APPLIED CHEMISTRY For Civil Engineering

8/2/2019 APPLIED CHEMISTRY For Civil Engineering

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Set No. 1Code No: Y0101/R05

I B.Tech Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011

APPLIED CHEMISTRY(Civil Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80Answer any FIVE Questions

All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Write a note on disinfection of water by ozone.

(b) Explain the chlorinator used in purification of drinking water.

(c) One liter of water from an underground reservoir in Ongole showed the fol-

lowing analysis for its contents calculate the temporary, permanent and total

hardness of water: Mg(HCO ) = 14.6 mg;3 2

Ca(HCO )

= 8.1 mg; MgSO

= 12 mg; CaSO = 13.6 mg; suspended matter3 2 4 4

= 13.6 mg. [4+4+8]

2. (a) Explain the formation of priming and foaming in boilers.

(b) One litre of water from a borewell in Adilabad town showed the following

analysis:- Organic matter = 40.5 ppm; MgSO = 6.0 ppm; Mg(HCO ) =4 3 2

40.5 ppm; CaSO = 6.8 ppm. Calculate the amount of lime and soda required 4

in Kgs to soften 20,000 liters of this water if the lime used is 80% pure and

soda is 90% pure. [8+8]

3. Explain the various corrosion reactions taking place at anodic and at cathodic areas

during the evolution of hydrogen type of corrosion and absorption of oxygen type

of corrosion. [16]

4. Explain how corrosion control can be brought by the following methods.

(a) Proper designing

(b) Modifying the environment

(c) Use of inhibitors. [5+5+6]

5. Discuss the preparation, properties and uses of

(a) LDPE

(b) HDPE and

(c) LLDPE. [5+6+5]

6. (a) Describe the di erent types of refractories with examples.

(b) What is Refractoriness-Under-Load (RUL) test ? How is it carried out? Whatis the use of this test? [10+6]

7. (a) What are solid lubricants?

(b) Outline the properties of solid lubricants in the industry? [8+8]

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8. Explain the hardening and setting of cement using the chemical equations. [16]

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1. (a) Write a note on disinfection of water by Ozone.

(b) Calculate the total hardness in F r and Cl for a water sample having theo o

following data:- MgCl = 0.019 gm/litre; Ca(No ) = 0.0164 gm/litre; 2 3 2

NaCl = 0.0585 gm/litre; MgSO = 0.024 gm/litre; KOH = 0.0056 gm/litre; 4

Ca(HCO ) = 0.0162gm/litre. [10+6] 3 2

2. (a) What are ion-exchange resins?

(b) Describe the ion-exchange process for softening of hard water.

(c) How ion-exchange resins are regenerated after exhausting in the softening of hard water. [4+6+6]

3. (a) How do you di erentiate dry corrosion from wet corrosion?

(b) Explain Pilling-Bedworth rule with suitable examples. [8+8]

4. Give an account of any eight characteristics of a good electrodeposition? [16]

5. (a) What is Crepe rubber and how is it made?

(b) Describe the preparation, properties and uses ofi. Thiokol rubber

ii. Neoprene rubber. [6+6+4]

6. (a) Classify refractories giving suitable examples.

(b) Explain the importance of various gaseous insulators.

(c) Write brie y on liquid insulating materials. [6+4+6]

7. Write notes on the following:-

(a) Flash and fire point

(b) Carbon residue

(c) Viscosity and viscosity index of lubricants. [5+5+6]

8. (a) Give an account of the merits and demerits of dry and wet processes.

(b) Give an account of the raw materials and the ingredients of cement. [10+6]

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1. (a) Describe the treatment processes used to obtain “Municipal Water”.

(b) What is the concentration in moles/litre of CaCl if its hardness was found to2

be 20 ppm. [10+6]

2. (a) Describe the scale and sludge formation in boilers.

(b) Discuss the ion-exchange process for softening of hard water. [8+8]

3. (a) What is Pilling-Bedworth rule?

(b) Give an account of the corrosion by other gases and liquid metal corrosion.

[8+8]

4. Explain how corrosion control can be brought by the following methods.

(a) Proper designing

(b) Modifying the environment

(c) Use of inhibitors. [5+5+6]

5. (a) Describe the free-radical polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene.(b) Write a note on:

i. Polymethyl methacrylate

ii. Urea - Formaldehyde resins. [6+5+5]

6. (a) What is refractoriness? How is it measured ? Describe a suitable method tomeet the property of refractoriness.

(b) What are electrical insulators? What are their important characteristics?[8+8]

7. (a) Mention the applications of lubricants.

(b) Explain the mechanism of uid film lubrication. [8+8]

8. Explain the chemistry of the manufacture of cement by wet process. [16]

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1. (a) Write a note on sterilization of drinking water.

(b) Calculate the total hardness of a sample of water in Fr and Cl having the fol-o o

lowing salts: CaCl =11.1 mg/litre; Mg (HCO ) = 7.3 mg/litre; Mg (No ) =2 3 2 3 2

14.8 mg/litre and Ca(HCO ) = 5.l mg/litre . [6+10]3 2

2. (a) What is caustic embrittlement?

(b) How can it be avoided?

(c) Describe the Zeolite process for softening of water. [6+2+8]

3. (a) What is corrosion? How is it di erent from erosion? Explain the term passivity

with suitable examples.

(b) Give an account of the oxidation corrosion with relevant chemical equations

involved. [8+8]

4. Di erentiate the following with suitable examples.

(a) Cathodic coatings with anodic coatings.

(b) Metal cladding and metal spraying. [8+8]5. (a) How are polymers classified based on

i. tacticity and

ii. nature of monomer.

(b) Discuss the manufacture and uses of

i. B una-S rubber

ii. B una-N rubber. [8+8]

6. (a) Outline the important characteristics of refractories. ]

(b) Di erentiate between the di erent types of insulating materials.

(c) Explain the use of silicone uids as insulating materials. [8+4+4]

7. How do you classify lubricants? Give their di erent modes of action. [16]

8. (a) Give an account of the merits and demerits of dry and wet processes.

(b) Give an account of the raw materials and the ingredients of cement. [10+6]

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Set No. 1Code No: Z0201/R05


APPLIED PHYSICS( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &

Communication Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics& Instrumentation Engineering, Bio-Medical Engineering, Information

Technology, Electronics & Control Engineering, Computer Science &

Systems Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & ComputerEngineering and Instrumentation & Control Engineering)



1. (a) Explain the terms [6]

i. basis

ii. space lattice and

iii. unit cell.

(b) Describe the seven crystal systems with diagrams. [10]

2. (a) Sketch the following planes of a cubic unit cell: (001), (120) and (¯ 211). [3]

(b) Explain Bragg’s law of X-ray di raction. [5]

(c) Describe Laue’s method for determination of crystal structure. [8]

3. (a) Explain the concept of matter waves. [6]

(b) Describe Davison and Germer’s experiment and explain how it enabled theverification of wave nature of matter. [6]

(c) Calculate the velocity and kinetic energy of an electron of wavelength1.66 × 10 m. [4] -10

4. (a) Explain the origin of energy bands in solids.

[6]

(b) Assuming the electron - lattice interaction to be responsible for scattering ofconduction electrons in a metal, obtain an expression for conductivity in terms

of relaxation time and explain any three draw backs of classical theory of freeelectrons. [6]

(c) Find the temperature at which there is 1% probability of a state with anenergy 0.5 eV above Fermi energy. [4]

5. (a) What is meant by ferro-magnetic materials? Give example. [4]

(b) Explain the hysteresis properties of ferromagnetic materials. [6]

(c) Mention the various properties of para-magnetic materials. [6]

6. (a) What is meant by superconductivity? Explain. [6]

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(b) Show that the superconductors are perfect diamagnetic materials. [6]

(c) Write some of the applications of superconductors. [4]

7. (a) Explain the terms:

i. temporal coherence

ii. population inversion

iii. metastable state

iv. stimulated emission [10]

(b) Why is the optical resonator required in lasers? Illustrate your answer with

neat sketches. [6]

8. (a) What is the principle of optical fibre communication? Explain. [8]

(b) Discuss various types of fibres for light wave communication. [8]

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1. (a) Explain the formation of an ionic crystal. [4]

(b) Derive an expression for the cohesive energy of an ionic crystal. [8]

(c) Calculate the cohesive energy of NaCl from the following data: [4]

Equilibrium separation between the ion pair = 0.281 nm.

Ionization energy of Na = 5.14 eV. Electron a nity of Cl = 3.61 eV.

Born repulsive exponent = 9Madelung constant = 1.748.

2. (a) State and explain Bragg’s law. [6]

(b) Describe with suitable diagram, the powder method for determination of crys-

tal structure. [6]

(c) A beam of X-rays of wavelength 0.071 nm is di racted by (110) plane of rock

salt with lattice constant of 0.28 nm. Find the glancing angle for the secondorder di raction. [4]

3. (a) Explain the various point defects in a crystal. [8]

(b) Obtain the expression for the equilibrium concentration of vacancies in a solid

at a given temperature. [8]

4. (a) Explain the origin of energy bands in solids.

[6]

(b) Assuming the electron - lattice interaction to be responsible for scattering of

conduction electrons in a metal, obtain an expression for conductivity in termsof relaxation time and explain any three draw backs of classical theory of free

electrons. [6]

(c) Find the temperature at which there is 1% probability of a state with an

energy 0.5 eV above Fermi energy. [4]

5. (a) Discuss the relation between dielectric constant and the refractive index. [6]

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(b) On the basis of Langevin’s theory of polarization in polar dielectrics, derive

an expression for orientational polarization in terms of the Langevin function. [6]

(c) The polarisability of NH3 molecule is found experimentally by the measure-ment of dielectric constant as 2.42 × 10 farad-meter and -39 2

1.74 × 10 farad-meter at 309 K and 448 K respectively. Calculate for each-39 2

temperature the polarisability due to permanent dipole moment. [4]

6. (a) When donor impurities are added to a semiconductor, the concentration of

holes decreases. Explain with reasons. [8]

(b) Show that the Fermi level is nearer to the conduction band in a n-type semicon-

ductor. Discuss the variation of conductivity with temperature of an n-type

semiconductor. [8]

7. (a) With necessary theory and energy level diagram, explain the working of a

Helium-Neon gas laser. [10]

(b) Mention some important applications of lasers. [6]

8. (a) Derive expressions for the numerical aperture and the fractional index change

of an optical fibre. [8]

(b) Write a note on the applications of optical fibres. [4]

(c) Calculate the fractional index change for a given optical fibre if the refractive

indices of the core and the cladding are 1.563 and 1.498 respectively. [4]

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1. (a) Show that FCC is the most closely packed of the three cubic structures by

working out the packing factors. [10]

(b) Describe the structure of NaCl. [6]

2. (a) Derive Bragg’s law of X-ray di raction. [6]

(b) Describe Bragg’s X-ray spectrometer and explain how Braggs law can be ver-ified. [6]

(c) Monochromatic X-rays of =1.5 A.U. are incident on a crystal face havingan interplanar spacing of 1.6 A.U. Find the highest order for which Braggs

re ection maximum can be seen. [4]

3. (a) Explain the various point defects in a crystal. [8]

(b) Obtain the expression for the equilibrium concentration of vacancies in a solid

at a given temperature. [8]

4. (a) Explain the concept of “E ective Mass”.

[4]

(b) Discuss the motion of an electron in a periodic potential field and explain the

formation of energy bands. [8]

(c) An electron is confined in a one-dimensional potential wall of width3 × 10 m. Find the kinetic energy of electron when it is in the ground -10

state. [4]

5. (a) Define magnetic ux density, intensity of magnetization, magnetic permeabil-

ity and magnetic susceptibility. [6]

(b) What is meant by magnetic domains? [4]

(c) How the magnetic materials are classified? Explain the properties of diamag-

netic materials. [6]

6. (a) Explain the applications of Hall e ect. [6]

(b) Write a note on di usion length. [6]

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(c) The resistivity of an intrinsic semiconductor is 4.5 ohm-m at 20 C ando

2.0 ohm-m at 32 C . What is the energy band gap? [4]o

7. (a) Give the various pumping mechanisms that are adopted in lasers. [6](b) Discuss the essential features of a laser beam. [4]

(c) Explain the uses of lasers in various fields. [6]

8. (a) Write notes on:

i. fibre materials

ii. light sources for fibre optics

iii. photo-detectors for fibre optics [6]

(b) Explain the terms

i. numerical aperture and

ii. acceptance angle of a fibre.

Derive expressions for them. [10]

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1. (a) Define coordination number and packing factor of a crystal. [4]

(b) Describe the FCC crystal structure. [6]

(c) Obtain an expression for the packing factor of FCC structure. [6]

2. (a) What are Miller indices? Draw (111) and (110) planes in a cubic lattice. [6]

(b) Explain Bragg’s law of X-ray di raction. [6]

(c) The Bragg’s angle for re ection from the (111) plane in a FCC crystal is 19.2 o

for an X-ray wavelength of 1.54 A.U. Compute the cube edge of the unit cell. [4]

3. (a) Derive time independent Schrodinger’s wave equation for a free particle. [8]

(b) Explain the physical significance of wave function. [4](c) An electron is bound in a one-dimensional infinite well of width 1 × 10 m.-10

Find the energy values in the ground state and first two excited states. [4]

4. (a) What is Fermi level?

[2]

(b) Explain Fermi-Dirac distribution for electrons in a metal. Discuss its variation

with temperature. [8]

(c) Calculate the free electron concentration, mobility and drift velocity of electrons in aluminum wire of length of 5 m and resistance 0.06 carrying a

current of 15 A, assuming that each aluminum atom contributes 3 free elec-

trons for conduction. Given: Resistivity for aluminum = 2.7× 10 -m.-8

Atomic weight = 26.98Density = 2.7 × 10 kg/ m3 3

Avagadro number = 6.025 × 10 [6] 23

5. (a) Define the terms magnetic susceptibility, magnetic induction and permeability. How is magnetic susceptibility of a material measured? [10]

(b) Explain the salient features of anti-ferromagnetic materials. [6]

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6. Explain the following: [6+5+5]

(a) Critical magnetic field of a superconductor as a function of temperature.

(b) Meissner e ect.(c) Cryotrons.

7. (a) Explain the terms:

i. Absorption.

ii. Spontaneous emission.

iii. Stimulated emission.

iv. Pumping mechanism.

v. Population inversion.

vi. Optical cavity. [12]

(b) Mention the medical applications of lasers. [4]

8. (a) Describe the construction of a typical optical fibre and give the dimensions ofthe various parts. [4]

(b) Define the acceptance angle and numerical aperture. Obtain an expression forthe numerical aperture of an optical fibre. [8]

(c) Calculate the numerical aperture and acceptance angle for an optical fibre

with core and cladding refractive indices being 1.48 and 1.45 respectively. [4]

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ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY( Common to Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics, Production

Engineering and Automobile Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE Questions


1. Give an account of the various methods involved in the treatment of potable water.

[16]

2. Write short notes on the following: [16]

(a) Colloidal conditioning

(b) Sodium aluminate condition(c) Calgon conditioning

(d) Carbonate conditioning.

3. Di erentiate the following with suitable examples.

(a) Galvanic series and electrochemical series.

(b) Pitting corrosion and stress corrosion. [8+8]

4. Write note on: [16]

(a) Solvent cleaning

(b) Pickling and Etching(c) Sand blasting.

5. (a) Distinguish between addition and condensation polymerization.

(b) Explain the di erences between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics.

(c) What is meant by Degree of Polymerization? [6+6+4]

6. (a) Define ash and fire points.

(b) Discuss the important functions of lubricants. [16]

7. (a) Explain mechanism of uid-film and boundary lubrication.

(b) Why is lubricant needed?

[10+6]

8. (a) A fuel, containing 92% C and 4% H by mass, was burnt in 90% of air of2

that required for complete combustion. Find out the % of composition of dry

product of combustion by mass, if H is burnt completely and no carbon is2

left behind.

(b) Write a note on cracking. [10+6]

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1. (a) Why does hardwater does not give latter with soap?

(b) A sample of hardwater contains 150 ppm of tempory hardness and 300 ppm of

permanent hardness. Express the above hardness in degree clark and degree

french.

(c) How do you estimate the total hardness of water? [4+4+8]

2. Write short notes on the following: [16]

(a) Carry over

(b) Ion-exchange process.

3. Write a short account on the following:

(a) Pitting corrosion

(b) Stress corrosion. [8+8]

4. Write note on: [16]

(a) Solvent cleaning

(b) Pickling and Etching

(c) Sand blasting.

5. (a) What are heterochain polymers? Give examples.

(b) What are Antioxidants? How are they useful in compounding of resins?

(c) Write a note on Buna- N Rubber. [4+6+6]

6. Write a note on lubricants with special reference to their classification, mode of action, examples and applications. [16]

7. (a) What are the functions of lubricants?

(b) Write a note on extreme pressure lubrication. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain Higher Calorific Value and Lower Calorific Value and distinguish the

both.

(b) What are the characteristics of a good fuel? [8+8]

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1. Write a brief account on the following:

(a) Alkalinity of water

(b) Complexometric method of estimation of hardness of water. [8+8]

2. Explain the basic principle, di erent methods, advantages and disadvantages of lime-soda process. [16]

3. What happens and why it happens for the following:

(a) When a zinc plate fixed below the ship.

(b) When an iron pole is partly buried under earth. [8+8]

4. Explain the following terms: [16]

(a) Drying oil

(b) Thinners

(c) Driers

(d) Fillers.

5. (a) Identify the thermo sets and thermoplastics among the following:

i. PVC.

ii. Polyethylene.

iii. Silicone.

iv. Polyester fibre.

v. Bakelite.

(b) What is bakelite? How is it manufactured and mention its uses? [5+11]

6. Explain the following two theories for the mechanism of the lubricants.

(a) Boundary lubrication

(b) Extreme pressure lubrication. [8+8]

7. Write a short notes on: [16]

(a) Aniline point

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(b) Iodine number

(c) Safonification number

(d) Carbon residue(e) Viscosity index.

8. (a) Write a note on Rocket propellants.

(b) Give the manufacture of important explosives. [8+8]

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1. (a) What are the di erent units in which the hardness of water is expressed? Howare they related?

(b) How do you estimate the temorary hardness of water by complexometric

method? [4+12]

2. (a) Explain the cold lime soda process and hot lime soda process. What are the

advantages of lime soda process?

(b) 100 ml of a water sample contains hardness equivalent to 25 ml of 0.08 N

MgSO . [8+8]4

i. What is the hardness of water sample in ppm?

ii. What is the amount of lime and soda required for the treatment of thewater sample?

3. What happens and why it happens for the following:

(a) When a zinc plate fixed below the ship.

(b) When an iron pole is partly buried under earth. [8+8]

4. (a) How will you di erentiate a paint from varnishes and lacquers?

(b) What is anodizing? [10+6]

5. (a) What is the repeating unit in natural rubber?

(b) Write a note on polyurethane Rubber.

(c) How are urea formaldehyde resins prepared? What are their uses? [6+5+5]

6. Explain the following two theories for the mechanism of the lubricants.

(a) Boundary lubrication

(b) Extreme pressure lubrication. [8+8]

7. Write notes on: [16]

(a) Blended oils

(b) Petroleum oils

(c) Extreme pressure additives

(d) Antioxidants.

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8. (a) Describe the manufacture of Gasoline by Bergious process.

(b) What is meant by knocking in I.C. engine? Explain the mechanism of knocking

in chemical terms. [8+8]

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NALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

(Chemical Engineering)



1. (a) Give a method for the determination of copper by gravimetric analysis. [6]

(b) Describe the factors which in uence successful analysis by gravimetry. [10]

2. (a) Brie y explain the principle and procedure behind the estimation of hardness

of water by EDTA method. [8]

(b) Write a note on quantitative analysis of brass-solder by volumetric method.

[8]

3. (a) Give a method for the determination of chromium by UV-Visible spectroscopy?

(b) Calculate the path length of solution with concentration of 8.8× 10 M having-5

a molar absorptivity of 8.17× 10 and absorbance of 0.88. [8+8] -3

4. (a) Write short notes on:

i. Fermi resonance

ii. Nujol mulling technique. [10]

(b) Explain the various spectral regions of IR spectroscopy. [6]

5. (a) What is meant by pH of a solution? Describe a method for the determination

of pH of a solution by quinhydrone electrode.

(b) What was the pH of a solution if the potential of the glass electrodeagainst Ag/AgCl electrode was (-) 0.142 V ? [ E = (-) 0.333 V at pH 2.41]

glass

[8+8]

6. (a) Discuss the method for the determination of cadmium by polarographic method.

(b) Write brie y on controlled potential coulometric analysis. [8+8]

7. Write short notes on:

(a) Ascending and descending chromatography.(b) Extraction of metal ion from solution. [8+8]

8. Discuss the various detectors employed in HPLC, explain the functioning and prin-

ciple behind it. [16]

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NALYTICAL CHEMISTRY




1. (a) Give a method for the determination of copper by gravimetric analysis. [10]

(b) Write short notes on digestion of a precipitate. [6]

2. (a) Explain acid-base titration with examples. [8]

(b) Di erentiate between Iodometry and Iodimetry. [8]

3. (a) What is electromagnetic spectrum? Give its importance.

(b) Calculate the frequency (in MHz) of an electromagnetic radiation having awave length of 300 nm. [8+8]

4. With a neat diagram, explain the various components of an IR instrument and

explain their importance with applications. [16]

5. (a) What is the principle of conductometric titrations? what are its advantages?

(b) Define pH and describe a method for determination of pH of a solution. [8+8]

6. (a) What is controlled potential coulometric analysis? Discuss the procedure used

for this type of analysis. [10]

(b) Explain the advantages and limitations of dropping mercury electrode. [6]

7. (a) Discuss the important features of thin layer chromatography.

(b) Brie y explain the technique of counter current extraction. [8+8]

8. (a) With a block diagram discuss the various components of gas chromatography.

[10]

(b) Outline the importance of HPLC. [6]

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NALYTICAL CHEMISTRY




1. (a) Mention the factors, which determine successfully quantitative analysis by

gravimetry. [6]

(b) Discuss the process of co-precipitation. [4]

(c) Explain why precipitations are carried out in dilute solutions. [6]

2. (a) What are masking agents and what is their importance? [8]

(b) What are metal ion indicators? Explain their importance in quantitative

analyses. [8]

3. (a) What is Beer-Lambert’s law. Explain di erent terms involved in it and giveits applications.

(b) A compound having a mol.wt of 100 dissolved in methanol showed an optical density of 0.850 when exposed to UV radiation. If the molar absorptivity of

the compound is 17,000 and cell thickness 1.0 cm, calculate the concentrationof the compound in mg/10 ml. [8+8]

4. (a) Draw the block-diagram of an IR spectrometer and explain the functioning of

its parts. [12]

(b) Methanol is good solvent for UV, not for IR-explain. [4]

5. (a) Explain the various methods of potentiometric titrations.

(b) Write short notes on :

i. Bu er solutions and

ii. Glass electrode. [8+8]

6. Write short notes on the following :- [4×4=16]

(a) Illkovic equation.

(b) Polarographic maxima and suppressors.

(c) Dropping mercury electrode.

(d) Migration current.

7. Define and explain the following terms.

(a) Partition coe cient

(b) Height equivalent theoretical plates

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(c) Craig extraction. [6+6+4]

8. Explain the following:-

(a) Various columns in gas chromatography.

(b) Discuss how purity of a compound can be determined by HPLC and how this

method compares with a conventional method like volumetric analysis. [8+8]

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NALYTICAL CHEMISTRY




1. (a) What is cupferron? Discuss its use as an organic precipitant with suitableexamples. [8]

(b) Describe a method for the determination of iron by gravimetric analysis. [8]

2. (a) Explain the principle and procedure for quantitative analysis of solder. [8]

(b) Di erentiate between Iodometry and Iodimetry with examples. [8]

3. (a) List out some of important applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy.

(b) State and explain Beer-Lambert’s laws. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain with examples, how IR spectroscopy can be used to monitor the

progress of reactions?

(b) Explain why water or D O cannot be used as solvent in IR. [8+8]2

5. (a) Describe the changes in conductance that occur when an acid like acetic acid

is titrated against base like NaOH. [8]

(b) Write short notes on

i. Glass electrode

ii. Conductometric cell. [4+4]

6. (a) What are the advantages of dropping mercury electrode. [4]

(b) What is polarographic maxima. Give examples of a substance which can act

as suppressor to eliminate it. [6]

(c) Explain the inorganic applications of polarography. [6]

7. Write short notes on the following:-

(a) Spraying agents in chromatography.

(b) Batch extraction for liquid-liquid processes.

(c) Advantages of paper chromatography. [6+6+4]

8. Discuss, brie y the principle, theory and applications of gas chromatography. [16]

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APPLIED CHEMISTRY For Civil Engineering

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