Appraisal of Commercially Available Cassava Peeling ... · A member of the CGIAR Consortium...

A member of the CGIAR Consortium www.iita.org

Appraisal of Commercially

Available Cassava Peeling Methods in

Nigeria 22–23 NOVEMBER,

LAGOS ORIENTAL HOTEL

CONFERENCE

Peter Kolawole, Adebayo Abass, Peter Kulakow, Thierno Diallo, Taiwo Samuel, Wasiu Awoyale.


Structure of Presentation

•  Introduction o  Peeling as a basic unit operation o  Peeling methods •  Evaluations •  Results •  Conclusion


Introduction •  Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a

root crop.

•  It ranked 4th after rice, maize and wheat as food crop in the developing countries


UgandaTanzania

Tanzania

CameroonZambia

Nigeria

Ø  Highlabourand6meinputsØ  Poorproductqualityandsafety

StageI:Tradi6onalprocessing

Ø  MachinesarenotusedØ  Lowproductoutputspercapita

Ø  Lowmarketprice Ø  Lackofcompe66veness

GCP21-11Abass,


StageII:Par6almechaniza6on

Ø  Innova6veu6liza6onmethodsareintroducedtopromotemechanizedprocessing

Ø  Introductoryorlearningphaseofmechaniza6on

Ø  Tradi6onalpeelinganddryingprac6cesares6llinuse

GCP21-11Abass,


Peeling is one of the major challenges in processing root to food

Peeling as a basic unit operation


Cassava varieties

Peel Pulp

Bitter 650 ppm 310 ppm

Sweet 200 ppm 38 ppm

This operation constituted major set backs in processing the root to food

Peelingreducesthecyanidecontentbyatleast50%.

FAO,1992).

A member of the CGIAR Consortium www.iita.org PRODA’s A&H

b

WAMABCO

FATAROY

BASICON

Machines

The mechanical serve large-scale production. •  Low peeling

efficiency /waste of root.


Manual peeling

Manual peel ing s e r v e s t h e purpose of small-s c a l e c o t t a g e industry. Very s low and labour intensive One person can only peel 25kg per hour (Olukunle,2002 Dziedzoave,2003).


To search for effective peelers in Nigeria

Manual peeling

Traditional (indigenous) techniques was used as

peeling system (using men and women)

Mechanical peelers

Identified fabricators operate their machines at

the processor /customers locations

Objective


Hand Peeling: A measured quantity of 25kg was given to each of the human (woman and man) peelers Peeler Machines: The same quantity of 25kg were fed into batch operated machine for 3mins and continuous peeling machine are fed with 25kg until it became exhausted. (Wheatley and Scott., 1993)

The energy requirements: The actual power of the machine was estimated according to Kurt, (l979). (kW.h/kg) Survey questions were used (focus groups of selected farmers) to determine the status quo of the peeling job.

Method


Percentage flesh loss of root ( F.L.)

Machine throughput capacity (M.T.C)

Machine Peeling Efficiency (P.E)

Evaluation


Results

Peeler Production costs (₦/kg)

Basicon 1.17b

Fataroy 0.30d

Manual 2.65a

Wammaco 0.61c

Peeler Power consumption

(kW)

Energy consumption rate

(kJ/kg)

Basicon 4.0b 154.5a

Fataroy 8.5a 65.9b

Manual 0.0c 0.0c

Wammaco 7.5a 80.0b


STATE

TOWNDATE MACHINE TYPE

N o P . movers %P.E.

%F.L. C kg/hr

OYOO D O G B O (BARACKS) 26/6/2015

FATAROY A Model Ibadan

164.5 36

600

ILERO (NIJI) 1/7/2015 DORNOW Germany 5 69 36.33 1500

OSUN OSINBENG IWO 18/11/2015 A&H IWO 1 80.9 26.4 1000

BISIMONCO IWO 19/11/2015 ADEBASH IBADAN 1 - - 500

OGUNB L O P A M E D IMUWEN 21/11/2015

FATA R O Y O L D Model Ibadan

148.2 17

500

O C E A N & E A R T H IWAMEJE 22/11/2015

FATA R O Y N E W MODEL Ibadan

1

65 20

400

KWARAA R O G U N J O FARMS 23/11/2015

C H I S E L T E C H OWERRI

196 42.4

400

WAHAN FOOD

25/11/2015 AKIN ILORIN1

0 96400

EKITI STATE

O A M S A L CASSAVA AYEDE EKITI

27/11/2015


1

86 32

1000

DORMBOMARK P IKERE

29/11/2015 AKURE

156 38

500

ONDOMIC MAc 30/11/2015


195.6 18

1000

OGBESE 30/11/2015


195.7 16.5

1000

Results


Manual method was the slowest though delivers superior quality with minimal waste. Selected mechanical peelers show variation in the machine design. Comparative peeling efficiency and flesh loss for manual and mechanical methods gives 48% and 96%; 17% and 42% respectively. .


Mismatch was identified in all ‘workstations’ • In manual peeling: static work occasioned by long sitting posture, and asymmetric loading of the upper extremity. This is an ergonomic risk with accumulated trauma having a long-term effect on health. • Mechanical peelers: All machines surveyed had noise level higher than 85 decibels This is a threshold beyond human accommodation for an 8hr-workday.

Ergonomic


•  Mechanization is a pillar in Agricultural transformation

•  Promotion of appropriate farm tools that can lead to removal of drudgery and improve wellbeing of African farmers is highly important

•  Mechanical peelers as a choice

Discussion


Appropriate conditions

Appropriate conditions Mechanization is a pillars in Agricultural Transformation


Asian Agricultural Transformation

Asia


Smal

lhol

der

Farmers

Nigeria


Human-machine relation experience some level of ergonomic mismatch

•  Height of machine to that of the operator.

•  No provision for change of posture as required to mitigate against ergonomic risk.

•  Bending of body and lifting of materials above shoulder height was also observed

•  Declining of interest by women is making manual peeling very expensive.

Observation


Many machines have been fabricated to solve this peeling problem than any other process machine in cassava processing history without satisfaction. Many mechan ism dev ised were continuous and batch abrasion type. Ergonomic redesign of machine and facilities in use by peelers' using workers' anthropometry will help.

Recommendation


•  There is appreciable improvement in the design of available peelers

PE above 80 % was recorded Flesh losses experiences reduction •  Processors must investment in good

machines development.

Conclusion


Thank you

Appraisal of Commercially Available Cassava Peeling ... · A member of the CGIAR Consortium...

Documents

Transcript of Appraisal of Commercially Available Cassava Peeling ... · A member of the CGIAR Consortium...