Applications Of Genetic Engineering

Techniques In Agriculture

BDEVADATHA

123680029

mSc biochemistry and

molecular biology

Why genetically engineer plants

bull To improve the agricultural horticultural or

ornamental value of a crop plant

bull To serve as a bioreactor for the production of

economically important proteins or metabolites

bull To provide a powerful means for studying the

action of genes (and gene products) during

development and other biological processes

Genetic engineering techniques applied to plants

METHOD SALIENT FEATURES

1VECTOR MEDIATED GENE

TRANSFER

a Agrobacterium mediated gene

transfer

b Plant viral vectors

Very efficient but limited to a selected group of plants

Ineffective hence not widely used

2DIRECT OR VECTORLESS

DNA TRANSFER

a Electroporation

b Microprojectile

c Liposome fusion

d Silicon carbide fibres

Mostly confined to protoplasts that can be regenerated to viable

plants

Limited use only one cell can be microinjected at a time

Confined to protoplasts that can be regenerated into viable whole

plants

Requires regenerable cell suspensions

3 CHEMICAL METHODS

a Polyethylene glycol mediated

bDiethylaminoethyl(DEAE)dextra

n- mediated

Confined to protoplasts Regeneration of fertile plants is frequently

problematical

Does not result in stable transformants

AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

bull Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a naturally occurring Gram negative bacteria

bull Causes Crown gall disease by transferring T-DNA from its Ti plasmid in variety of dicotyledonous plants

bull Plants infected with this bacterium develop tumour like swellings galls that typically occur at crown of plant just above soil level

bull Following infection the bacterium transfers part of its DNA into plant amp this DNA integrates into plant genome causing production of tumors and associated changes in plant metabolism

Process of Infection

bull Atumefaciens infects plants through wounds

bull The motile bacterial cells are attracted to wound site by phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone secreted at wound site through specific chemotactic receptors present in bacterial membrane

bull Acetosyringone at higher concentrations activates Vir genes leading to production of proteins that are inserted into bacterial cell membrane for upake of opines produced by tumors

bull Acetosyringone also causes production of an Endonuclease that encodes a part of Ti plasmid termed T-DNA

Gene gunBiolistic bombardment system

Desired DNA is coated on microscopic gold or tungsten beads The particles are fired by a gun into plant tissue and penetrate the cell wall DNA unwinds from gold carrier

particle and enters the nucleus

Applications of Plant Genetic Engineering

bull Improved Nutritional Quality

bull Insect resistance

bull Disease resistance

bull Herbicide resistance

bull Salt tolerance

bull Delayed Fruit Ripening

bull Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

Improved Nutritional Quality

bull 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A which leads to death

and blindness

bull b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A amp consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A deficiency

bull Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene

a common carotenoid pigment normally found

in plant photosynthetic membranes

Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

carotene desaturase gene

Daffodil lycopene b-cyclase gene

Endogenous human gene

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Why genetically engineer plants

bull To improve the agricultural horticultural or

ornamental value of a crop plant

bull To serve as a bioreactor for the production of

economically important proteins or metabolites

bull To provide a powerful means for studying the

action of genes (and gene products) during

development and other biological processes

Genetic engineering techniques applied to plants

METHOD SALIENT FEATURES

1VECTOR MEDIATED GENE

TRANSFER

a Agrobacterium mediated gene

transfer

b Plant viral vectors

Very efficient but limited to a selected group of plants

Ineffective hence not widely used

2DIRECT OR VECTORLESS

DNA TRANSFER

a Electroporation

b Microprojectile

c Liposome fusion

d Silicon carbide fibres

Mostly confined to protoplasts that can be regenerated to viable

plants

Limited use only one cell can be microinjected at a time

Confined to protoplasts that can be regenerated into viable whole

plants

Requires regenerable cell suspensions

3 CHEMICAL METHODS

a Polyethylene glycol mediated

bDiethylaminoethyl(DEAE)dextra

n- mediated

Confined to protoplasts Regeneration of fertile plants is frequently

problematical

Does not result in stable transformants

AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

bull Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a naturally occurring Gram negative bacteria

bull Causes Crown gall disease by transferring T-DNA from its Ti plasmid in variety of dicotyledonous plants

bull Plants infected with this bacterium develop tumour like swellings galls that typically occur at crown of plant just above soil level

bull Following infection the bacterium transfers part of its DNA into plant amp this DNA integrates into plant genome causing production of tumors and associated changes in plant metabolism

Process of Infection

bull Atumefaciens infects plants through wounds

bull The motile bacterial cells are attracted to wound site by phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone secreted at wound site through specific chemotactic receptors present in bacterial membrane

bull Acetosyringone at higher concentrations activates Vir genes leading to production of proteins that are inserted into bacterial cell membrane for upake of opines produced by tumors

bull Acetosyringone also causes production of an Endonuclease that encodes a part of Ti plasmid termed T-DNA

Gene gunBiolistic bombardment system

Desired DNA is coated on microscopic gold or tungsten beads The particles are fired by a gun into plant tissue and penetrate the cell wall DNA unwinds from gold carrier

particle and enters the nucleus

Applications of Plant Genetic Engineering

bull Improved Nutritional Quality

bull Insect resistance

bull Disease resistance

bull Herbicide resistance

bull Salt tolerance

bull Delayed Fruit Ripening

bull Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

Improved Nutritional Quality

bull 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A which leads to death

and blindness

bull b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A amp consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A deficiency

bull Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene

a common carotenoid pigment normally found

in plant photosynthetic membranes

Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

carotene desaturase gene

Daffodil lycopene b-cyclase gene

Endogenous human gene

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Genetic engineering techniques applied to plants

METHOD SALIENT FEATURES

1VECTOR MEDIATED GENE

TRANSFER

a Agrobacterium mediated gene

transfer

b Plant viral vectors

Very efficient but limited to a selected group of plants

Ineffective hence not widely used

2DIRECT OR VECTORLESS

DNA TRANSFER

a Electroporation

b Microprojectile

c Liposome fusion

d Silicon carbide fibres

Mostly confined to protoplasts that can be regenerated to viable

plants

Limited use only one cell can be microinjected at a time

Confined to protoplasts that can be regenerated into viable whole

plants

Requires regenerable cell suspensions

3 CHEMICAL METHODS

a Polyethylene glycol mediated

bDiethylaminoethyl(DEAE)dextra

n- mediated

Confined to protoplasts Regeneration of fertile plants is frequently

problematical

Does not result in stable transformants

AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

bull Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a naturally occurring Gram negative bacteria

bull Causes Crown gall disease by transferring T-DNA from its Ti plasmid in variety of dicotyledonous plants

bull Plants infected with this bacterium develop tumour like swellings galls that typically occur at crown of plant just above soil level

bull Following infection the bacterium transfers part of its DNA into plant amp this DNA integrates into plant genome causing production of tumors and associated changes in plant metabolism

Process of Infection

bull Atumefaciens infects plants through wounds

bull The motile bacterial cells are attracted to wound site by phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone secreted at wound site through specific chemotactic receptors present in bacterial membrane

bull Acetosyringone at higher concentrations activates Vir genes leading to production of proteins that are inserted into bacterial cell membrane for upake of opines produced by tumors

bull Acetosyringone also causes production of an Endonuclease that encodes a part of Ti plasmid termed T-DNA

Gene gunBiolistic bombardment system

Desired DNA is coated on microscopic gold or tungsten beads The particles are fired by a gun into plant tissue and penetrate the cell wall DNA unwinds from gold carrier

particle and enters the nucleus

Applications of Plant Genetic Engineering

bull Improved Nutritional Quality

bull Insect resistance

bull Disease resistance

bull Herbicide resistance

bull Salt tolerance

bull Delayed Fruit Ripening

bull Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

Improved Nutritional Quality

bull 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A which leads to death

and blindness

bull b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A amp consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A deficiency

bull Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene

a common carotenoid pigment normally found

in plant photosynthetic membranes

Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

carotene desaturase gene

Daffodil lycopene b-cyclase gene

Endogenous human gene

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

bull Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a naturally occurring Gram negative bacteria

bull Causes Crown gall disease by transferring T-DNA from its Ti plasmid in variety of dicotyledonous plants

bull Plants infected with this bacterium develop tumour like swellings galls that typically occur at crown of plant just above soil level

bull Following infection the bacterium transfers part of its DNA into plant amp this DNA integrates into plant genome causing production of tumors and associated changes in plant metabolism

Process of Infection

bull Atumefaciens infects plants through wounds

bull The motile bacterial cells are attracted to wound site by phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone secreted at wound site through specific chemotactic receptors present in bacterial membrane

bull Acetosyringone at higher concentrations activates Vir genes leading to production of proteins that are inserted into bacterial cell membrane for upake of opines produced by tumors

bull Acetosyringone also causes production of an Endonuclease that encodes a part of Ti plasmid termed T-DNA

Gene gunBiolistic bombardment system

Desired DNA is coated on microscopic gold or tungsten beads The particles are fired by a gun into plant tissue and penetrate the cell wall DNA unwinds from gold carrier

particle and enters the nucleus

Applications of Plant Genetic Engineering

bull Improved Nutritional Quality

bull Insect resistance

bull Disease resistance

bull Herbicide resistance

bull Salt tolerance

bull Delayed Fruit Ripening

bull Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

Improved Nutritional Quality

bull 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A which leads to death

and blindness

bull b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A amp consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A deficiency

bull Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene

a common carotenoid pigment normally found

in plant photosynthetic membranes

Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

carotene desaturase gene

Daffodil lycopene b-cyclase gene

Endogenous human gene

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Process of Infection

bull Atumefaciens infects plants through wounds

bull The motile bacterial cells are attracted to wound site by phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone secreted at wound site through specific chemotactic receptors present in bacterial membrane

bull Acetosyringone at higher concentrations activates Vir genes leading to production of proteins that are inserted into bacterial cell membrane for upake of opines produced by tumors

bull Acetosyringone also causes production of an Endonuclease that encodes a part of Ti plasmid termed T-DNA

Gene gunBiolistic bombardment system

Desired DNA is coated on microscopic gold or tungsten beads The particles are fired by a gun into plant tissue and penetrate the cell wall DNA unwinds from gold carrier

particle and enters the nucleus

Applications of Plant Genetic Engineering

bull Improved Nutritional Quality

bull Insect resistance

bull Disease resistance

bull Herbicide resistance

bull Salt tolerance

bull Delayed Fruit Ripening

bull Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

Improved Nutritional Quality

bull 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A which leads to death

and blindness

bull b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A amp consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A deficiency

bull Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene

a common carotenoid pigment normally found

in plant photosynthetic membranes

Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

carotene desaturase gene

Daffodil lycopene b-cyclase gene

Endogenous human gene

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Gene gunBiolistic bombardment system

Desired DNA is coated on microscopic gold or tungsten beads The particles are fired by a gun into plant tissue and penetrate the cell wall DNA unwinds from gold carrier

particle and enters the nucleus

Applications of Plant Genetic Engineering

bull Improved Nutritional Quality

bull Insect resistance

bull Disease resistance

bull Herbicide resistance

bull Salt tolerance

bull Delayed Fruit Ripening

bull Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

Improved Nutritional Quality

bull 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A which leads to death

and blindness

bull b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A amp consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A deficiency

bull Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene

a common carotenoid pigment normally found

in plant photosynthetic membranes

Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

carotene desaturase gene

Daffodil lycopene b-cyclase gene

Endogenous human gene

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Applications of Plant Genetic Engineering

bull Improved Nutritional Quality

bull Insect resistance

bull Disease resistance

bull Herbicide resistance

bull Salt tolerance

bull Delayed Fruit Ripening

bull Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

Improved Nutritional Quality

bull 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A which leads to death

and blindness

bull b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A amp consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A deficiency

bull Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene

a common carotenoid pigment normally found

in plant photosynthetic membranes

Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

carotene desaturase gene

Daffodil lycopene b-cyclase gene

Endogenous human gene

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Improved Nutritional Quality

bull 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A which leads to death

and blindness

bull b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A amp consuming milled rice leads to vitamin A deficiency

bull Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene

a common carotenoid pigment normally found

in plant photosynthetic membranes

Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

carotene desaturase gene

Daffodil lycopene b-cyclase gene

Endogenous human gene

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

RAINBOW CAULIFLOWER

bull Produced by traditional breeding ndashNon Transgenic

bull The Orange cauliflower has higher

than normal levels of b-carotene

that encourages healthy skin

bull Purple colour comes from

Anthocyanin which may prevent

Heart disease by slowing blood clotting

bull Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Insect resistance

bull It is estimated about 15 of worldrsquos crop yield is lost through insects

bull Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram negative soil bacterium produces parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity

bull When the Bt toxin gene was introduced into economically imp crop plants they develop resistanace for major insects obviating the need for use of insecticides

bull Bt toxin opens cation selective pores in membranes leadng to inflow of the cations into cells that causes osmotic lysis amp destruction of epithelial cells

bull Bt genes could be expressed

bull in all parts of plants

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Disease resistance plantsbull Genes that provide resistance against plant

viruses have been successfully introduced into crop plants such as tobacco tomato rice potato etc

bull Transgenic tobacco plant

bull Expressing tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene were first developed

bull Viral capsids inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected

bull Virus coat protein mediated protection is successful for viruses with ss RNA

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Herbicide resistance

bull Genes for resistance against certain Herbicides have been introduced into crop plants so they can thrive even when exposed to Herbicides

bull Glyphosate is a non selective Herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) a chloroplast enzyme in the shikimate pathway and plays a key role in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine

bull Herbicides Sulfonylureas amp Imidazolines inhibits Acetolacetate (ALS)key enzyme in synthesis of Isoleucine Leucine amp Valine

bull Some other Herbicide resistant plants also developed egbromoxynilatrazine phenocarboxylic acids

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Salt tolerance

bull A large fraction of worldrsquos irrigated land cannot be used to grow most important crops due to increased salinity in soil

bull Resarcherrsquos have created transgenic tomatoes that grew well in saline soils

bull The transgene introduced was sodiumproton antiport pump that sequestered excess sodium in vacuole of leaf cells

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Flavr savr tomato

bull Most tomatoes that have to be shipped to

market are harvested before they are ripe

otherwise Ethylene synthesized by tomato causes

them to ripen amp spoil before they reach customer

bull Flavr savr tomatoes have been constructed that

Express an antisense mRNA complementary to

mRNA for an enzyme involved in ethylene

Production

These tomatoes make only 10 of normal amount

of enzyme thus delaying ethylene production

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines

bull Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Transgenic plants

bull Tobacco plants were genetically transformed with gene encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) linked to a nominally constitutive promoter were generated

bull Recombinant HBsAg purified from transgenic plant had properties similar to Human serum derived HBsAg

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Edible vaccines bull Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer

a new strategy for development of safe inexpensive vaccines

bull The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material

Rabies- Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice

Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibriocholerae was shown to be efficacious in mice

Norwalk virus- transgenic potato expressing norwalk virus antigen showed seroconversion

Hepatitis B- First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results

If vaccines are intimately presented together with food the guts immune system faces a conundrum

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield

Offer more nutritional value and better flavor

A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods

Inbuilt resistance to pests weeds and disease

More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates

More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides

Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods

As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

What are some of the advantages of GM foods

bull Disease resistance There are many viruses fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases

bull Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases

bull Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato

bull With this antifreeze gene these plants are able

to tolerate cold temperatures that normally grow

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Toxic to harmless non-target species Long-term

exposure to pollen from GM insect resistant maize causes adverse effects on the behaviorand survivalof the monarch butterfly

bull Toxic to beneficial insects GM Bt crops adversely affectbeneficial insects important to controlling maize pests such as green lacewings

bull A threat to soil ecosystems Many Bt crops secrete their toxin from their roots into the soil

Residues left in the field contain the active Bt toxin

bull Risk for aquatic life Leaves or grain from Bt maize can enter water courses where the toxin can accumulate in organismsand possibly exert a toxic effect

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Environmental amp health impacts of GM cropsbull Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate

weeds resulting in superweeds

bull Certain gene products may be allergens thus causing harm to human health

bull recent study found the Cry1Ab Bt toxin in the blood of pregnant women and their fetuses showing that it can cross the placental boundary

bull Studies indicate Roundup may be toxic to mammals and could interfere with hormones

bull There may be unintended harm to wildlife and beneficial insects

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

conclusionbull Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the

worlds hunger and malnutrition problems and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides

bull Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments especially in the areas of safety testing regulation international policy and food labeling

bull Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits

bull However we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology

bull At the present time genetically modified foods are dangerous for the world that we live in not just for its people but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman

Sourcesbull GM Science Review First Report (http www bis gov uk files

file15655 pdf) Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July2003)

bull Maxmen Amy (2 May 2012) First plant-made drug on the market (http blogs nature com news 2012 05first-plant-made-drug-on-the-market html) Nature Biology amp Biotechnology Industry Retrieved 26 June 2012

bull Conner AJ Glare TR Nap JP The release of genetically modified crops into the environment Part II Overview of ecological risk assessment (http www ncbi nlm nih gov pubmed 12943539) Plant J 2003 Jan33(1)

bull Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategiesgeneconstructs and perspectives Elseviercom

bull Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Sandy B Primrose Richard Twyman