjl -go ih|gao rjxjirhm' ixgonej% ―Siegl go|jrvrj|i|gao‐/ Cra` |mgx vjrxvjh|gsj ~j hio zoljrx|iol |a|ieg|irgiogx` ix i vrahjxx ac zogsjrxiegti|gao ac go|jrvrj|i|gaox ao bjmiec ac ―i}gaeanghie xzvrjìhw‐ |mi| irj xjec vrahei`jl/ Zoegkj |mj i}gaeanghie lgh|i|arxmgv ac go|jrvrj|i|gaox% neabiegti|gao hio bj zoljrx|aal go |jr`x ac zogsjrxiegti|gao ac go|jrvrj|i|gaox cra` jvgx|j`gh rjhaox|rzh|gao ac rjieg|w bw hze|zrie hao|i`goi|gao/Xahgie ljsjeav`jo| gx bw jxxjohj io go|jnri|gsj vrahjxx gx vraoj |a |rioxlgxhgvegoirg|w iol |mjrjcarj G hmaxj |mgx lg`joxgao ac xahgie vrih|ghj |a geezx|ri|j |mj

\JARGG LJXVRJ///



926


go|jrvrj|gsj ilrgc| ac xa`j xahgie |jhmogyzjx njojri|jl cra` |mj virilgnì|ghxmgc| accjrjl bw |mj |rioxg|gao |a i |rioxàljro jvgx|jàeanw hjo|jrjl go go|jrhaoojh|gao/ Go|jnrie hze|zrj% xjjo ix i xwo|mjxgx ac |rilg|gaoiegx` ~g|m àljrog|w%

gx avvaxj cra` |rioxàljro |mjargx|x -Halrjioz 26634 9>>' ―hze|zrgg HahiHaei‐-i vax|àljro aoj'% |mi| bw |mj ljhaox|rzh|gao ac iow rjieg|w% xzvvrjxxjx |mj sjrwirji ac ih|gao ac |mj siezjx/ Go |mgx ~iw% ba|m vax|àljrogx` iol |rioxàljrogx`gosaesjx |mj czee xhavj ac mzìo bjgonx4 hze|zrj% |mjaeanw% vmgeaxavmw% ir|% vaeg|ghx% xhgjohj iol |jhmoaeanw/

―Xvgrg|ziegti|gao ac barljrx‐% cra` |mj xahgievaeg|ghie ejsje% gx i oi|zrie j}|joxgao ac ―Xvgrg|ziegti|gao ac jvgx|jàeanghie barljrx ― iol ac |mj ao|aeanghiezogcghi|gao% go i ― Oj|~ark Zogsjrxj ― ~mjrj jihm ha`vaojo| gx egokjl xjièjxxew~g|m iee a|mjr jej`jo|x ac |mj xwx|j`/

Rjveihgon ~jecirj xahgj|w ~g|m |mj oj|~ark xahgj|w% neabiegti|gao ac go|jrljvjoljohj iol |mj xahgie rjhaox|rzh|gao ac virilgn`x bw rjveihgon |mj vax|àljro xahgj|w‗x abxjxxgao ibaz| golgsglzieg|w iol vir|ghzeir% ~g|m ―Xvgrg|ziegti|gao ac iow barljrx% vaeg|ghie% hze|zrie ar jvgx|jàeanghie‐ -Xiolz4 266=% 96'%~gee hmionj |mj xahgie go|jrsjo|gaox abdjh|gsjx cra` ―lwoi`gh va|jo|gieg|gjx ac xjeclj|jr`goi|gao iol xjeczvli|j ac |mj hegjo| ― -Ranjrx% 9733'% go|a |mj iliv|gsjrjx|rzh|zrgon ac xahgie oj|~arkx car vaxg|gsj ljsjeav`jo| ac |mj hegjo|/

Ivvrjhgi|gsj goyzgrw ix i vrinì|gh ac |mj lgxhazrxj

\mj haohjv| ac ivvrjhgi|gsj goyzgrw gx eizohmjl bw Lisgl Haavjrrgljr iolXzrjxm Xrgsi|xsi go |mjgr ir|ghej Ivvrjhgi|gsj goyzgrw go arniogti|gaoie egcj% vzbegxmjl go 97=>/

\mj iz|marx go |mgx ir|ghej j`vmixgjx zvao i ljbi|j rjei|jl |a |mj g`var|iohjac |mjarw car -rj'haox|rzh|gao ac xahgie josgrao`jo| iol arniogti|gaoie bjmisgar%go |mj hao|j}| ljbi|j ibaz| |mj va|jo|gie ac rjxjirhmih|gao/ Ir|ghej |ikjx |mj gljixac Kjooj|m Njrnjo -266:'% rjei|jx |a |mj |mjarj|ghie koa~ejlnj iol g|x raej go

xahgie |rioxcarì|gao/ Xahgie iol bjmisgarie xhgjohjx xmazel bj ljcgojl go rjei|gao|a ―\mjgr njojri|gsj hivihg|w‐% |a hmieejonj |mj nzglgon ixxz`v|gaox ac hze|zrj% |aixk czoli`jo|ie yzjx|gaox ibaz| hao|j`varirw xahgie egcj% |a rjhaoxgljr ~mi| gxhaoxgljrjl xjecjsgljo| iol |mzx vrasglj oj~ ie|jroi|gsjx car xahgie ih|gao -Njrnjo266:49<7937'/

Ivvrjhgi|gsj Goyzgrjw gx i vir|ghzeir ~iw |a go|jrsgj~ xzbdjh|x ac arniogti|gaoie ljsjeav`jo| ~mgej |a io|ghgvi|jl iol haox|rzh| |mj cz|zrj bw ilav|gon vaxg|gsj rjei|gaoxmgv cra` czoli`jo|ie gomjrjo| vaxg|gsg|w ac jihm vjrxao% arniogti|gao ar i vir|ghzeir xg|zi|gao% bw gohrjixgon xwx|j` hivihg|w car haavjri|gao

iol hmionj/ \mj `j|mal mix |mj czoli`jo|ie ixxz`v|gao ac golgsglziex ha``g||jl |a g`vrasgon mg`xjec% iol hmiongon g|x cahzx ao vjrcarìohj/



929

Hadahirz Liogjei -2668' x|ir|gon cra` Haavjrrgljr‗x x|i|j`jo|x gljo|gcgjl ioz`bjr ac xvjhgcgh ac ivvrjhgi|gsj goyzgrw4

‘ Xahgie arljr gx czoli`jo|ieew zox|ibej% i| iow |g`j bjjgon |mj vralzh| ac

ojna|gi|gaox ar inrjj`jo|x bj|~jjo vjavej% |ihg| ar j}veghg| aoj iol ixxz`jl bw|mj`/

‘ Xahgie ih|gao gx egkjew |a bj go|jrvrj|jl lgccjrjo|ew ljvjolgon ao |mj mgx|arghiehao|j}| go ~mghm |mjrj gx oaoj ac |mj go|jrvrj|i|gaox hio oa| bj haoxgljrjl abdjh|gsjew xzvvjrgar ac ioa|mjr/

‘ Mzìo ih|gaox irj vrjxhrgbjl bw |mj gljix% bjegjcx% go|jo|gaox ar |mjargjx;

‘ \rioxcarì|gao ac haosjo|gaoie mzìo bjmisgar gx ihmgjsjl bw hmiongon |mjgljix% |mjargjx% gljaeangjx haosjo|gaoie;

‘ \mjargjx ~j cieea~% azr bjegjcx iol rjvrjxjo|i|gaox ac xahgie xwx|j`x misj ix|raon jccjh| ao |mj oi|zrj ac xahgie rjieg|w/

‘ \mj àx| va~jrcze sjmghej |mi| ha``zog|gjx misj |a haosjr| inrjj`jo|x ar irrionj`jo|x go oar`x% siezjx% naiex% gljaeanw gx |mj ih| ac lgieanzj% vaxxgbew|mraznm eionzinj% |mjrjcarj% |mj hmionjx |ikgon veihj go egonzgx|gh vrih|ghjx hiohizxj vracazol hmionjx go xahgie vrih|ghjx/

‘ Xahgie |mjarw hio bj xjjo ix i eionzinj ~g|m mgnm| ejsje ac ljsjeav`jo|%~g|hm vaxxjxx g|‗x a~o nri`ìr% iol g| hio bj zxjl ix i egonzgx|gh |aae ibej |ahrji|j oj~ àljex ac xahgie ih|gao/

‘ Iow |mjarw gx oarì|gsj% ~mj|mjr go|joljl ar oa| |mgx iol mix |mj va|jo|gie|a gocezjohj xahgie arljr ~mj|mjr ar oa| vjavej xglj ac ihhjv|iohj% rjdjh|gao ar golgccjrjohj/

‘ Jihm xahgie |mjarw mix àrie xgnogcghiohj iol |mj va|jo|gie |a iccjh| iolrjnzei|j go|jrvjrxaoie rjei|gaox go jsjrwliw egcj/

‘ Koa~ejlnj ac xahgie go|jrih|gao egjx go |mj haeejh|gsj% bjjgon hrji|jl% ìgo|igojl iol zxjl bw mzìo nrazv/

Haavjrrgljr ~j vravaxj |mj caeea~gon avjri|gaoie ljcgog|gao ac ivvrjhgi|gsjgoyzgrw4 i -ha'|rioxcar`gon rjxjirhm ac vaxg|gsg|w ac golgsglziex iol arniogti|gaox/Ivvrjhgi|gsj goyzgrw haoxgx|x go i |rioxcar`gon lgxhasjrw ac njojri|gon xazrhjxac sg|ieg|w ac egsgon xwx|j`x go |mjgr |g`jx ac ì}g`z` jccghgjohw iol ì}g`z`hrji|gsj hivihg|w go |mj jhaoa`gh% josgrao`jo|ie% mzìo cgjel/ Ivvrjhgi|gsjgoyzgrw gx i hjo|rie ~iw ac ih|gao rjxjirhm zxgon go|jrrani|gsj ir| zvvao |mjx|rjon|mx ac |mj xwx|j` |a ìkj |mj` zoljrx|iol% vrjlgh| iol ì}g`gtj |mjgr hrji|gsj va|jo|gie -Xiolz% Hadahirz% Vaoji% 2696'/ \mgx ivvraihmjx gx bixjl aoàbgegti|gao ac yzjx|gaogon -go||jrani|gsj' hivihg|w bixjl ac yzjrw ao |mj vaxg|gsjac |mj yzjx|gaox/ Rjxjirhm gx harrjei|gsj ~g|m hmiongon% bw xj||gon crjj ac |mj

gooasi|gsj va|jo|gie iol ac |mj hrji|gsj gìngoi|gao ac vjavejx go arniogxi|gogox|jil ac ljogie iol hrg|ghgx` -Haavjrrgljr% 266:48'/

\JARGG LJXVRJ///



922


X|jcio Hadahirz -266:' bw go|jrvrj|gon Bzxmj‗x sgxgao ixxjr| |mi| iow arniogti|gao gx io irbg|rirw xahgie haox|rzh|gao ~maxj bazolirgjx irj lri~o aoew bwmzìo gìngoi|gao iol haeejh|gsj ~gee/ ^j bjegjsj |mi| |mj vrjsgazx ljcgog|gao

ivvegjx jyzieew |a hze|zrie ha``zog|gjx% iol bjegjsjx |mi| eionzinj iol ~arlxrjvrjxjo| |mj cazoli|gao ac xahgie egcj% go egoj ~g|m vax|àljrogx| sgj~ ac eionzinj xjjo ix ih|gsj injo|x go hrji|gon `jiogonx/ \mjrjcarj% |mj |mjarw% jxvjhgieew|mi| johaljl go ~arlx ar gìnjx mix va~jr |a xmivj |mj xahgie arniogti|gaojosgrao`jo| bjhizxj ~j ―xjj ~mi| ~j bjegjsj‐ -Hadahirz% 266:'/ g|m |mj ljxgrjlhmionj go io arniogti|gao iol |mj xgèir go |mj ha``zog|w% ig`x |a rjljcgoj ma~ vjavej ~g|mgo g| j}veigox |mj siezjx |mi| ejl |a xzhhjxx/ Hmionj gx |mzx xjjo vrgìrgew ix i hmionj ac i||g|zlj go ljcgogon ha``zog|w bw g|‗x `j`bjrx/ Go iowha``zog|w hmionj hio bj ihmgjsjl bw hmiongon ―x|argjx‐ ~ghm hgrhzei|jl gocarìeew -Hadahirz% 2696'/ \mjxj x|argjx ~ark ao |mj mzìo `gol go io zohaoxhgazx ejsje/

\mj Ivvrjhgi|gsj Ha``zog|w Ljsjeav`jo| gx bixjl ao i xj`ga|gh ioiewxgx ac `j|ilgxhzrxjx |mi| ierjilw j}gx| go |mj ha``zog|w/ Golgsglziex go jihm ha``zog|whrji|j i xj| ac x|argjx |mi| ha`j |anj|mjr go ~mi| gx hieejl |mj eahie hze|zrj/Rjilgon |mjxj x|argjx io bj ilj go |jr`x haohjro ac gohrjixjl cisaribej jej`jo|xar xzhhjxx% |mj |g`gon ac ixxjxx`jo| iol sieargxi|gao ac vjrxaoie `jiogonx% iolsiezi|gon vaxg|gsj j}vjrgjohjx ac ha``zoghi|gao go |mj ha``zog|w/ Hze|zrj ac iha``zog|w gx egokjl |a xzhm à`jo|x ac xzhhjxx; g|‗x rjìrkibej vjavejx% ivvrjhgi|gon |mj ha``zog|w va|jo|gie% iol ac à`jo|x ac sieargti|gao Ha``zog|w‗xxzhhjxxcze j}vjrgjohjx ~mghm irj go|joljl |a bj xzb`g||jl go cz|zrj ha``zog|wljsjeav`jo| ih|gsg|gjx//

Cra` |mj vjrxvjh|gsj ac io|mravaeanw% ~j hio xjj mjrj i vrahjxx |a njojri|j`w|mx% go car` ac |mj x|arinj ac x|argjx% go i mwvjrbaegtjl car` ix |mj hze|zriemjrg|inj ac |mj ha``zog|w/

Iirao ljNrixxg bjegjsjx |mi| go jsjrw ha``zog|w% ix jihm arniogti|gao x|zlgjl bw Haavjrrgljr% |mjrj gx xa`j|mgon |mi| ~arkx ~jee iol vralzhjx xzhhjxxcze iolivvrjhgi|gao ~g|mgo |mj ha``zog|w haohjrojl/ Ha``zog|w ~gee jsaesj go |mj

lgrjh|gao ~mjrj `j`bjrx haeejh|gsjew cahzxjl |mjgr yzjx|gaox iol jccar|x/ XahgieRjieg|w xahgie ix bjjo `ze|gvej% |mj ha``zog|w g|x ―xjejh|‐ g|‗x a~o cz|zrj ihharlgon |a inrjjl xahgie rjieg|w/ LjNrixxg x|rjxxjx |mi| rjieg|w gx hrji|jl go |mj vrjxjo|à`jo|% iol |mjrjcarj ibgeg|w |a ivvew i yzjrw vrahjxx ivvrjhgi|gsj yzjx|gaogon%ac |mj xzhhjxx x|argjx% vradjh|gon |mj` ~mgej |zrogon |mj` ix i ljxgribej rjieg|w% bw ~mghm |a ljsjeav ha``zog|w -266>4=<'/

I ha`viri|gsj ioiewxgx haolzh|jl bw Vjjeej |mj |mgrl% bj|~jjo Ivvrjhgi|gsjGoyzgrw iol Vrabej` Xaesgon ix arniogti|gaoie ljsjeav`jo| |jhmogyzjx |mi| rjsjie|mj |rioxcarì|gaoie ibgeg|w ac ba|m |jhmogyzjx xma~gon |mj ha`vej`jo|irg|w ac

|mj |~a ivvraihmjx go |mj arniogti|gaoie iol ha``zog|w ljsjeav`jo| -26634<:7<36'/



928

\mj cieea~gon lg`joxgaox ac ha``zog|w ~jrj ljsjeav`jo| bw `j% x|ir|goncra` |ma~xj ac Brzhj Bjroirl% ~mjrj g| ~ix x|raonew rjei|jl |a arniogti|gaoieljsjeav`jo/ Jej`jo|x ac Ha``zog|w ioiewxgx zxgon ivvrjhgi|gsj goyzgrw irj4

9/ Ihmgjsj`jo|x4 \mj gosjx|gni|ar ~gee rjsgj~ |mj ìdar ihmgjsj`jo|x ac |mjha``zog|w% iol ac rjvrjxjo|i|gsj arniogti|gaox ih|gon go |mj ha``zog|w iolrjvrjxjo|i|gsj arniogti|gaox ih|gon go |mj ha``zog|w xzhm ix4 gooasi|gsj vralzh|x%xzhhjxx go |mj rjei|gaoxmgv ac go|jrhze|zrie ha``zoghi|gao% ~iw ac egcj% |mjgr i||g|zljx% |rilg|gaox% `w|mghie xvjjhm% j|h/

2/ X|ri|jngh avvar|zog|gjx4 I| |mgx ejsje |mj rjxjirhmjr ~gee ixxjx irkj| avvar|zog|gjx ac |mj arniogti|gao ar arniogti|gaox ih|gsj go |mj ha``zog|gjx% g|x xvjhgcghiol j}gx|gon mzìo rjxazrhjx% carjhix|x iol x|ri|jngh veiox% ioiewxgx ac vradjh|xiol vranri`x g`vej`jo|jl bw |mj arniogti|gao% yzieg|w vaeghw iol |a|ie yzieg|w

ìoinj`jo|% j|h/8/ \mj zogyzjojxx ac vralzh|x iol x|rjon|mx4 ac vralzh|x iol xjrsghjx accjrjl

bw |mj arniogti|gao ba|m go rjei|gao |a |mjgr ha``zog|w iol ze|ghze|zrie lgieanzjgosaesjl/

</ Xahgie iol ha``zoghi|gaox j}vjr|gxj j}gx|gon ~g|mgo |mj arniogti|gao !ha``zog|w

:/ Gooasi|gaox4 I| |mgx ejsje |mj gosjx|gni|ar `zx| gljo|gcw |mj ih|zie gooasi|gaox |mi| misj ivvjirjl go |mj arniogti|gao% ba|m i| |mj |jhmoaeanghie ejsje ar

vralzh|gsj vrahjxxjx iol vrasglgon xjrsghjx iol gosjo|gsjojxx xjrsghjx iol gosjo|gsjojxx xjjo ix io asjriee hivihg|w ac golgsglziex go |mj arniogti|gao |a ihmgjsj virilgnì|gh ejivx/ ^j j`vmixgtj |mj lgx|goh|gao bj|~jjo |mj gooasi|gsj vrahjxxar |jhmoaeanw |rioxcjr ac koa~ejlnj cra` aoj irji |a ioa|mjr ~g|mgo |mj xi`jiveghi|gsg|i|j virilgn`x iol gosjo|gsjojxx |mi| |mj ibgeg|w |a hmionj |mj sjrwx|rzh|zrj ac |mj avjri|gaoie virilgn`/ G| iexa ioiewtjx |mj j}gx|gon gooasi|gsjha``zog|w ejsje% iol g|x vaxxgbgeg|w ac bjha`gon i ejirogon hjo|jrjl ha``zog|w-ejirogon ha``zog|gjx'/

3/ Gljaeanw4 rjxjirhm ig`jl i| jej`jo|x ac ha``zog|w hze|zrj% xzhhjxx x|argjx

ibaz| |mj hrji|gao ac gljo|g|w iol bjeaongon |mraznm vrahjxxjx ac xahgiegti|gao i|Ha``zog|w ejsje/

>/ Vaxg|gsj vrih|ghjx% j}gx|johj ac x|iolirlx ac naal vrih|ghj ac yzieg|w ìoinj`jo| ~g|m j`vmixgx ao ioiewxgx ac |mj bjx| ~iwx |a g`vrasj |mj ha``zog|w%iol |mj x|argjx goxglj |mj`/

=/ Vaxg|gsj jà|gaox iol xi|gxcih|gao ac |mj xzvjrgar ojjlx4 G| ioiewtjx |mjx|argjx ac golgsglziex ig`gon xi|gxcih|gao ao Ha``zog|w `j`bjrxmgv% ilmjrjohj|a vir|ghzeir hze|zrie ac xvjhgcgh ha``zog|w% j|h/ Bjrogj Hir|jr go|ralzhjl |mj|jr` rjxjirhm goyzgrw' ix i hjejbri|gao -26634 :9' |a ljcgoj |mj ivvrjhgi|gsj

goyzgrw ix i |aae car ~arkgon ~g|m ―~mi| ~arkx bjx|/ Go ha``zog|w ljsjeav`jo|

\JARGG LJXVRJ///



92<


rjxjirhm goyzgrw' ix i hjejbri|gao hio bj zxjl |a rjg|jri|gon |rilg|gaox% iolcihgeg|i|gon |mj vir|ghgvi|gao ac `j`bjrx ac |mjgr ha``zog|w egcj

7/ Arniogti|gaoie go|jeegnjohj haoxgljrx |mj j}gx|johj ac ha``zog|w ljsjeav

`jo| x|ri|jngjx bixjl ao |mj x|rjon|mx ac |mj ha``zog|w iol |mjrj gx i zohaolg|gaoieew vaxg|gsj xj| ac siezjx ~ghm ilmjrj iee |mj ha``zog|w `j`bjrx/ \ada\mi|hmjokjrw -2667 ' ljcgojx i xvjhgie car` ac go|jeegnjohj% ix |mj ivvrjhgi|gsjgo|jeegnjohj% zoljrx|aal ix |mj ibgeg|w |a |a vrjlgh| vjavej iol xg|zi|gaox ~g|m va|jo|gie car xzhhjxx iol x|ri|jngjx rjyzgrjl |a ab|jgo |mj` ‘ xjjgon |mj `gnm|waik go |mj iharo/

99/ Ivvrjhgi|gao4 Rjvrjxjo|x |mj xwo|mjxgx ac sgxgaox ac ha``zog|w `j`bjrxibaz| g|x cz|zrj iol |mjgr a~o veihj ~g|mgo |mj ha``zog|w/ Vmixj ig`x i| bzgelgonac x|ri|jngh sgxgao bw ixxjxxgon |mj va|jo|gieg|gjx ac |mj ha``zog|w iol ~iwx |a

czecgee |mj` go |mj car` ac xjecrjiegxi|gao vravmjhgjx/ @ao|w @geejr iol haeeibari|arx% ~rg|jx ibaz| ivveghi|gao go |mj jx|ibegxm`jo| xzrsjw ivvrjhgi|gsj |rioxhze|zrie x|ri|jngh ieegiohj/ \mj iz|marx haoxgljr |mj haox|rzh|gao ac i hraxxhze|zrieieegiohjx iol ljsjeav zoljrx|iolgon go `ze|ghze|zrie ha``zog|gjx gx i hmieejonjcar |mj vrih|g|gaojr ac xahgie ljsjeav`jo| go ze|gj|mogh ha``zog|gjx/ Gox|rz`jo|xzxjl cra` ih|gao irj ha``gon cra` ih|gaorjxjirhm `j|malaeanw% ivvrjhgi|gsjgoyzgrw% iol arniogti|gaoie ljsjeav`jo|/ Irji ac hraxxhze|zrie ieegiohj ljxhrgbjl bw |mj iz|marx% gx harvari|j irji% ~mghm haj}gx| ~g|m xìee ci`gew bzxgojxxjx go`ze|ghze|zrie ha``zog|gjx -@geejr% 266:479'/ \rioxhze|zrie ieegiohjx ig`jl i|

joxzrgon rjngaoie ljsjeav`jo| go `ze|gj|mogh irjix% ar ~mjrj `goarg|gjx haj}gx||mjw misj ljsjeavjl |mjgr a~o lgx|goh| hze|zrj/ Hze|zrie Haavjri|gao vrjxz`jljx|ibegxm`jo| ac x|ri|jngh ieegiohjx% jomiohj `z|zie |rzx| iàon `j`bjrx ac hze|zrie ha``zog|gjx% iol |mzx i vrahjxx ac hao|i`goi|gao% hrji|gon oj~ hraxxhze|zrie gljo|g|w/ Vir|ghgvio|x ~jrj ixkjl |a sgj~ |mj ieegiohj vaxg|gao asjr 96wjirx/ Vir|ghgvio|x ~jrj rjei|jl |a haohrj|j jhaoa`gh rjxze|x% irgxgon lgrjh|ewcra` ieegiohj ih|gsg|w/ G| mix ìlj i x|ri|jngh ljxgno cra` arlgoirw ih|gsg|gjx% gxiexa ìkgon rjha``joli|gaox car g`vrasj`jo| ac ha``zoghi|gao vrahjxxjx/

92 Xwx|j`x ac rzejx siezjx iol |rilg|gaox |mi| ha``zog|w `j`bjrx dago iolaccjr g| |mj argngoieg|w iol zogyzjojxx/

98/ Vaxg|gsj |rjolx% j}gx|gon go |mj ha``zog|w rjnirlgon |mj vravaxie ac oj~xahgie vrih|ghjx iol xjrsghjx/

9</ Mzìo hivg|ie ~g|m j`vmixgx ao x|argjx ac golgsglziex iol |mjgr harrjei|gaogo i xgonej x|arw ac ha``zog|w -Ri||ioivmio% 2696'4 Siezjx iol vjrcarìohj ac golgsglziex ìkgon zv |mj ha``zog|w% ha``zoghi|gao iol `z|zie ixxgx|iohj%ha``zog|w rjei|gaox ~g|m a|mjr ha``zog|gjx |mi| haj}gx| go |mj xahgie josgrao`jo|% xahgie rjxvaoxgbgeg|w |a |mj ha``zog|w/

93/ Ha``zog|w Jhaxwx|j`/



923


Go Raìogi% |mj G|iegiox hi`j go |~a lgrjh|gaox% go \rioxwesiogi iol Bioi|% go |mjMibxbzrn @aoirhmw% jxvjhgieew ix ~arkjrx go x|aoj% ar cir`jrx% hric|x`jo% j|h//ao |mj aoj miol% iol go |mj Ael Raìogio Kgonla` ao |mj a|mjr miol |mjw ha`j

|a ~ark go Raìogi/ \mj oj}| njojri|gao ac G|iegiox% ha`gon ic|jr 979=% ~jrjàx|ew ir|gxiox iol xìee ìozcih|zrjrx% bz| iexa |jihmjrx% `jrhmio|x iol ir|gx|x/@ax| ac |mj`% bz| |mjgr hmgelrjo% ~mj|mjr baro go Raìogi% misj rj|igojl G|iegiohg|gtjoxmgv zo|ge :636 wjirx ~mjo |mjw ~jrj carhjl |a ngsj zv hg|gtjoxmgv G|iegioX|i|j bw |mj ha``zogx| rjng`j go Raìogi/ \mj eaxx ac G|iegio hg|gtjoxmgv `jio|i sjrw vigocze eaxx car j|mogh G|iegiox ~ma misj j}vjrgjohjl/

Go |mj G|iegio j|mogh nrazv go Raìogi misj xma~o |~a aljex ac xahgiegti|gaoac hmgelrjo cra` ci`gegjx ac j|mogh G|iegiox/ \mj ―j|mogh gljo|g|w haox|rzh|jl‐`jiox rigxgon hmgelrjo go io josgrao`jo| ~mjrj |mj vrjsigegon hzx|a`x ac G|iew%

xvjikgon G|iegio% Ci`gew% iol ―dago |mj G|iegio siezjx/ Go io go|jrsgj~ ~g|m |mjG|iegio j|mogh mj xiw ―iee `w hmgelmaal ~ix xvjo| iàon G|iegio ci`gegjx/ @wci|mjr eax| mgx G|iegio hg|gtjoxmgv go 97:7 ~mjo mj ~ix carhjl |a hmaaxj bj|~jjoRaìogio iol G|iegio hg|gtjoxmgv/ Ix i baw G xvakj go G|iegio go `w ci`gew‐/ \mgxàlje ixxz`jx i x|raon |riox`gxxgao ac xahgie siezjx iol mibg|x iol ac |mj G|iegioeionzinj% ~mi| ~j hiee go|iongbej mjrg|inj ac j|mogh `goarg|w ac G|iegiox go Raìogi/ \mj bjeaongon nrazv xmiee car~irl |mj hmgel jej`jo|x xvjhgcgh |a G|iegiohze|zrj% iàzon ~g|m hze|zrie jej`jo|x ac Raìogio xahgj|w/ Zxzieew j|moghxahgiegxjl go xzhm io josgrao`jo| misj iol koa~x |mjgr rjei|gsjx go G|iew% ~mghm~ma mix sirgazx xahgie go|jrih|gaox -`z|zie sgxg|x% ìge% vmaoj% j|h/'/

\mj |rioxvirjo| j|mogh gljo|g|w gosaesjx i xahgiegti|gao ìgoew go Raìogio%~g|maz| xzbx|io|gie vir|ghgvi|gao go |mj xvgrg|zie siezjx ac |mj G|iegio ha``zog|w% bz| |mj hmgel gx ac|jo x|i|jl |mi| mj gx j|moghieew G|iegio% |mi| mgx nriolvirjo|x ar nrji|nriolvirjo|x hi`j cra` G|iew/

I| ma`j gx oa| i| iee ar sjrw rirjew xvjikx G|iegio% iol xa`j|g`jx mj mg`xjec lgl oa| koa~ G|iegio/ \mgx |wvj ac j|mogh gljo|g|w misj hieejl |rioxvirjo| bjhizxjg| gx ri|mjr i àlje ac go|jrhze|zrie gljo|g|w% zxzieew xvjhgcgh ci`gegjx ac `g}jlj|mogh ar j|mogh ci`gegjx xzbdjh|jl |a i hjr|igo vago| i ha`vej} vrahjxx ac ixxg`gei|gao/

Car |mj mgx|arw ac egcj ~j zxjl |mj bgbeganrivmgh xazrhjx ìkgon io ioiewxgx ac |mjgr hao|jo| iol iox~jrx |a go|jrsgj~ ngsj bw xa`j `j`bjrx ac |mj G|iegio`goarg|w go Raìogi% ibaz| |mj`xjesjx ar |mjgr virjo|x% nriolvirjo|x ar nrji|nriolvirjo|x/ Raàea Bj||jge -Vivvz4 2668' ~ix baro go Iohaoi% 9=88/ Ic|jr |mjljcji| ac Nirgbielg‗x |raavx ojir Ra`j% mj ~arkjl ~g|m Ngzxjvvj @ittgog% ~ixcarhjl |a na go|a j}gej go Raìogi/ G| ~ix jx|ibegxmjl go Brigei% ~mjrj mj ~ix |mj vgea| go var| iol oisie j}vjr|/ Mj nisj |mj oi`j ac mgx laznm|jr G|iegi go |mjgr ~gxm |a vjrvj|zi|j |mj gìnj ac |mj hazo|rw/ Mj lgjl go Bzhmirjx| go 979:% ix ioG|iegio hg|gtjo/ Mgx liznm|jr% ìrrgjl Di`jx Vivvz% iol eax| bw ìrrginj G|iegiohg|gtjoxmgv% bz| kjv| g|x ―haoxhgazxojxx iol vrglj vjogoxzeir/ Jlnir% xao ac G|iegi



92>

Vivvz% ìlj G|iegio X|zlgjx go Bzhmirjx| iol go Cearjohj% iol |jihm G|iegio i| |mj Oi|gaoie Mgnm Xhmaae go Gixg/ Nrji|nrji| nriolxao ac Raàea Bj||jeg% Seil GaoVivvz% iexa i||jol G|iegio X|zlgjx% iol |rioxei|jl cra` G|iegio vaj|rw/

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Appreciative semiotic and hermeneutic practices in the analysis of ethnic minorities/ Antonio Sandu

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Transcript of Appreciative semiotic and hermeneutic practices in the analysis of ethnic minorities/ Antonio Sandu