Applications of bacteria in

Grass to fuel conversion by genetically engineered Caldicellulosiruptor bescii

The thermophilic anaerobic C. bescii was first isolated in 1990 from a geothermally heated freshwater pool in Russia and has since been found in similar environments in other parts of the world.

a bacterium that can convert plant matter into sugars, and added genes from another anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum, that can convert the sugars into ethanol.

also genes for lactate dehydrogenase (an enzyme), which produces lactate from glucose instead of the desired ethanol product, and other enzymes, to cut down on the amount of acetate produced in the end product are added.

the direct conversion of untreated switchgrass, a non-food renewable feedstock, to ethanol are successfully demonstrated.

The end fermented fuel was 70% ethanol with 38% less acetate compared to what would have been produced with the wild-type C. bescii.

represents a new paradigm for consolidated bioprocessing, offering the potential for carbon neutral, cost-effective, sustainable fuel production

the applications of bacteria in the pharmaceutical field

Teixobactin was isolated from a newly identified gram positive bacteria.

can kill species including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Moreover, the researchers have not yet found any bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic.

The Production of edible vaccines by using bacteria

The role of bacteria in the genetically modifying of plants

Bacteria in food productionThe most important bacteria in food manufacturing are Lactobacillus species, also referred to as lactic bacteria. Some applications of bacteria in food: Dairy industry Meat industry, Lactic bacteria develop the flavor and

color of the products. Wine industry, lactic bacteria convert the unstable malic

acid that is naturally present in wine into the stable lactic acid. This gives the stability that is characteristic of high-quality wines that improve on storage.

The role of bacteria in bioremediation

Microbial bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes (or microbial metabolism) to remove pollutants.

Bioremediation has been used to remove agricultural chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers) that leach from soil into groundwater and the subsurface.

Certain toxic metals and oxides, such as selenium and arsenic compounds, can also be removed from water by bioremediation.

mercury is used in industry and is also a by-product of certain processes, such as battery production.

Methyl mercury is usually present in very low concentrations in natural environments, but it is highly toxic because it accumulates in living tissues.

Several species of bacteria can carry out the biotransformation of toxic mercury into nontoxic forms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can convert Hg+2 into elemental Hg0, which is nontoxic to humans.

Bioremediation is also used to clean up the regions in which oil leaching has been detected.

bioremediation is promoted by the addition of inorganic nutrients that help bacteria to grow.

Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria feed on hydrocarbons in the oil droplet, breaking down the hydrocarbons.

Some species, such as Alcanivorax borkumensis, produce surfactants that solubilize the oil, whereas other bacteria degrade the oil into carbon dioxide.

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