Bus Diferential Protection Applications Using the GE B30 and B90GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 22006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHPresentation OutlineIntroduction to Bus ProtectionCT aturationGE !ultilin Bus Protection OferingB30 " B90 Application ConsiderationsAd#anced Application TopicsB90 Application E$a%plesB30 " B90 User o&t'areConclusionsGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 32006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHIntroduction to Bus ProtectionGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHChallenges to Bus (one Protection! )igh *ault Current +e#els" #arge d$nami% &or%es %an 'la%e me%(ani%al stress on )us)ars and result in '($si%al damage to e*ui'ment t(ere&ore &ast %learing times are re*uired." Hig( &ault %urrents %an lead to C+ saturation, 'arti%ularl$ &or e-ternal &aults, .(i%( ma$ lead to mal-o'eration o& t(e )us 'rote%tion.! !al,Operation o& Bus Protections )a#e igni-cant I%pact" #oss o& %ustomer loads ma$ damage )ot( %ustomer assets as .ell as %ustomer 'er%e'tion o& t(e utilit$." S$stem voltage levels and %orres'onding s$stem sta)ilit$ ma$ )e adversel$ a/e%ted.! 0est Case1 Remedial 2%tion S%(emes 3load s(edding4! 5orst Case1 Partial or +otal S$stem Colla'se 3.ide-s'read )la%6out4Bus Protection !ust .e Dependa.le and ecure/ 0ith E%phasis on ecurit12GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 72006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHChallenges to Bus (one Protection Continued2! !an1 Diferent Bus Topologies" 8an$ s.it%($ard %on9gurations 'ossi)le." 8an$ di/erent C+ 'la%ements 'ossi)le." Single 0us, Dou)le 0us 3Single and Dou)le 0rea6er4, 8ain and +rans&er 0us, 0rea6er-and-a-Hal& and ($)rids! Buses %a1 3econ-gure at An1 Ti%e" Di/erent a''aratus ma$ )e %onne%ted:dis%onne%ted &rom a given )us." S.it%(ing ma$ (a''en &rom an$ num)er o& sour%es! 8anuall$ &rom (uman o'erator a%tion 3e.g. e*ui'ment maintenan%e4! 2utomati%all$ &rom ot(er 'rote%tions, 5ide-2rea S'e%ial Prote%tions, Remedial 2%tion S%(emes, 2uto-Restoration:2uto-+rans&er S%(emes;Bus Protection !ust Adapt Auto%aticall1 45o User Inter#ention6 and in 3eal,Ti%e/ Based on Bus Con-guration2GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 62006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH3e,Con-gura.le Bus (onesDiferent Currents !a1 5eed to .e Added73e%o#ed &ro% Each Bus (one D1na%icall1/ Depending on 'itch tatus8NORTH BUSSOUTH BUSCT-8B-5B-6CT-5CT-6S-5S-6B-4 CT-4S-3S-4B-3 CT-3S-1S-2B-2 CT-2CT-1B-1C-1 C-2 C-4C-3 C-5CT-7B-7GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage one 'rote%tions essentiall$ o'erate )ased on ?ir%(o/@s #a. &or Currents1The sum of all currents entering a node must equal zero.+(e onl$ variation is on how t(is is im'lemented.GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage A2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHUnrestrained Diferential 4O#ercurrent6! Di/erential %urrent %reated )$ '($si%all$ summing C+s! C+ ratio mat%(ing re*uired 3au-iliar$ C+s4! E-ternal &aults ma$ %ause C+ saturation, leading to s'urious di/erential %urrents in t(e )us 'rote%tion" Intentional time dela$ added to %o'e .it( C+ saturation e/e%ts! =nrestrained di/erential &un%tion use&ul &or mi%ro'ro%essor-)ased 'rote%tions 3%(e%6 Bone451Intentional Ti%e Dela1 %eans 5o *ast (one ClearanceGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage C2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHInterloc:ing7Bloc:ing che%es! 0lo%6ing signals generated )$ do.nstream 'rote%tions 3usuall$ instantaneous over%urrent4! Sim'le inst. over%urrent 'rote%tion .it( s(ort intentional time dela$" Deed to .ait &or )lo%6ing signals" =suall$ inverse timed )a%6u' 'rovided!+imed )a%6u' ma$ )e Etri%6edF )$ slo. %learan%e o& do.nstream &aults.! 0lo%6ing %an )e done via %ommuni%ations 3e.g GSSE:GGGSE, dedi%ated %ommuni%ations4Techni9ue +i%ited to 3adial Circuits 'ith 5egligi.le Bac:&eed5050 50 50 50 50BLOCKGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage H02006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH)igh I%pedance Diferential 4O#er#oltage6! G'erating signal %reated )$ %onne%ting all C+ se%ondaries in 'arallel" C+s must all (ave t(e same ratio" 8ust (ave dedi%ated C+s! Gvervoltage element o'erates on voltage develo'ed a%ross resistor %onne%ted in se%ondar$ %ir%uit" Re*uires varistors or 2C s(orting rela$s to limit energ$ during &aults! 2%%ura%$ de'endent on se%ondar$ %ir%uit resistan%e" =suall$ re*uires larger C+ %a)les to redu%e errors I (ig(er %ostCannot Easil1 .e Applied to 3econ-gura.le Buses and Ofers no Ad#anced *unctionalit1 4Oscillograph1/ Brea:er *ail6859GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage HH2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH+o' I%pedance Percent Diferential! Individual %urrents sam'led )$ 'rote%tion and summated digitall$" C+ ratio mat%(ing done internall$ 3no au-iliar$ C+s4" Dedi%ated C+s not ne%essar$! 2dditional algorit(ms im'rove se%urit$ o& 'er%ent di/erential %(ara%teristi% during C+ saturation! D$nami% )us re'li%a allo.s a''li%ation to re%on9gura)le )uses" Done digitall$ .it( logi% to add:remove %urrent in'uts &rom di/erential %om'utation" S.it%(ing o& C+ se%ondar$ %ir%uits not re*uired! #o. se%ondar$ )urdens! 2dditional &un%tionalit$ availa)le .it(out additional devi%es" Digital os%illogra'($" +ime-stam'ed event re%ording" 0rea6er JailureCan .e Applied to 3econ-gura.le Buses and ecure &ro% CT aturation/ 'ith Additional Use&ul *unctionalit18GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage H22006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH!icroprocessor,Based Diferential 4Distri.uted6! Data 2%*uisition =nits 3D2=s4 installed in )a$s! Central Pro%essing =nit 3CP=4 'ro%esses all data &rom D2=s! Communi%ations )et.een D2=s and CP= over 9)er using 'ro'rietar$ 'roto%ol! Sam'ling s$n%(ronisation )et.een D2=s is re*uired! Per%eived less relia)le 3more (ard.are needed4! DiK%ult to a''l$ in retro9t a''li%ations52DAU52DAU52DAUCUcopperfierGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage H32006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDH!icroprocessor,Based Diferential 4Centrali;ed6! 2ll %urrents a''lied to a single %entral 'ro%essor! Do %ommuni%ations, e-ternal sam'ling s$n%(ronisation ne%essar$ ! Per%eived more relia)le 3less (ard.are needed4! 5ell suited to )ot( ne. and retro9t a''li%ations.52 52 52CUcopperGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage H2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHDigital Diferential Algorith% Goals! Im'rove t(e main di/erential algorit(m o'eration" 0etter 9ltering" Jaster res'onse" 0etter restraint te%(ni*ues" S.it%(ing transient )lo%6ing! Provide d$nami% )us re'li%a &or re%on9gura)le )us)ars! De'enda)l$ dete%t C+ saturation in a &ast and relia)le manner, es'e%iall$ &or e-ternal &aults! 2''l$ additional se%urit$ to t(e main di/erential algorit(m to 'revent in%orre%t o'eration" E-ternal &aults .it( C+ saturation" C+ se%ondar$ %ir%uit trou)le 3e.g. s(ort %ir%uits4GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage H72006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHCT aturationGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage H62006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHCT aturation Concepts!C+ saturation de'ends on a num)er o& &a%tors" P($si%al C+ %(ara%teristi%s 3siBe, rating, .inding resistan%e, saturation voltage4"Conne%ted C+ se%ondar$ )urden 3.ires L rela$s4" Primar$ %urrent magnitude, DC o/set 3s$stem M:R4" Residual Nu- in C+ %ore!2%tual C+ se%ondar$ %urrents ma$ not )e(ave in t(e same manner as t(e ratio 3s%aled 'rimar$4 %urrent during &aults!End result is s'urious di/erential %urrent a''earing in t(e summation o& t(e se%ondar$ %urrents .(i%( ma$ %ause di/erential elements to o'erate i& additional se%urit$ is not a''liedGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage H!a$ O&? De-nition &or 3estraint Auantities8GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 332006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHBus Diferential Adapti#e Approach1iffere$"i!.re0"r!i$i$-Region 12.o3 1if f ere$"i!.c#rre$"04Region 225i-5 1if f ere$"i!.c#rre$"04GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 32006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHBus Diferential Adapti#e +ogic Diagra%DIFLDIRSATDIF

!RA"D!R#$% %IASED !PA"DGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 372006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHPhase Co%parison Principle! Internal *aultsB 2ll &ault 3ElargeF4 %urrents are a''ro-imatel$ in '(ase.! E$ternal *aultsB Gne &ault 3ElargeF4 %urrent .ill )e out o& '(ase! 5o @oltages are re9uired or neededSeco$1!r6 C#rre$" of (!#."e1 Circ#i"2Se/ere CT S!"#r!"io$4GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 362006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHPhase Co%parison Principle Continued2%L!CK!PERATE%L!CKp DpI IIrealp DpI IIimagIpID- IpE&ternal Fa'lt Con(ition)!PERATE%L!CK%L!CKp DpI IIrealp DpI IIimagIpID- IpInternal Fa'lt Con(ition)!PERATE!PERATEGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 3one Di/erential element 'arameters need to )e set1" Di/erential Pi%6u'" Restraint #o. Slo'e" Restraint #o. 0rea6 Point" Restraint Hig( 0rea6'oint" Restraint Hig( Slo'e" Di/erential Hig( Set 3i& needed4!2ll settings entered in Per-=nit 3ma-imum C+ 'rimar$ in t(e Bone4!Slo'e settings entered in 'er%ent!#o. Slo'e, Hig( Slo'e and Hig( 0rea6'oint settings are used )$ t(e C+ Saturation Dete%tor and de9ne t(e Region H 2rea 32-out-o&-2 o'eration .it( Dire%tional4GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 602006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHCalculating Bus Diferential ettings , Pic:up!De9nes t(e minimum di/erential %urrent re*uired &or o'eration o& t(e 0us >one Di/erential element!8ust )e set a)ove ma-imum lea6age %urrent not Boned o/ in t(e )us di/erential Bone 3Q+s &or e-am'le4!8a$ also )e set a)ove ma-imum load %onditions &or added se%urit$ in %ase o& C+ trou)le, )ut )etter alternatives e-ist!Range1 0.070 '.u. to 2.000 '.u. in 0.00H '.u. in%rementsGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 6H2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHCalculating Bus Diferential ettings < +o' lope!De9nes t(e 'er%ent )ias &or t(e restraint %urrents &rom IRES+U0 to IRES+U#o. 0rea6'oint!Setting determines t(e sensitivit$ o& t(e di/erential element &or lo.-%urrent internal &aults!8ust )e set a)ove ma-imum error introdu%ed )$ t(e C+s in t(eir normal linear o'erating mode! Range1 H7O to H00O in HO. in%rementsGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 622006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHCalculating Bus Diferential ettings < +o' Brea:point!De9nes t(e u''er limit to restraint %urrents t(at .ill )e )iased a%%ording to t(e #o. Slo'e setting!S(ould )e set to )e a)ove t(e ma-imum load )ut not more t(an t(e ma-imum %urrent .(ere t(e C+s still o'erate linearl$ 3in%luding residual Nu-4!2ssum'tion is t(at t(e C+s .ill )e o'erating linearl$ 3no signi9%ant saturation e/e%ts u' to A0O residual Nu-4 u' to t(e #o. 0rea6'oint setting! Range1 H.00 to .00 '.u. in 0.0H '.u. in%rementsGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 632006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHCalculating Bus Diferential ettings < )igh Brea:point!De9nes t(e minimum restraint %urrents t(at .ill )e )iased a%%ording to t(e Hig( Slo'e setting!S(ould )e set to )e )elo. t(e minimum %urrent .(ere t(e .ea6est C+ .ill saturate .it( no residual Nu-!2ssum'tion is t(at t(e C+s .ill )e o'erating linearl$ 3no signi9%ant saturation e/e%ts u' to A0O residual Nu-4 u' to t(e #o. 0rea6'oint setting! Range1 .00 to 30.00 '.u. in 0.0H '.u. in%rementsGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 62006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHCalculating Bus Diferential ettings < )igh lope!De9nes t(e 'er%ent )ias &or t(e restraint %urrents IRES+Hig( 0rea6'oint!Setting determines t(e sta)ilit$ o& t(e di/erential element &or (ig( %urrent e-ternal &aults!+raditionall$, s(ould )e set (ig( enoug( to !cco**o1!"e "5e 0p#rio#0 1iffere$"i!. c#rre$" re0#."i$- fro* 0!"#r!"io$ of "5e CT0 1#ri$- 5e!/6 e+"er$!. f!#."0DSe""i$- c!$ e re.!+e1 i$ f!/o#r of 0e$0i"i/i"6 !$1 0pee1 !0 "5e re.!6 1e"ec"0 CT 0!"#r!"io$ !$1 !pp.ie0 "5e 1irec"io$!. pri$cip.e "o pre/e$" *!.oper!"io$! Range1 70O to H00O in HO. in%rementsGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 672006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHCalculating Unrestrained Bus Diferential ettings!De9nes t(e minimum di/erential %urrent &or unrestrained o'eration!S(ould )e set to )e a)ove t(e ma-imum di/erential %urrent under .orst %ase C+ saturation!Range1 2.00 to CC.CC '.u. in 0.0H '.u. in%rements!Can )e e/e%tivel$ disa)led )$ setting to CC.CC '.u.GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 662006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHAd#anced TopicsGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 6one" =ndervoltage Su'ervision" Gver%urrent Su'ervision!0C0 2''li%ation E-am'lesGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage 6A2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHIsolators!Relia)le EIsolator ClosedF signals are needed &or t(e D$nami% 0us Re'li%a!In sim'le a''li%ations, a single normall$ %losed %onta%t ma$ )e suK%ient!Jor ma-imum sa&et$1" 0ot( D.G. and D.C. %onta%ts s(ould )e used" Isolator 2larm s(ould )e esta)lis(ed and non-valid %om)inations 3o'en-o'en, %losed-%losed4 s(ould )e sorted out" S.it%(ing o'erations s(ould )e in(i)ited until )us image is re%ogniBed .it( H00O a%%ura%$" G'tionall$ )lo%6 A2 %al%ulations3. 2s a result >2 gets e-tended u' to t(e o'ened +0. +(e Jault )e%omes internal &or >27. >2 tri's 9nall$ %learing t(e &aultTB C1 C2e+p!$1GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage one 3H &or t(e 030,&or t(e 0C04 (as a dedi%ated C+ +rou)le 8onitor!De9nite +ime Dela$ over%urrent element o'erating on t(e Bone di/erential %urrent, )ased on t(e %on9gured D$nami% 0us Re'li%a!+(ree strategies to deal .it( C+ 'ro)lems1H. +ri' t(e )us Bone as t(e 'ro)lem .it( a C+ .ill li6el$ evolve into a )us &ault an$.a$2. Do not tri' t(e )us, raise an alarm and tr$ to %orre%t t(e 'ro)lem manuall$3. S.it%( to setting grou' .it( A F? > F5 >F@ >F$ >L1 > L$Re)traint .'rrent< Ir = 3a&5F2+ F?+ F5+ F@+ F$+ L1+ L$6DIFFERE"TIAL ;!"E 2 5CECK ;!"E = %US 1 > %US 26Differential .'rrent< I( = F1 >F2 > F2 >F? >F5 >F@ >F$ > F# > L1 >L2 > > 5L$ !R L#6 AE" FEEDER CT %B:PASSEDRe)traint .'rrentGDE HU0=SH>GDE 2U0=S2>GDE 3UCHEC? >GDEGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage H0A2006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHB90 E$a%ple < AG *ault on Bus = Trip +ogicAG Under#oltageAB Under#oltageCA Under#oltageBU= OPBU3 BIAED PHPTrip DIB (one=0J +ri' >oneHA0ms+I8ERTrip (one= DIB or B*2G =ndervoltage2G =ndervoltage2G =ndervoltage0=S2 GP0=S3 0I2SED P?P+ri' Aone20J +ri' >one2A0ms+I8ER+ri' >one2 Aone2 Aone2J2 in >oneH+RIP C02J2 in >one2*3 in (one=T3IPCB3J3 in >one2J in >oneH+RIP C0J in >one2J7 in >oneH+RIP C07J7 in >one2J6 in >oneH+RIP C06J6 in >one2J< in >oneH+RIP C0one2*D in (one=T3IPCBDJA in >one2#H in >oneH+RIP C0C#H in >one2+Cin (one=T3IPCB=0#2 in >one2XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXGE Consumer & IndustrialMultilinPage HH02006-02-22 Rev. 2 SDHC0H-2#A#