Applied Geology 2 Marks

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APPLIED GEOLOGY

UNIT-1

TWO MARKS

1. What is geology?

a. Geology is the science that deals with the origin, age and structure of the earth.

b. Geo refers to earth and logos refer to science.

2. What are the branches of geology?

a. The branches of geology are as follows:

b. Physical Geology

c. Geomorphology

d. Mineralogy

e. Petrology

f. Historical Geology

g. Economic Geology

3. What are the various internal layers of the earth? (University Question)

a. The various layers of the earth are:

b. Crust

c. Mantle

d. Core

4. Explain the role of geology in the field of civil engineering.

Geology is also defined as the branch of applied sciences which deals with the application of

geology for a safe, stable and economic design & construction of civil engineering projects.

It enables a civil engineer to understand the civil engineering implications related to the area of

construction.

5. Define Weathering? Name the different types of weathering?

a. Weathering is defined as the process of decay, disintegration and decomposition of rocks under

the influence of chemical agents.

b. The types of weathering are:

c. Physical weathering and chemical weathering.

6. Distinguish between physical and chemical weathering. (University Question)

Physical weathering Chemical Weathering

It is the process of disintegration of the rocks

into smaller fragments without causing any

chemical change in the product

It is the process of alteration of the

rocks by chemical decomposition

Temperature variation and organic activity

causes physical weathering

Chemical weathering is brought about

by gases and moisture

7. What is exfoliation?

a. The phenomenon of pealing of layers from rocks under the influence of thermal effects and

chemical weathering is called exfoliation

8. List the factors affecting weathering?

a. Nature of the rock

b. Climatic condition



c. Physical Environment

9. List the factors affecting weathering?

a. Nature of the rock

b. Climatic condition

c. Physical Environment

10. What is Spheroidal weathering?

a. The chemical decomposition associated with the frost action results in the formation of rounded

surfaces of the rock masses. This feature is called spheroidal weathering.

11. What are the products of weathering?

a. Eluvium

b. Deluvium

12. What is Eluvium?

a. It is the product of weathering that happens to lie over and over the rock. It consists of

fragmentary or very fine grained material.

13. What is deluvium?

a. It is the end product of weathering that has been moved to some distance from the parent rock.

14. What is a soil profile?

a. Soil profile is defined as the depth below the surface up to which the effects of weathering can be

clearly seen.

15. Explain what is a stream and a river?

a. Surface water flowing in their own channels is called a stream. A large stream which covers a

large area and receives many other small streams is called a river.

16. What are the sources of stream water?

Rain and Storm water flows directly and indirectly into the sea



Greater part of the precipitation continues its seaward journey, flowing right over the surface of

the earth

17. What is subsurface water?

a. The water that infiltrates into the ground is known as sub surface water.

18. List any 4 depositional landforms created by river? (University Question)

Alluvial fans and cones

Flood plain deposits

Deltas

Channel deposits

19. What are the various types of river load?

a. The types of river load are:

b. The suspended load

c. The bed load

d. The dissolved load

20. What is a loess deposit? (University Question)

Loess is a windblown deposit of silt and clay grade particles. It is the porous accumulation of particles

of size 0.01-0.05 mm in diameter.

21. What is an alluvial or fluvial deposit?

a. The deposits that are laid down by running water is referred to as alluvial or fluvial deposit.

22. What is river meandering?

a. The process of development of zig-zag course by streams is known as river meandering.

23. What is a sea?

a. Sea is a continuous body of salt water having numerous inland extensions or embayment.

24. What is a continental shelf?

a. Continental shelf is a gently sloping land part partly submerged in water. It may be a narrow strip

or a very large area.

25. Explain the term Gorge and Canyon.

GORGES: It’s a very deep cut narrow valleys with very steep and high walls. Their length varies

from few km to several km.

CANYON: Specific type of gorge where the layers cut down by a river are stratified & horizontal in

altitude

26. Define cuesta and Hogback.

Cuesta: Combined set of escarpment & dip slope occurring adjacently. It results in prolonged

erosion of rocks forming the channel of river and having an alternating hard and soft layer.



Hog back: Its an erosional feature developed by river erosion. A hogback is an out crop of a hard

resistant rock that is very steeply inclined

27. What is a wave? What are the types of waves?

a. Waves are the disturbances on the surface of the sea water due to the strong winds, earthquake

etc…. The types of waves are the oscillatory and translatory waves.

28. What is a sea current? What are the types of currents?

a. Current refers to the layers or strips of sea water that is pushed forward in a particular direction.

Littoral currents and Rip currents are the two types of currents.

29. What is a headland and a bay?

a. In a sloping shore line made of materials of unequal hardness, the soft rocks get eroded easily.

Sea water enters the inland spaces created along the shore. This is called a bay.

b. The stronger rocks get smoothened and modified but still stand as projecting parts of original

shore line. This is called headland.

30. What is vadose water?

a. Vadose water is a type of subsurface water that occurs from surface downward upto a variable

depth and moves downward under the influence of gravity.

31. What are the sources of ground water?

a. Meteoric water

b. Connate water

c. Juvenile water

32. What is an Influent and Effluent stream?

a. When the ground water table is lower than the water level in the stream it is referred to as

influent stream.

b. When the ground water table is higher than the water level in the stream it is referred to as

Effluent stream

33. What is Water table? (University Question)

The depth to the upper surface of the zone of saturation in free ground-water is called water table. It may

be as low as 1 meter or as deep as 100 meter or more.

34. What is an Aquifer? (University Question)

a. Aquifer is a rock mass, layer or formation saturated with ground water. It is capable of yielding

the stored water at economic costs when tapped.

35. What is an Aquiclude? (University Question)

a. A rock body or formation which holds water but does not allow an easy flow of water through it

is called as an aquiclude.

36. What is an Aquifuge?

a. It is an impermeable rock formation through which there is no storage and movement of water.

37. What is an Aquitard?

a. Aquitard is the term which is used for an aquifuge or aqquiclude which has become leaky due to

cracks or joints.

38. What are the types of Aquifer?

a. Unconfined Aquifer

b. Confined Aquifer



c. Artesian Aquifer

39. What are sand dunes? (University Question)

Sand dune is defined as a broadly conical heap of sand characterized with two slopes on either side of a

medial ridge or crest.

40. What is an Earthquake?

Vibrations induced on the earths surface due to internal and external causes that shake the crust and all

other structures is called earthquake.

41. What is focus?

The point of origin of the earthquake is called focus.

42. What is an Epicenter?

The point on the surface just above the focus is called epicenter.

43. What are different types of seismic waves?

The types of seismic waves are:

P- Waves

S- Waves

L- Waves

44. What is a seismogram?

The vibrations detected by seismographs are recorded on photographic paper as a series of zig zag lines

are called Seismogram

45. What is a seismograph?

The instrument used to record earth motion or vibrations by the seismic waves is called a seismograph

46. What is an Isoseismal?

The lines passing through values having the same intensity in an earthquake record is called isoseismal.

47. What is Mercalli scale? (University Question)

Mercalli scale is a scale to determine the seismic intensity. In the scale the intensity is indicated by a set

of whole numbers in ascending order, each number signifying a series of effects against it.



48. Differentiate between magnitude and intensity of earthquake. (University Question)

Magnitude Intensity

It is the term that expresses the rating of an

earthquake on the basis of amplitude of

seismic waves recorded

It is the term that expresses the rating of an

earthquake on the basis of its effects on the

living and non living things

Richter scale is used to determine the

magnitude

Mercalli scale is used to determine the

intensity

16 MARKS UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

1. Write an essay on the geological work of wind.

2. Describe the geology of ground water

3. Describe the earth structure and composition with neat sketches

4. Give an account of the mode of occurrence and prospecting of ground water

5. Explain the work of rivers and the types of landforms produced by them

6. Explain in detail about plate tectonics and earthquakes

7. Define weathering and discuss the different types of weathering. Also state the products of weathering

and explain their significance in civil engineering

8. What is Earthquake? Explain the rebound theory of tectonic earthquake and add the safety measures to

be adopted in construction in the seismic areas



UNIT 2 (MINERALOGY)

2 MARKS

1. Define mineral.

Mineral is defined as the inorganic substance with definite chemical composition and atomic structure.

2. What is a Butryoidal form?

When the mineral is shaped like a bunch of grains it is said to be butryoidal form. Eg. Psilomelane.

3. What is lustre? What are its types?

a. The shine of a mineral is called its lustre. The types of lustre are:

b. Vitreous lustre

c. Pearly lustre

d. Metallic lustre

e. Silky lustre

f. Resinous lustre

g. Admantine lustre

4. Explain the term streak?

The streak of a mineral is the colour of its powder. Streak proves to be an important property in the

identification of ore minerals. For some minerals the colour of the mineral is entirely different from the

colour of the powder.

5. What is meant by play of colours?

It’s the development of series of prismatic colours shown by some minerals on turning about in light.

These are caused by interference of light

6. What is fracture? What are its types?

a. Fracture of a mineral is the nature of its irregular surface along which it breaks.

b. The types are:

c. Even fracture

d. Uneven fracture

e. Conchoidal fracture

7. Define cleavage of a mineral. What are the types of cleavages? (University Question)

a. The capability of minerals to split along certain plains is called cleavage.

b. The various types of cleavage are:

c. Basal cleavage

d. Prismatic cleavage

e. Cubic cleavage



f. Rhombohedral cleavage

g. Octahedral cleavage

8. What is Tenacity?

The behavior of mineral towards the forces that tend to break, bend, cut or crush is described as tenacity.

9. Differentiate brittleness and malleability property of a mineral.

Brittleness Malleability

It is the property because of which a

mineral crumbles when hammered.

It is the property by virtue of which a mineral

flattens into a sheet when hammered

Eg: Quartz, Calcite Eg: Silver, Gold

10. What is Iridescence?

Some minerals show rainbow colours either in interior or exterior surface it is called iridescence. Eg.

Limonite & hematite.

11. Write notes on Moh’s scale of hardness.

The hardness of a material is measured against the scale by finding the hardest material that the given

material can scratch, and/or the softest material that can scratch the given material. This hardness scale

is referred as Moh’s scale of hardness values between 1 to 10 . For example, if some material is

scratched by apatite but not by fluorite, its hardness on the Moh’s scale would fall between 4 and 5.

12. Give the hardness of Mica.

Low hardness, between 2 – 3.

13. Give the hardness of quartz mineral (University Question)

Hardness – 7

14. Arrange the following minerals in the order of decreasing hardness:

Corundum, Fluorite, Calcite, Apatite

Corundum – 9

Apatite - 5

Fluorite - 4

Calcite - 3

15. What is fluorescence of a mineral?

It is the phenomenon by which some minerals emit light when they are exposed to radiations like X-

rays. Eg: Fluorspar

16. Define the term phosphorescence.

It is the phenomenon by which a mineral emit light after they have been exposed to certain radiations or

subjected to rubbing or heating.

17. What is specific Gravity of a substance?

Specific Gravity of a substance is defined as the ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of

water

18. What is crystallography and crystallization?

The process of formation of crystals is called crystallization. The study of crystals is called

crystallography.

19. Give the important properties and uses of Calcite. (University Question)



Calcite is one of the most common rock forming minerals in sedimentary rock. Lime stones are almost

entirely made up of calcite and the dolomites contain this mineral to a good proportion. The

recrystallized variety of calcite makes the well known metamorphic rocks – marbles.

20. Define “Plane of symmetry”. (University Question)

Any imaginary plane passing through the centre of a crystal in such a way that it divides the crystal into

two exactly similar halves is called a plane of symmetry. Plane of symmetry is said to exist when for

each face, edge or solid angle there is another similar face, edge or solid angle occupying identical

position on the opposite side of this plane.

21. What are the elements of symmetry? (University Question)

Plane of symmetry

Axis of symmetry

Centre of symmetry

22. Define law of constancy of interfacial angles

In all the crystals of a mineral the corresponding interfacial angles are constant.

23. What are Indices?

The relationship of a crystal face with crystallographic axes is expressed in simple whole numbers

called indices.

24. List out the various crystal systems.

Isometric/cubic system

Hexagonal system

Tetragonal system

Orthorhombic system

Monoclinic system

25. Write the characteristics of isometric system.

All the crystals that can be referred to 3 crystallographic axes which are,

Essentially equal in length

At right angles to each other

Mutually interchangeable are called isometric or cubic system.

26. Write the elements of symmetry of normal class of isometric system.

Normal class is known as Galena Type.

AXES OF SYMMETRY:

3 are axes of four fold symmetry

4 are axes of three fold symmetry

6 are axes of two fold symmetry

PLANES OF SYMMETRY:

Planes of symmetry at right angles to each other are termed as principal (axial) planes.

Planes of symmetry diagonal in position and bisecting the angles between the principal planes is known

as diagonal plane.

27. What are the symmetry elements of triclinic system of crystallization? (University Question)

Axes of symmetry: none

Planes of symmetry: none

The class is characterized by only a center of symmetry which is the point of intersection of the three

crystallographic axes.



28. What are the symmetry elements of orthorhombic system of crystallization?

Axes of symmetry: 3 in all of two fold symmetry

Planes of symmetry: 3 in all, axial in position

A centre of symmetry

29. Draw and explain the axial position of the normal class of monoclinic system.(University Question)

Since all the three axes are unequal, they are distinguished by the letters a, b, c. the c is always vertical.

The inclined axis is a axis. It is inclined towards the observer and is also referred to as clino axis.

The longer horizontal axis is as usual designated as b axis and runs from the right to left. It is also

referred as macro axis.

The angle between the a axis and the c axis is designated as β and is always an acute angle.

30. Draw and explain the axial position of the normal class of tetragonal system

Two axes are equal interchangeable and horizontal in position

The third axis is either longer or shorter than the two other and is vertical in position.

All the three axes are mutually at right angles to each other.

31. Define ore mineral.

Ore mineral is defined as a mineral which contains a metallic element in a quantity that can be exploited

and extracted for use at an economical cost.

32. What are ore deposits?

a2

----

-

a2+

c -

c+

a2-

a1

++

_+=

+



Natural concentration of an ore mineral is defined as an ore deposit. It may be of any shape and form

but it is size dependant.

33. What are the types of ore deposits

Syngenetic deposits

Epigenetic deposits

34. What are rock forming minerals?

If the silicate content is more than 98% of the mineral content in various rock crust such are called rock

forming minerals.

35. Write any two uses of Mica. (University Question)

Mica is used as a good electrical insulator and used extensively in electrical insulator.

Used for making fire proof material

36. What is metasomatic ore deposit?

These deposits are formed essentially by the action of chemically active fluids (gases and liquids)

involving simultaneous solution of pre existing components from a rock and replacement of the same by

new minerals

37. Differentiate between syngenetic ore deposit and epigenetic ore deposit with example.

Syngenetic deposits are deposits that have formed simultaneous with the enclosing rock. These

are either of igneous or sedimentary type.

Epigenetic deposits are those deposits that were formed subsequent to the formation of the host

rock. These are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types.

38. Write any four rock forming minerals. (University Question)

Orthoclase

Microcline

Albite

Anorthite

39. Name atleast four clay minerals and their engineering properties. (University Question)

The Kaolinite Group

This group has three members (kaolinite, dickite and nacrite) and a formula of Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4.

The Montmorillonite/Smectite Group

This group is composed of several minerals including pyrophyllite, talc, vermiculite, sauconite,

saponite, nontronite and montmorillonite

40. Give the classification of coal?

Coal is divided into 4 major classes:

Peat

Lignite

Bituminous

Anthracite

41. Types of coal deposits in India.

Lower Gondwana Coals

Tertiary Coals

42. What is Durain?

http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/kaolinit/kaolinit.htm

http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/pyrophyl/pyrophyl.htm

http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/talc/talc.htm

http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/montmori/montmori.htm



Dull lusterless product containing organic matter mixed with extraneous materials is called durain

43. What is vitrain?

Bright glassy matter rich in volatile constituents is called vitrain.

44. What is clarain?

Sub-vitreous, thick bands rich in vegetation matter is called clarain

45. What is fusain?

Soft, Granular friable product is called fusain.

16 MARKS UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

1. Explain in detail the axial relation, symmetry elements and forms present in the normal class of

isometric system.

2. Describe the physical properties of minerals.(Repeated question)

3. Give a detailed account on the type, properties, behavior and engineering significance of clay

minerals

4. Describe the classification, physical properties, occurrence and uses of Quartz group minerals

5. Write notes on the following (Repeated question)

a. Hardness of mineral

b. Crystallographic systems

6. Give a detailed account of the Quartz and Feldspar group of minerals (Repeated question)



PETROLOGY

Two Marks Q & A

1. How are the rocks classified?

Rocks are generally classified into Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks

2. Define petrology.

The branch of geology dealing with various aspects of rocks such as their formation, classification and

occurrence is called petrology.

3. What are igneous rocks?

All rocks that have formed from an original hot, molten material through the process of cooling and

crystallization is defined as Igneous rocks.

4. What is Magma and lava?

The hot molten material occurring naturally below the surface of the earth is called Magma. It is called Lava

when erupted through volcanoes.

5. How are the igneous rocks grouped?

Volcanic rocks

Plutonic rocks

Hypabyssal rocks.

6. Differentiate between limestone and marble rocks.

LIMESTONE MARBLE

Type of sedimentary rocks

Pure limestone is made up of calcite (CaCO3)

Common types of limestone:

Chalk, shelly limestone, argillaceous, kankar etc

Type of metamorphic rocks

Composed of recrystallized calcite

Common types:

White marble, pink marble, black marble and

dolomitic marble etc

7. What are the textures of sedimentary rocks?

Origin of grains

Size of grains

Shape of grains



Packing of grains

Fabric of grains

Crystallization trend

8. What is Dolerite? List its uses

These are igneous rocks of typically hypabyssal origin having formed as shallow sills and dykes.

They may be regarded as equivalents of gabbros of plutonic origin and basalts of volcanic origin.

9. What is cross bedding?

In Cross bedding, the structure is found to lie parallel to the planes & major bedding plane. The structure is

found in shallow water and wind form deposits.

10. Define the term stratification

Layered arrangement of sedimentary rock is called stratification. This may be developed very prominently

and can be seen from a distance or only slightly and may be detected after close examination.

11. Name any four mechanical structures in sedimentary rocks.

Stratification, Cross bedding, graded bedding, ripple marks, rain print.

12. How are igneous rocks classified according to their occurrences?

Volcanic Rocks

Basaltic Rocks

Plutonic Rocks

Hypabyssal rocks

13. What are the differences between conglomerate and breccia?

Conglomerate Breccia

It consists of rounded fragments of

various sizes greater than 2mm

Types:

Basal breccia

Fault breccia

Agglomeratic breccia

The angularity indicates that they

have suffered very little transport

after their disintegration.

It consists of angular fragments

greater than 2mm in average

diameter

Types

Boulder conglomerate

Cobble conglomerate

Pebble conglomerate

The roundness indicates that the

gravels have been transported to

considerable distances

14. Describe the composition, texture, properties, occurrence and uses of basalt

Composition: Pyroxene and plagioclase, with pyroxene appearing in fretter amounts than plagioclase or equal

amounts. Olivine is also often present.

Texture and granularity: Aphanitic with crystals that are too small to identify with the naked eye unless they

occur as phenocryusts..

Occurrence: Worldwide, but particularly in Canada (Lake Superior has vast copper deposits), Greenland, India

(Deccan traps), Iceland, Scotland, USA (Montana, western states).

Uses: Road stone aggregate, source of iron ore, sapphires and native copper.

15. What are metamorphic agents?

Physical Agents: Heat uniform pressure and directed pressure.

Chemical Agents: Gases and chemically active fluids.

16. The metamorphic rock quartzite is formed from …………………….. of sedimentary rock by

…………………. Metamorphism.



Ans: Orthoquartzite, dynamic

17. Match the foll

a) Porphyritic - foliated Structure (c)

b) Ripple marks - texture of igneous rock (a)

c) Schist - monomineralic rock (d)

d) Pyroxenite - sedimentary structure (b)

18. Describe any two metamorphic rocks.

Slate: slate is an extremely fine grained metamorphic rock characterized by a slaty cleavage by virtue of which

it can be split into thin sheets with parallel smooth surfaces.

The slaty cleavage is due to parallel arrangement of platy and flaky minerals of the slate under the dominant

stresses operating during the process of metamorphism.

Schist: these are megascopically crystalline metamorphic rocks characterized by a typical schistose structure.

The constituent platy and flaky minerals are mostly arranged in irregular parallel layers or bands.

19. Describe ‘schistose structure’

Its formed by parallel arrangement of minerals such as muscovite, biotite, talc hoprnblende. This rocks

have the tendency to split as flakes, leaves or thin sheets.

20. Bring out the essential differences between properties of granite and slate.

GRANITE SLATE

a. It’s a igneous rock

b. its composed of Quartz and Feldspar

c. Used in architectural and massive

construction, monument memorials.

a. It’s a metamorphic rock

b. Its composed of very fine grains of mica,

chlorite, quartz, feldspar, oxides of iron.

c. used as a roofing material

21. What is a sill?

The igneous intrusions that are injected along or between the bedding planes is called sill. They are of

various types: Simple sill, multiple sill, Composite sill, Differentiated sill, Interformational sill.

22. Differentiate Phacoliths and Lopoliths.

Phacoliths Lopoliths

These are the small size intrusions that occupy

positions in the crest and trough of the fold

These are the igneous intrusions associated with

sedimentary basins inclined towards a common centre

There is no specific classification for the phacoliths Lopoliths are classified into simple, multiple, complex

or differentiated.

23. Differentiate rain prints and ripple marks.

Rain prints Ripple marks

They are the marks left on the top, dried surface of the

fine grained mud.

They are the symmetrical or unsymmetrical wave like

undulations in a layer.

The rain prints get preserved like the mud cracks. They are generally formed by the wind and wave

action.



24. What is oolitic and pisolitic structure?

The oolitic structure is composed of fine size rounded particles so that the structure appears as an

assemblage of a eggs of fish.

Pisolitic structure is composed of brittle and bigger sized particles, similar to that of peanut.

25. What is a geode structure?

Geode is a hollow shell with inwardly projecting crystals. The shell is generally made of chalcedony and

the inner projections are made of quartz crystals.

26. What is metamorphism?

The changes that occur in the body of the rocks is due to the variations in heat pressure, temperature etc.

These changes are known as metamorphic changes and the process is called metamorphism.

27. What is foliation?

Foliation is defined as the process of segregation of the minerals into bands or layers of different

mineralogical composition. Foliation is formed generally by dynamothermal metamorphism.

28. What is a palimpsest structure?

These are the textures which are retained by the metamorphic rocks even after the metamorphism takes

place.

29. What is rock cleavage?

Rock cleavage is the tendency of the rock to split along certain directions yielding parallel or sub-

parallel surfaces.

30. What are the types of rock cleavage?

Flow cleavage, fracture cleavage

UNIT 4

2 MARKS

1. What is structural geology?

Branch of geology that deals with the morphology, classification and any other aspects of the structural

features of the rock is referred to as structural geology.

2. What are primary and secondary structures?

Structures that are formed during the formation of the structure is called primary structure. Structure that

is induced in the rock after its formation is called secondary structure.

3. What is an outcrop?

An exposure of solid rock on the surface of the earth is called an outcrop

4. What is Dip ?

Dip of a bed is defined as its inclination with the horizontal. Dip is expressed in terms of the angle

which it makes with the horizontal.

5. What is strike?

Strike of a bed is the direction of the line along which the bedding plane intersects the ground surface.

strike of a bed is perpendicular to the dip direction

6. What is true and apparent dip?



Dip angle of a layer which is measured in a direction at right angles to the strike layer is called true dip.

Dip angle measured along any other direction with the strike of a layer is called apparent dip

7. What is a fold?

Fold is defined as the undulation that occurs on the surface of the rock as a result of the stresses that acts

on the rock.

8. List the parts of a fold?

Limbs

Axial plane

Crest, Trough

9. What is an anticline and syncline?

Anticline is the fold in which the strata are arched upward. The limbs dip away from each other at the

crest.

Syncline is characterized by downward warping of the strata. Dynclines show limbs tha dip towards

each other at the trough.

10. What is recumbent fold?

These are the overturned folds in which the axial plane is almost horizontal. One limb lies exactly

vertically above the other limb.

11. What is flexural folding?

It is the process of folding in which the stronger beds are thrown into folds due to the sliding against

each other under the influence of compression.

12. What is flowage folding?

It is a kind of folding in which the material behaves as a plastic or viscous liquid when it is subjected to

compressive forces. As a result flowing takes place rather than sliding.



13. What is a fault?

The fracture along which there is a displacement of the fractures blocks is called fault. The process of

development of fault is called faulting.

14. Draw a diagram to show the various parts of a fault.

15. What is a hade?

The inclination of the fault plane with the vertical is known as hade.

16. What is a hanging wall and foot wall?

The faulted block which lies on the upper surface of the fault plane is called hanging wall. Block that

lies under the fault plane is called foot wall.

17. What is a slip?

Displacement of any two points which were relatively against each other is called slip.

18. What is slickenside?

They are the polished or grooved surfaces that are produced as a result of the rubbing action of the

adjacent blocks during faulting.

19. What is a normal fault and reversed fault?

Normal fault is one in which the hanging wall has moved down with respect to the foot wall. Reversed

fault is one in which the hanging wall has moved up with respect to the foot wall.

20. What is nappe?

The blocks of rocks when transported to greater distances it is referred to as nappe.

21. What is a joint?

Joint is defined as the divisional plane or fracture along which there is no displacement.

22. What is a joint set and a joint system?

A group of joints in the same direction and having the same dip is known as joint set.

A group of two or more joint sets is called joint system

23. What are the joints observed in igneous rocks?

Sheet jointing

Mural jointing

Columnar jointing

24. What is an unconformity?

Unconfirmity is a surface of erosion or non- deposition occurring within a sequence of rocks.

25. What are the types of unconformity?

Angular unconformity



Disconfirmity

Nonconformity

Local unconformity

Regional unconformity

26. How is an unconformity detected?

With the angular relations

Residual soil presence

Presence of basal conglomerate

27. What is an overlap?

Overlap may be defined as a feature in which the overlying layer extends over the limits of its

underlying bed.

28. What is a klippe?

A klippe is defined as the isolated remnant of an overthrust sheet.

29. What is an outlier?

Outlier is defined as an exposure in which the younger beds are surrounded by the older beds.

30. What is an inlier?

Inlier is defined as an exposure in which the older beds are surrounded by the younger beds.

31. What are the steps involved in the formation of an unconformity?

Deposition of the older beds

Erosion and upheaval

Submergence

Deposition of younger beds

32. What is a horst?

Horst is a combination of two normal faults in such a manner that the side blocks have moved down wrt

the central block.

33. What is a graben?

Graben is a combination of two normal faults in which the central blocks have moved down wrt the side

blocks.

34. What is a wall in fault?

Each of the two blocks that are separated by the fault plane is termed as the wall.

35. Explain upthrow and downthrow side .

Of the two blocks the one which moves up wrt the other is termed as the upthrow side, and the one

which moves down wrt the other is termed as the downthrow side.

36. Expain throw and heave.

The total vertical displacement in a fault is known as tthrow of the fault. The total horizontal

displacement in a fault is known as heave.



37. What is an anticlinorium and synclinorium?

An anticlinorium is a large anticline which is thrown into a number of small anticlines. Synclinorium is

a large syncline consisting of a number of small folds.

38. What is a chevron fold?

The folds in which the axial parts are pointes is called as chevron fold.

39. What is a homocline?

A set of inclined or dipping beds is referred to as homocline.

40. What are the types of electrical methods in geophysical investigation?

Self potential

Potential drop method

41. What are the applications of electrical methods of exploration?

1. Prospecting of oil deposits and mineral ore

2. In civil engg – To determine the depth of bed rock, Location of geological structures, location of

aquifers.

42. Give the applications of the seismic methods of investigation.

Used for oil exploration

Used in civil engineering applications

Used in the detection of underground water bodies.

UNIT 5

2 MARKS

1. What is ariel photography?

Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, balloons, rockets, parachutes.

2. What is remote sensing? Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon, without making physical contact with the object.

3. What are the types of remote sensing techniques? There are two main types of remote sensing: Passive remote sensing and active remote sensing. Passive sensors detect natural radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding area being observed. Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target.

4. What are the applications of remote sensing data?



Conventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic control, early warning, and certain

large scale meteorological data.

Doppler radar is used by local law enforcements’ monitoring of speed limits and in enhanced

meteorological collection such as wind speed and direction within weather systems.

5. What is a landslide?

Sliding of unconsolidated and consolidated soil down the slope is known as landslide.

6. What are the reasons for the occurance of landslide?

Presence of water on the slopes

Undercutting of the soil

Excavation of soil for laying roads, rails etc

Earthquakes

7. How can landslides be prevented?

Avoidance of undercutting of soil where soft soils exist

8. What are causes of sea erosion?

Winds, Action of Waves, Tides, Storms, Catastrophic events

9. What are the structural methods available for the prevention of coastal erosion.

Groynes

Off-shore breakwater

Through construction of sea wall / revetment

10. What are the non structural methods available for coastal protection?

Artificial nourishment of beaches

vegetation cover

sand bypassing at tidal inlets

POSSIBLE 16 MARK QUESTIONS (3rd unit)

1. Give points to distinguish igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.

2. Explain in detail the various structures of sedimentary rocks.

3. Explain in detail the various structures of igneous rocks.

4. Explain in detail the various structures of metamorphic rocks.

5. Explain in detail the various textures possible in sedimentary rocks.

6. Explain in detail the various textures of igneous rocks.

7. Explain in detail the various textures of metamorphic rocks.

8. Give details of occurrence, engineering properties and distribution of Granite, Syenite, Diorite,

Gabbro, Pegmatite, Dolerite and Basalt

9. Give details of occurrence, engineering properties and distribution of - Sand stone, Lime stone,

Shale, Conglomerate and Breccia



10. Give details of occurrence, engineering properties and distribution of Quartzite, Marble, Slate,

Phyllite, Gneiss and Schist.

4 th unit

1. What is a fault? Draw and explain the various parts of the fold.

2. Give an account of the classification of faults.

3. How is a fold formed? Give neat sketches to describe the formation.

4. What is the importance of a fold in engineering construction? Explain.

5. What is a fault? Give the classification of fault.

6. Explain the types of joints.

7. Give an account of the miscellaneous structural features seen in the rocks.

8. Give an account of the use of clinometers and Brunton compass

9. Explain the electrical methods of geophysical investigation

10. Explain in detail the seismic method of investigation with neat sketches.

5th unit

1. Write a note on the remote sensing techniques.

2. What is a landslide? What are the causes of landslide?

3. What are the preventive measures taken against landslides?

4. What are the geological conditions necessary for the construction of dams?

5. What are the geological conditions necessary for the construction of tunnels?

6. What are the geological conditions necessary for the construction of roads?

7. Write a note on the coastal protection methods.

Applied Geology 2 Marks

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